Silver Diamine Fluoride in Preventing Caries: A Review of Current Trends.

Aim and objective: To evaluate whether silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is effective in the management of dental caries. Background: Dental caries is most common chronic disease and conventional treatment method could not tackle the problem completely. The use of silver compounds in dentistry is over a 100 years. Silver diamine fluoride has become a newer trend in handling the caries especially in young and apprehensive children. It is a noninvasive method of arresting caries which is painless, safe, and cost effective. This article describes the trends in silver diamine fluoride in arresting caries. The combined effects of remineralizing and antibacterial property make SDF an effective cariostatic agent. Review results: Articles were searched in electronic data bases for literature. In vivo studies, in vitro studies, systematic reviews and case reports were included. Conclusion: Silver diamine fluoride is effective in the management of caries in primary dentition. There is a little effect of silver diamine fluoride in permanent molars. Clinical importance: In the current scenario of raising importance of minimal invasive dentistry and preventive dentistry, silver diamine fluoride is an efficient tool in the management of caries. How to cite this article: Surendranath P, Krishnappa S, Srinath S. Silver Diamine Fluoride in Preventing Caries: A Review of Current Trends. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S247-S251.

Diuretic use in infants with developing or established chronic lung disease: A practice looking for evidence.

AIM: The objective was to assess respiratory efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone and ascertain any adverse effects. METHODS: Data from 2014 to 2018 was analysed for infants <28 weeks' gestational age (GA) administered oral diuretics. Impact on respiratory support, weight gain and electrolyte status was assessed as a pre-post intervention study. RESULTS: Of 491 infants, 117 (24%) were administered diuretics for evolving or established bronchopulmonary dysplasia. GA and birthweight of the cohort were 25.7 ± 1.1 weeks and 779 ± 172 g, respectively. Median (interquartile range) chronological age and GA at the start of diuretics was 45 (22, 62) days and 32.1 (30.1, 35.1) weeks, respectively. In 71/117 (61%) infants, diuretics were started at <36 weeks GA. Of them 63 (88.7%) went on to develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Median duration of diuretics was 38 (18-52) days. Modest improvement was noted in respiratory parameters (ventilator pressure (cm of H2 O), 8.8 ± 0.4 vs. 8.8 ± 0.5, P = 0.39, oxygen requirement (%), 32 ± 1 vs. 30 ± 1, P = 0.07 and pO2 (mm Hg) 34.5 ± 1.3 vs. 36.6 ± 1, P = 0.04. Ninety-eight (84%) infants developed hyponatraemia (<135 mmol/L); sodium supplements were administered in 58/98 (59%) infants. In one third infants, phosphate levels dropped below 1.8 mmol/L, needing supplementation. Weight gain (g/kg/day) slowed down significantly (18.2 ± 2.1 to 10 ± 2.9, P = <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Use of diuretics was associated with modest improvements in respiratory support requirements but was associated with significant electrolyte abnormalities and slowdown in weight gain (or weight loss).

Predictors of Early Extubation after Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation among Infants Born Extremely Preterm Dependent on Mechanical Ventilation.

We conducted a retrospective study of 166 ventilator-dependent neonates born extremely preterm in whom patent ductus arteriosus was surgically ligated and evaluated the association of preoperative characteristics and time-to-successful postoperative extubation. Larger patent ductus arteriosus diameter ([>2.5 mm], adjusted hazard ratio 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.72) and left-ventricular dilatation (z score ≥2, adjusted hazard ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.42-0.87) were associated with earlier extubation.

New electronic habit reminder for the management of thumb-sucking habit.

Methods for intervention of nonnutritive sucking habits include counseling, positive reinforcement, calendar with rewards, adhesive bandage, bitter nail polish, long sleeves, and appliance therapy. All these methods have been reported in the literature with variable success rates. We present a case of an 8-year-old child with thumb-sucking habit successfully managed in a short period of 5 months by a new electronic habit reminder, an extraoral appliance which was designed to overcome the disadvantages associated with intraoral appliances.

Economic methods used in fabrication of tissue microarray: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Tissue microarray (TMA) is a method of harvesting small disks of tissue from a range of standard paraffin tissue blocks and placing them in an array on a recipient paraffin block such that hundreds of cases can be analyzed simultaneously by using only a few microliters of antibody in immunohistochemistry as a single experiment. The TMA construction done with the help of automated tissue arrayer or commercially available rubber molds are expensive. This study involved the fabrication of TMA using rubber-based additional silicone mold constructed in the department and comparison of this method with two other methods of fabricating TMA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The TMA mold was fabricated using silicone material in the department. The recipient blocks were prepared. The tissue core prepared from donor blocks were inserted into the recipient blocks. The sections taken from this were compared with the TMA using double-sided adhesive tape technique and TMA by punching out holes in prefabricated dummy paraffin recipient block for insertion of tissue core. RESULTS: The TMA using a mold made of silicone showed more advantages than other two methods. CONCLUSION: Fabricating TMA mold using silicone in the department is inexpensive and yet efficient.

Central giant cell granuloma in a 4-year-old female child.

Central giant cell granulomas (CGCG) are reddish lesions of gingiva that account for an important number of disorders frequently diagnosed in the regular dental practice. Although the majority of the lesions are nonaggressive, asymptomatic, and slow-growing, about 30% show an aggressive, progressively destructive behavior, and a tendency to recur. We present a case of aggressive CGCG of the maxilla in a 4-year-old female child managed by surgical excision. To minimize the possible cost of esthetic, functional, and psychological problems, mainly in young patients, CGCG should be diagnosed and managed at the earliest.

Low prevalence of dental caries in children with perinatal HIV infection.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The objective is to assess the prevalence of caries in children with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Oral examination was performed on children aged 2-12 years with perinatal HIV infection who stayed at 'Calvary Chapel home of hope for special children' to assess decayed, missing, or filled primary teeth/decayed, missing, or filled permanent teeth (dmft/DMFT). RESULTS: Prevalence of tooth decay in primary teeth (dmft) for the age group 2-6 years was 57.15% and 7-12 years was 20.0%. Prevalence of tooth decay in permanent teeth (DMFT), for the age group 7-8 years was 16.60% and 10-12 years was 21.42%. Of the 27 children examined, 59.25% were caries free, in which 40.0% were male children and 70.58% were female children. CONCLUSION: Based on these results we can conclude that oral hygiene can be maintained with a favorable dental behavior.