ABSTRACT
Strict carbon emission regulations are set with respect to countries' territorial seas or shipping activities in exclusive economic zones to meet their climate change commitment under the Paris Agreement. However, no shipping policies on carbon mitigation are proposed for the world's high seas regions, which results in carbon intensive shipping activities. In this paper, we propose a Geographic-based Emission Estimation Model (GEEM) to estimate shipping GHG emission patterns on high seas regions. The results indicate that annual emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) in shipping on the high seas reached 211.60 million metric tonnes in 2019, accounting for about one-third of all shipping emissions globally and exceeding annual GHG emissions of countries such as Spain. The average emission from shipping activities on the high seas is growing at approximately 7.26% per year, which far surpasses the growth rate of global shipping emission at 2.23%. We propose implementation of policies on each high seas region with respect to the main emission driver identified from our results. Our policy evaluation results show that carbon mitigation policies could reduce emissons by 25.46 and 54.36 million tonnes CO2-e in the primary intervention stage and overall intervention stage, respectively, with 12.09% and 25.81% reduction rates in comparison to the 2019 annual GHG emissions in high seas shipping.
ABSTRACT
With the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, global container freights have increased dramatically since the second half of 2020, which has significantly hampered the booking activities of fragmented transportation space for small and medium-sized import and export enterprises (SMIEEs). To provide SMIEEs with an effective tool for controlling shipping costs, we propose the design principles of index microinsurance under fragmented scenarios and design the container freight index microinsurance (CFIM) based on a comprehensive analysis of the term, compensation and share structures. We further establish the pricing model for the CFIM and selection procedure for product optimization, and illustrate the framework with a case study based on the data of the China Containerized Freight Index Europe Service, which demonstrates the good performance of the designed product even under extreme market conditions. The design principles proposed can shed light on the innovation of index microinsurance product that meets fragmented needs and the newly designed CFIM, along with the pricing and optimization procedure, provides practitioners with useful tools for cost control.
ABSTRACT
The research on the competitiveness of container multimodal transport port hub, comprehensively considering the software and hardware strength of port hub, is of great significance to analyze the specific source competitiveness of port hub, the optimal allocation of multimodal transport capacity resources and port operation management planning. Based on this, according to the principle of fuzzy set and membership function in fuzzy theory, this paper adopts the modeling method of multi-attribute decision-making to deeply analyze the key influencing factors of port hub competitiveness, extract the core indicators from the four aspects of business capacity, transport capacity resources, infrastructure and service quality, and then construct the fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making evaluation model of port hub competitiveness, and take the container transportation in Northeast China as an example. The research shows that the key influencing factors of multimodal transport port hub competitiveness have changed from traditional infrastructure factors to flexible influencing factors such as transportation service quality, transportation capacity and resource integration ability, transportation business efficiency, and port enterprises are in the critical period of industry transformation and upgrading. Strengthening inter industry integration, building industrial ecological alliance and building a multi-mode transportation integrated service chain with port as the core play an obvious role in promoting the formation of the core competitiveness of port hub. Among the ports along the coast of Liaoning, Yingkou Port has the strongest competitiveness against the supply of corn containers in Northeast China, and the competitiveness of other ports from strong to weak is Jinzhou port, Beiliang port, Panjin Port, Huludao port, Dandong port, Dalian port and Suizhong port. The research results enrich the theoretical system of multimodal transport port hub competitiveness research, and provide reference suggestions for port enterprises, transportation enterprises, government departments and other relevant subjects in strategy formulation, policy implementation, layout planning and so on.
Subject(s)
Commerce , Industry , Humans , Transportation , China , EfficiencyABSTRACT
It is currently unknown whether technological innovation will have spillover or siphon effects on transport carbon emission efficiency (TCEE). Therefore, this paper creates a spatial econometric model to explore the spatial effect of technological innovation on TCEE. Taking 30 provinces in China as examples, we find that the TCEE and the technical innovation index have similar evolution characteristics (numerical value grows, the gap widens), and that both have a spatial distribution that decreases from the eastern coast to the western inland. Further research reveals that TCEE has a considerable siphon effects in China. The siphon effect gets stronger the higher the TCEE. Although technology innovation has the potential to improve TCEE in local province, the siphon effect hinders TCEE improvement in surrounding provinces. Furthermore, heterogeneity research reveals that excessive government intervention will inhibit the promotion of technological innovation on TCEE. Greater levels of government intervention in the middle and western regions than in the eastern region have more obvious inhibitory impacts. The results demonstrate that economic growth and transport structure have played a mediating role in the process of technological innovation promoting TCEE. Regional collaboration and less local protectionism can help the government achieve the dual goals of technological innovation development and TCEE promotion.
Subject(s)
Carbon , Inventions , Economic Development , Efficiency , Models, Econometric , ChinaABSTRACT
The healthy development of railway container transport is an important part of railway freight transport and is key for promoting the green transformation of China's transport and supporting a new pattern of transport development. In this study, railway container handling station (RCHS) data, kernel density analysis, standard deviation ellipse, Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI), trend surface analysis (TSA), and R index were applied to examine the evolution characteristics of container transport patterns after the market-oriented reform of China's railway freight transport in 2013. The results are as follows: First, the overall scale growth trend is obvious, and the double-center effect of transport scale on the Bohai Rim region and Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone is evident, with the transport center of gravity moving northward. Second, the amount of attraction/occurrence is consistent in spatial distribution, and the aggregation effect of both is similar, essentially exhibiting a tendency of being high in the northwest and low in the southeast. Third, the pattern of "export-oriented in the north and import-oriented in the south" has taken shape; nearly half of cities in China have stable traffic functions, stable traffic supply, and demand relationships, and the change of functions shows that the industrial structure is constantly upgrading. This study elucidates the pattern of railway container transport in cities in China and provides empirical guidance for adjusting the functions of urban freight transport, thereby promoting the healthy development of urban freight transport and optimizing urban transport planning.