Effect of shock and mixed loading on the performance of SND based sequencing batch reactors (SBR) degrading nitrophenols.

The effect of nitrophenolic shock loads on the performance of three lab scale SBRs was studied using a synthetic feed. Nitrophenols were biotransformed by Simultaneous heterotrophic Nitrification and aerobic Denitrification (SND) using a specially designed single sludge biomass containing Thiosphaera pantotropha. Reactors R1, R2 and R3 were fed with 200mg/L concentration of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2,4,6-TNP) whereas reactor R was used as a background control. Three nitrophenolic shock loadings of 400, 600 and 800 mg/Ld were administrated by increasing the influent nitrophenolic concentration while keeping the hydraulic retention time as 48 h. The shocks were given continuously for a period of 4 days before switching back to normal nitrophenolic loading (200mg/Ld). The reactors were allowed to recover to normal performance level before administrating the next nitrophenolic shock load. The study showed that a nitrophenolic shock load, as high as 600 mg/Ld was completely degraded by the 4-NP & 2,4-DNP bioreactors while almost half degraded by the 2,4,6-TNP bioreactor without affecting the reactor's performance irreversibly. After resuming the normal nitrophenolic loading, it took almost 8-10 days for the reactors to recover from the shock effect. The study was further extended to evaluate the maximum possible mixed nitrophenolic loading (4-NP:2,4-DNP:2,4,6-TNP 1:1:1) to which a reactor (R3) containing 2,4,6-TNP acclimated single sludge biomass can be exposed without hampering the reactor performance irreversibly. The reactor was able to achieve pseudo-steady-state at a mixed nitrophenolic loading of 300 mg/Ld with more than 90% removal of all the three nitrophenols, but could remove half of the mixed nitrophenolic loading of 600 mg/Ld.

Isolation, identification and removal of filamentous organism from SND based SBR degrading nitrophenols.

Four identical lab scale sequencing batch reactors R, R1, R2, and R3, were used to assess nitrophenol biodegradation using a single sludge biomass containing Thiosphaera pantotropha. Nitrophenols [4-Nitrophenol (4-NP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2,4,6-TNP)] were biotransformed by heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SND). Reactor R was used as background control, whereas R1, R2, and R3 were fed with 4-NP, 2,4-DNP, and 2,4,6-TNP, respectively. The concentration of each nitrophenol was gradually increased from 2.5 to 200 mg/l along with increase in COD, during acclimation studies. The final COD maintained was 4,500 mg/l with each nitrophenolic loading of 200 mg/l. During late phase of acclimation and HRT study, a filamentous organism started appearing in 2,4-DNP and 2,4,6-TNP bioreactors. Filaments were never found in 4-NP and background control reactor. Biochemistry and physiology behind filamentous organism development, was studied to obtain permanent solution for its removal. The effect of different input parameters such as COD loading, DO levels, SVI etc. were analyzed. The morphology and development of filamentous organism were examined extensively using microscopic techniques involving ESEM, oil immersion, phase contrast, and dark field microscopy. The organism was grown and isolated on selective agar plates and was identified as member of Streptomyses species.

Relation of anthropometric variables to coronary artery disease risk factors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anthropometric variables and their relation to conventional coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors in railway employees have been inadequately studied in India. This cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Solapur division of the Central railway in the year 2004, to assess the anthropometric variables in railway employees and their relation to conventional CAD risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 995 railway employees, with 872 males and 123 females participated in this cross-sectional study. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements, fasting lipid profile, and blood sugar level. Various anthropometric indices were calculated for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and abdominal volume index (AVI). Statistical analysis was done by EPI Info 6 statistical software. RESULTS: Compared to all other obesity indices, WHtR was most prevalent in both genders. High WHtR was present in 699 (80.16%) males and 103 (83.73%) females. Age ≥45 years, high systolic BP, high diastolic BP, low HDL, high triglyceride, and diabetes mellitus were positively correlated with high BMI, high WC, high WHR, high WHtR, and high AVI. High BMI, high WC, high WHR, high WHtR, and high AVI were negatively associated with physical inactivity. CONCLUSIONS: Over all, anthropometric variables in both genders were significantly deranged in subjects with coronary risk factors. Compared to all other anthropometric variables, WHtR was statistically significantly associated with a majority of coronary artery risk factors. Hence we recommend inclusion of WHtR as a parameter of obesity to predict coronary artery disease risk factor along with WC, WHR, and BMI in epidemiologic studies.

Metabolic syndrome in railway employees and its relation to lifestyle factors.

BACKGROUND: Limited information is available about the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome(MeTS) in India. Railway employees provided a unique opportunity to study the prevalence of MeTS in a variety of jobs. METHODS: A total of 995 railway employees, 872 males (mean age 42.96 +/- 7.91) and 123 females (mean age 44.28 +/- 7.91), underwent physical examination and anthropometric measurement for waist circumference; 605 males and 95 females also underwent biochemical examination. MeTS was diagnosed using ATP III criteria modified for Indians. RESULTS: The prevalence of MeTs in males was 162/605 (26.77%) and in females 26/95 (27.36%). Amongst all components of MeTS, high waist circumference was most prevalent in females (89.83%) and systolic hypertension in males (61.12%). In multivariate analysis, waist circumference in both genders had good association with sedentary job (P < 0.02), high fasting blood sugar (P < 0.02), age 45 years or older (P < 0.001), high systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), high diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), physical inactivity (P < 0.001), while the correlation of dyslipidemia (low HDL and high triglycerides) with high waist circumference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: These results from a representative sample of Solapur division railway employees show that the MeTs is highly prevalent mainly in sedentary workers aged 45 years or older. The large numbers of Indian Railway employees with the MeTs may carry important implications for the health care sector.

Papillon Lefevre syndrome.

Papillon Lefèvre syndrome is a rare disease characterized by skin lesions caused by palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis, and severe periodontal destruction involving both the primary and permanent dentitions. It is transmitted as an autosomal recessive condition and consanguinity of parents is evident in about one-third of cases. Pyogenic liver abscess is an increasingly recognized complication. We report a new case of this association and review the current literature.

Effects of atorvastatin on higher functions.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to assess the effects of atorvastatin on cognition and higher mental functions. METHODS: In this before and after comparison study with controls, group one included 55 subjects aged > or =40 years requiring statins for cardiovascular indications who were started on atorvastatin (10 mg/day). Group two assigned to receive placebo were men and women chosen from the same geographical area and matched for age, sex, education and presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Assessment was done with the Mini-Mental State Examination, Digit Span, Picture Test (average and delayed), Trail Making Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Auditory Vigilance and Digit Vigilance Test at baseline and after 6 months. Changes between baseline and 6 months in the above parameters of mental function were compared using suitable statistical tests in the atorvastatin and placebo groups. To limit experiment-wise error, performance scores were grouped into five cognitive domains, which were labeled as attention, psychomotor speed, mental flexibility, working memory and memory retrieval. Summary effect sizes were estimated as z-scores. RESULTS: Both subjects on atorvastatin and placebo showed improvement in the majority of scales consistent with a learning effect on test performance. However, subjects treated with atorvastatin scored significantly over the placebo group in all domains, i.e. tests of attention [z-score=0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38-0.64, p=0.001], psychomotor speed (z-score=0.28, 95% CI: O.09-0.47, p<0.001), mental flexibility (z-score=0.27, 95% CI: 0.22-0.32, p=0.01), working memory (z-score=1.22, 95% CI: 0.93-1.50, p<0.001) and memory retrieval (z-score=0.59, 95% CI: 0.36-0.82, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study concludes that there are significant beneficial effects of atorvastatin in a dose of 10 mg/day for a period of 6 months on higher functions as measured by the above standard neurocognitive tests.

Importance of reciprocal leads in acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: To study the relevance of the ECG changes in the reciprocal leads in patients with acute anterior and inferior wall myocardial infarction, with regard to culprit artery localization and left ventricular (LV) function. METHODS: Three hundred patients of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (180 anterior, 120 inferior) aged between 30-90 years (mean age - 60 yrs; M:F - 220:80) were studied with regard to the reciprocal lead changes which were correlated with the culprit coronary artery and LV function. 285/300 (95%) patients underwent echocardiography and 62/300 (20.67%) underwent coronary angiography (CAG). RESULTS: In patients with acute anterior wall MI (AWMI), Q wave in inferior leads was found in 38.8% (70/180) patients. Nineteen patients underwent (CAG) and all 70 patients underwent 2D echocardiography. CAG revealed 10/19 and 9/19 patients to have single vessel disease (SVD) and multivessel disease (MVD), respectively. In presence of SVD, 80% (8/10) patients were found to have a distal/mid LAD occlusion. The echocardiogrpahy of these 19 patients showed that 15/19 (78.94%) of these had LV ejection fraction (EF) > 40% as against only 4/19 (21.05%) patients with LVEF < 40%. The echocardiographic study of patients with and without reciprocal ST depression in inferior leads more than or equal to the ST elevation in anterior leads, showed higher incidence of LV dysfunction i.e. LVEF < 40% in patients with reciprocal changes (72.05%) as compared to patients without the reciprocal changes (27.94%). In patients with acute inferior wall MI (IWMI), anterior and lateral ST depression more than or equal to ST elevation in inferior leads was found in 80% (96/120) patients. 27/96 patients underwent coronary angiography and all 96 underwent echocardiography. Patients with ST depression in I, a VL, V4-V6 (apicolateral leads) > or = ST elevation in inferior leads were found to have more occurrence of multivessel disease (21/27) with LVEF < 40% (50/64 i.e. 78.12%, P < 0.001). 12.5% (4/32) patients with reciprocal changes in anterior i.e. VI-V3 leads and 15% (3/20) patients without significant reciprocal changes in anterior and lateral leads had LVEF < 40%. Also, patients with ST depression in I, aVL showed higher incidence of right coronary artery (RCA) lesion (23/27) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients of acute AWMI with Q waves in inferior leads indicate a smaller infarct with higher incidence of mid/distal LAD occlusion and a relatively preserved LV function. AWMI patients without reciprocal changes in inferior leads have a better LVEF. Patients of acute IWMI with ST depression in apicolateral leads have more occurrence of multivessel disease with significant LV dysfunction. Reciprocal ST depression in I, aVL suggests a possibility of RCA lesion.

Johanson--blizzard syndrome.

Johanson-Blizzard syndrome is an extremely rare ectodermal dysplastic disorder characterized by aplasia or hypoplasia of alae nasi, midline scalp defects, growth retardation, varying degrees of mental retardation, hypothyroidism, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and congenital deafness. This condition is supposed to be an autosomal recessive disorder. We are reporting a female neonate with the characteristic features and an uncommon less emphasized feature viz. cafe-au-lait spots.

Lack of significant morphological differences between human X and Y spermatozoa and their precursor cells (spermatids) exposed to different prehybridization treatments.

Human X and Y spermatozoa were previously compared by several nonmolecular techniques. Recent studies show that in many of the previous investigations, the methods used to identify the spermatozoa were nonspecific and thus produced contradictory findings. In the present study, the comparison of the 2 germ cell types, X and Y, were performed following fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which is the most reliable genotyping technique currently available. The FISH technique was performed under 3 different treatments: permeabilization with liquid N2, fixation with Carnoy's, and chromatin decondensation with lithium di-iodosalicylate. Mature and immature germ cells (spermatozoa and spermatids) were compared. Lithium showed higher hybridization efficiency, while liquid N2 and Carnoy's fixative maintained better morphological integrity of cells with lower hybridization. The sperm exhibiting hybridization signals were not different in any of the morphometric or qualitative comparisons from those that did not exhibit signals. No significant deviation of the sex ratio from 1:1 was seen in either the mature or immature germ cell population. The spatial distribution of X and Y chromosome-specific signals in the sperm head were identical. The hybridization treatments did not have any preferential effect on the cells of specific genotype (X or Y). Neither head parameters (length, HL; width, HW; area, HA) nor tail length (TL) significantly differed between X and Y populations of spermatozoa under any of the treatments. Similarly, the haploid, X-specific round cells did not differ from Y-specific ones by their size (diameter) and shape. These results indicate that neither mature sperm nor their precursors possess significant morphological differences between X and Y genotypes.

Maximum likelihood estimation for longitudinal data with truncated observations.

We obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters when the observations on the response variable in a repeated measures design are truncated above a cutpoint. The maximum likelihood equations are solved iteratively using an EM-like procedure. It is observed that these estimates have smaller mean squared error than recently proposed iterative weighted least-squares estimates. The results are applied to data arising from a study of dioxin elimination in Air Force veterans. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Analysis of in vitro migration patterns of human spermatozoa by a petri dish-based horizontal column.

Spermatozoa are required to travel a considerable distance in vivo to meet the oocyte at the fertilization site. However, none of the existing in vitro tests critically evaluates migration of sperm to assess their potential of reaching the oocyte. On the other hand, an in vivo model is not suitable for this type of study because of ethical and technical constraints. In the present study we utilized a horizontal column technique to analyze sperm migration. Migratory characteristics of fresh, unwashed semen sperm and sperm undergoing various treatments were examined in vitro using a Petri dish-based horizontal fluid column. The procedure involved loading a sperm sample into the column and determining sperm concentration, motility, and viability at different column segments for different migration durations (6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). All sperm samples produced an exponential migration pattern in all durations of migration. Propagation along the column edge, tendency to exit from the column, and hiding in the blind pouches were some of the important characteristic features exhibited by the migratory sperm. Variations in migration patterns were documented among semen donors, between fresh and frozen semen, and between washed and unwashed sperm. Prolonged postejaculation time diminished migratory potential. The recovery of sperm in the column end was independent of seminal variables with the exception of oligozoospermia. These observations suggest that the Petri dish-based horizontal column is effective for analyzing sperm migration characteristics for prolonged periods. The potential of this migration assay in predicting the in vivo potential of spermatozoa to reach the fertilization site will be worth exploring.

Levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in 1,302 unexposed Air Force Vietnam-era veterans.

We summarize the distribution of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) in 1,302 Air Force veterans who serve as controls in a 20-year prospective epidemiologic study of health and exposure to herbicides and their dioxin contaminant in Air Force veterans of Operation Ranch Hand, the unit responsible for aerial spraying of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. We present statistics summarizing the dioxin distribution overall and by stratum of age and body mass index of these veterans. The average dioxin measurement was 4.23 and the standard deviation was 2.53 parts per trillion. With 95% confidence, 99% of the distribution is less than or equal to 10.4 parts per trillion.

Maximum (Max) and Mid-P confidence intervals and p values for the standardized mortality and incidence ratios.

The authors present algorithms to compute the confidence interval for a Poisson parameter (lambda) and the p value for testing the hypothesis that lambda is equal to a constant, which can be used to make inferences about the standardized mortality ratio and the standardized incidence ratio. The p value and confidence interval always agree, despite the discrete nature of the Poisson distribution. The authors also give simple equations to compute numeric approximations of the confidence limits that do not require the use of any probability distributions. An example based on data arising from a study of cancer incidence is given.

The reliability of the serum dioxin measurement in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand.

A study was conducted on the reliability of the serum dioxin measurement of enlisted Ranch Hands veterans participating in the Air Force Health Study using paired serum dioxin measurements. The 46 veterans were not randomly selected, but their demographic characteristics, health, and dioxin levels were similar to those of 404 other enlisted Ranch Hand veterans who had a single dioxin measurement made in 1987. The average time between the measurements was 0.61 years, the first measurement made from blood drawn on 10 April 1987 and the second from blood collected at a subsequent physical examination. In original unit, the coefficient of reliability was 0.87 (95% confidence interval: 0.76, 0.94) when the first measurement was at or below 50 parts per trillion. The measurement had no reliability in original units when the first measurement was greater than 50 parts per trillion. After a logarithmic transformation, the coefficient of reliability was 0.96 (95% confidence interval: 0.93 to 0.98). These results suggest that the serum dioxin measurement should not be used in original units for any purpose when the value exceeds 50 parts per trillion. The measurement is, however, highly reliable after a logarithmic transformation over the entire range of concentrations. Other studies using the same analytical method to measure dioxin in serum could similarly benefit if the measurement used is on the natural logarithm scale.

Recent fertility declines in China and India: a comparative view.

PIP: This paper compares fertility transitions in China and parts of India. It is argued that China experienced a more rapid and more "impressive" decline than that of India. Socioeconomic conditions in China were more conducive to fertility decline. Kerala State in India experienced a similar decline as China but at a slower pace. The birth control campaign in China is credited with an important role in speeding the transition. It is posited that the political and administrative system and economic conditions in India are not compatible with the Chinese style program strategies. Both countries had similar fertility levels in the immediate post-revolutionary period. The most rapid decline occurred during the 1970s in China. The fertility transition was almost completed by 1981. In India, the total fertility rate (TFR) declined by only 1 point between the 1950s and 1981. In China TFR declined over 3 points during 1970-81. 76.7% of the decline in China during 1970-81 is attributed to a marked decline in marital fertility in all age groups, with the exception of ages 15-19 years. The decline in India is attributed to the decline in marital fertility. Female age at marriage rose in India, but less "impressively." In 1981 the mean age at marriage in India was 18.4 years, but it was 22.8 years in China. Marital fertility among women aged older than 30 years was considerably lower in China. Both countries experienced an increase in literacy, but in China the level of literacy was much greater. Both countries faced food shortages, but China improved food availability and calorie consumption per capita. Health services also improved in both countries, but the Chinese system of "barefoot" doctors brought services with easier reach of rural populations. Political structures differed in their dominance and organization. Family planning programs were introduced earlier in India, but prevalence was 64.4% in China in 1981 and about 22% in India.^ieng

Additions to Pollard's "fun with Gompertz".

"In a recent paper, Pollard (1991) has demonstrated that under the Gompertz law of mortality quick accurate or approximate answers can be obtained to many queries on survival. Some of Pollard's formulae can also be developed in the context of multiple decrement life tables so as to arrive at simple solutions to problems on the probability of death due to a given cause and the effect of the elimination of a cause of death. It is realized that the cause-specific force of mortality may not obey the Gompertz law. Still, it may be possible to group the causes in such a way that for each group the Gompertz curve provides a good approximation."

Impact of mortality decline on marital duration and length of post-dissolution life at different divorce levels.

"The effects of changing life span on certain life cycle measures of post-marital life are examined with the help of numerically computed values of such measures under various mortality and divorce levels. The results show that in the absence of divorce the increase in mean marital duration effected by a mortality decline is even greater than the increase in total post-marriage life. Thus, in such populations, the expected length of widowhood actually declines in spite of the fact that a greater proportion of women face widowhood as mortality falls. But this is not true for populations with moderate or high divorce levels, which would experience relatively smaller improvements in mean marital durations and consequently the length of post-dissolution life increases through a mortality decline in such populations." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)