ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There is a global perception that psychotropic utilization in children and adolescents is increasing in the US. METHODS: We present prevalent estimates for all psychotropics prescribed in the US (using commercial claims from Medicare and Medicaid) to children and adolescents in 2004 (total population N = 6,808,453) and in 2014 (total population N = 11,082.260). Further we evaluated if there has been a statistically significant change in prevalence during this time period. Analyses were stratified for the 6 major drug classes, all individuals' psychotropics (87 drugs), age and sex. RESULTS: The prevalence of psychotropic drug prescription was 8.55% in 2004 and 9.00% in 2014 (age stratified in 2004 and 2014 toddlers: 3.08 and 2.63%, children: 8.74 and 8.73%, adolescents: 10.89% and 12.11). The prevalence for each drug class in 2004 and 2014 was: stimulants/other ADHD drugs 5.0 and 5.8%; antidepressants 2.8 and 2.7%; anxiolytic-hypnotic-sedative 2.2 and 2.3%; mood stabilizers 0.1 and 0.1%; antipsychotics 1.3 and 1.1%; and for drugs treating drug dependence 0.02 and 0.02%. CONCLUSIONS: The perception that psychotropic utilization in children and adolescents is increasing in the US, derived from the 2 to 3 fold increase seen from the mid 80's to the mid 90's is not valid anymore. There has been a slowdown in the increase of prescribing psychotropics. In the last 10 years, in toddlers there was a decrease in the prescription; in children there was no change; and in adolescents there was a slight increase. The prescription of antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilizers has decreased overall. Graphical abstract In the last 10 years there has been a slowdown in the increase of prescribing psychotropics. In toddlers there was a decrease in the prescription (3.08 and 2.63%); in children (8.74 and 8.73%) there was no change; and in adolescents there was a slight increase (10.89% and 12.11). The prescription of antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilizers has decreased overall.
Subject(s)
Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Utilization/trends , Female , Humans , Male , Prescription Drugs/therapeutic use , Prevalence , Sex Factors , United StatesABSTRACT
The host suitability of five zucchini and three cucumber genotypes to Meloidogyne incognita (MiPM26) and M. javanica (Mj05) was determined in pot experiments in a greenhouse. The number of egg masses (EM) did not differ among the genotypes of zucchini or cucumber, but the eggs/plant and reproduction factor (Rf) did slightly. M. incognita MiPM26 showed lower EM, eggs/plant, and Rf than M. javanica Mj05. Examination of the zucchini galls for nematode postinfection development revealed unsuitable conditions for M. incognita MiPM26 as only 22% of the females produced EM compared to 95% of the M. javanica females. As far as cucumber was concerned, 86% of the M. incognita and 99% of the M. javanica females produced EM, respectively. In a second type of experiments, several populations of M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica were tested on zucchini cv. Amalthee and cucumber cv. Dasher II to assess the parasitic variation among species and populations of Meloidogyne. A greater parasitic variation was observed in zucchini than cucumber. Zucchini responded as a poor host for M. incognita MiPM26, MiAL09, and MiAL48, but as a good host for MiAL10 and MiAL15. Intraspecific variation was not observed among the M. javanica or M. arenaria populations. Cucumber was a good host for all the tested populations. Overall, both cucurbits were suitable hosts for Meloidogyne but zucchini was a poorer host than the cucumber.
ABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/diagnosis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Diagnosis, DifferentialABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Antiretroviral efficacy is closely related to the degree of adherence. The aim of this study is to assess the association between psychosocial and demographic variables and adherence to antiretroviral treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 320 patients under antiretroviral treatment was conducted in four Andalusian hospitals, using a semi-structured questionnaire given by health care professionals. RESULTS: Median age was 39.7 years. Nearly 12% of the sample was considered non-compliant to antiretroviral treatment. An interaction was observed between psychological morbidity and mental health quality of life scores. Among patients who presented psychological morbidity, a higher mental quality of life score was associated with a lower risk of non-compliance (P = 0.04). This association was not found among patients without psychological morbidity. Older age, homosexual or bisexual status and the use of injecting drugs for a shorter period of time was associated with non-compliance. CONCLUSIONS: Demographic and psychological factors have an influence on adherence to antiretroviral treatment.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/psychology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Patient Compliance , Socioeconomic Factors , Adult , Age Factors , Bisexuality , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Educational Status , Employment , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/psychology , Homosexuality , Humans , Male , Marriage , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Methadone/therapeutic use , Patient Compliance/psychology , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Life , Risk , Social Support , Spain/epidemiology , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Viral LoadABSTRACT
Antecedentes y objetivo. La efectividad de los antirretrovirales está asociada de forma muy estrecha al grado de adhesión. Este trabajo pretende determinar la asociación de las variables demográficas y psicosociales con la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 320 pacientes en tratamiento antirretroviral, atendidos en cuatro hospitales de la Comunidad Autónoma Andaluza. Se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado, administrado por personal sanitario. Resultados. La edad media de la muestra fue 39,7 años. El 11,9% de la muestra estudiada fue considerada no adherida al tratamiento antirretroviral. Se detectó una interacción entre la presencia de morbilidad psíquica y la puntuación del índice de salud mental (ISM). Así, entre aquellos que padecían morbilidad psíquica a una mejor calidad de vida mental se les asoció un menor riesgo de no adherirse al tratamiento (p = 0,04), no describiéndose esta asociación entre aquéllos sin morbilidad psíquica. Una mayor edad, ser homosexual y haber estado menos años como consumidor de drogas por vía parenteral mostraron una tendencia a asociarse a la no adherencia. Conclusiones. Los factores demográficos y psicosociales influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral (AU)
Background and objective. Antiretroviral efficacy is closely related to the degree of adherence. The aim of this study is to assess the association between psychosocial and demographic variables and adherence to antiretroviral treatment. Patients and methods. A cross-sectional survey of 320 patients under antiretroviral treatment was conducted in four Andalusian hospitals, using a semi-structured questionnaire given by health care professionals. Results. Median age was 39.7 years. Nearly 12% of the sample was considered non-compliant to antiretroviral treatment. An interaction was observed between psychological morbidity and mental health quality of life scores. Among patients who presented psychological morbidity, a higher mental quality of life score was associated with a lower risk of non-compliance (P = 0.04). This association was not found among patients without psychological morbidity. Older age, homosexual or bisexual status and the use of injecting drugs for a shorter period of time was associated with non-compliance. Conclusions. Demographic and psychological factors have an influence on adherence to antiretroviral treatment (AU)
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/psychology , Patient Compliance/psychology , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Male , Adult , Humans , Erythema Infectiosum/diagnosis , Exanthema/etiology , Fever/etiology , Foot Dermatoses/etiology , Hand Dermatoses/etiology , Purpura/etiology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Erythema Infectiosum/complications , Parvovirus B19, Human/immunologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Quality of life is one of the most frequently used subjective measures in chronic health problems. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between clinical and therapeutic parameters, and 11 quality of life domains in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 320 patients on antiretroviral treatment was conducted in four Andalusian hospitals (Spain). A semi-structured questionnaire was administered by health care professionals. Health-related quality of life was assessed with the MOS-HIV questionnaire, an instrument designed specifically for HIV-infected patients. RESULTS: Almost three-quarters of the population were men (73.4%); 35.6% had developed aids, and 88.1% were considered adherent to treatment. Patients with greater viral load presented lower quality of life scores for all the domains, except cognitive functioning. Patients who had developed aids showed poorer quality of life for 10 of the 11 domains. Patients with adequate adherence to antiretroviral treatment showed better quality of life for 10 domains. No statistically significant differences in the domain scores except for quality of life were found between patients with a treatment regimen including protease inhibitors and those without. CONCLUSION: The patient's clinical status and adherence affect not only survival, but also quality of life.
Subject(s)
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , HIV Infections/psychology , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Life , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , Adult , Aged , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Spain , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment Outcome , Viral LoadABSTRACT
Introducción. La calidad de vida es uno de los métodos de evaluación subjetiva más utilizados en enfermedades de carácter crónico. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la asociación entre parámetros clínicos y terapéuticos y las 11 dimensiones de calidad de vida en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 320 pacientes en tratamiento antirretroviral de 4 hospitales andaluces. Se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado administrado por personal sanitario. La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud se midió a través del cuestionario MOS-HIV (Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey), que es un instrumento específico para pacientes con VIH. Resultados. El 73,4% de los entrevistados eran varones, el 35,6% tenían sida y el 88,1% fue considerado adherente al tratamiento. Los pacientes con una mayor carga viral presentaron puntuaciones más bajas en todas las dimensiones de la calidad de vida, a excepción de la función cognitiva. Los pacientes con sida mostraron una peor calidad de vida en 10 de las 11 dimensiones. Aquéllos con una adherencia adecuada al tratamiento antirretroviral mostraron una mejor calidad de vida en 10 dimensiones. No se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las medias de las dimensiones del cuestionario MOS-HIV entre pacientes cuya combinación farmacológica incluía inhibidores de la proteasa y aquellos que no, a excepción de la dimensión de calidad de vida. Conclusión. El estado clínico y la adherencia del paciente no sólo afectan a su supervivencia, sino también a diferentes dimensiones de su calidad de vida (AU)
Introduction. Quality of life is one of the most frequently used subjective measures in chronic health problems. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between clinical and therapeutic parameters, and 11 quality of life domains in HIV-infected patients. Methods. A cross-sectional survey of 320 patients on antiretroviral treatment was conducted in four Andalusian hospitals (Spain). A semi-structured questionnaire was administered by health care professionals. Health-related quality of life was assessed with the MOS-HIV questionnaire, an instrument designed specifically for HIV-infected patients. Results. Almost three-quarters of the population were men (73.4%); 35.6% had developed aids, and 88.1% were considered adherent to treatment. Patients with greater viral load presented lower quality of life scores for all the domains, except cognitive functioning. Patients who had developed aids showed poorer quality of life for 10 of the 11 domains. Patients with adequate adherence to antiretroviral treatment showed better quality of life for 10 domains. No statistically significant differences in the domain scores except for quality of life were found between patients with a treatment regimen including protease inhibitors and those without. Conclusion. The patient's clinical status and adherence affect not only survival, but also quality of life (AU)
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Middle Aged , Humans , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , HIV Infections/psychology , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Life , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Treatment Outcome , Spain , Viral LoadABSTRACT
El objeto de este estudio es analizar la relación existente entre la morbilidad psíquica y el apoyo social con la calidad de vida. Por otro, el papel que realiza el apoyo social como amortiguador de la morbilidad psíquica en estos pacientes. Se estudiaron a 320 pacientes VIH positivos en tratamiento con antirretrovirales, que acudieron a las consultas externas del servicio de infecciosos de cuatro hospitales de la comunidad autónoma andaluza. Así, una mejor calidad de vida se asoció a una ausencia de morbilidad psíquica y a la presencia de apoyo social, a la vez que se observa el papel fundamental que juega el apoyo social como amortiguador de la morbilidad psíquica en este tipo de pacientes. Estos resultados ponen de relieve la importancia que los factores psicosociales tienen durante el transcurso de enfermedades de carácter crónico
The aim of this study is to analyse the existing relation between the psychic morbidity and social support and the quality of life. Besides this, the paper analyses the buffer roll that social support plays on the psychic morbidity in these patients. We studied 320 HIV+ patients in treatment with antiretrovirals, who attended the infectious disease services of four hospitals of the Autonomous Andalusian Community. Being associated a better quality of life to an absence of psychic morbidity and to the presence of social support, it is observed the relevant buffer role that the social support like shock absorber of the psychic morbidity in this one type of patients. These results show the importance that the psycho-social factors have during the course of chronic diseases
Subject(s)
Humans , Sickness Impact Profile , HIV Infections/complications , Anti-Retroviral Agents/adverse effects , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Social Support , Quality of Life , ComorbidityABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Aged , Male , Female , Humans , Streptococcus pyogenes , Bacteremia , Fatal Outcome , Pneumonia, Bacterial , Mesenteric Artery, Superior , Multiple Organ Failure , Postoperative Complications , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation , Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillosis , Aneurysm, Infected , Intestines , Infarction , Endocarditis , Brain AbscessABSTRACT
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