Usefulness of the ECORE-BF Scale to Determine Atherogenic Risk in 386,924 Spanish Workers.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Obesity and atherosclerosis are considered risk factors for this pathology. There are multiple methods to evaluate obesity, in the same way as there are different formulas to determine atherogenic risk. Since both pathologies are closely related, the objective of our work was to evaluate whether the ECORE-BF scale is capable of predicting atherogenic risk. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study in which 386,924 workers from several autonomous communities in Spain participated. The association between the ECORE-BF scale and five atherogenic risk indices was evaluated. The relationship between variables was assessed using the chi-square test and Student's t test in independent samples. Multivariate analysis was performed with the multinomial logistic regression test, calculating the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals, with the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. ROC curves established the cut-off points for moderate and high vascular age and determined the Youden index. RESULTS: The mean values of the ECORE-BF scale were higher in individuals with atherogenic dyslipidemia and the lipid triad, as well as in those with elevated values of the three atherogenic indices studied, with p <0.001 in all cases. As atherogenic risk increased across the five evaluated scales, the prevalence of obesity also significantly increased, with p <0.001 in all cases. In the ROC curve analysis, the AUCs for atherogenic dyslipidemia and the lipid triad were above 0.75, indicating a good association between these scales and the ECORE-BF. Although the Youden indices were not exceedingly high, they were around 0.5. CONCLUSIONS: There is a good association between atherogenic risk scales, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and lipid triad, and the ECORE-BF scale. The ECORE-BF scale can be a useful and quick tool to evaluate atherogenic risk in primary care and occupational medicine consultations without the need for blood tests.

Usefulness of Body Fat and Visceral Fat Determined by Bioimpedanciometry versus Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in Predicting Elevated Values of Different Risk Scales for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND: Obesity constitutes a public health problem worldwide and causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (MALFD), the leading cause of liver disease in developed countries, which progresses to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. MAFLD is associated with obesity and can be evaluated by validated formulas to assess MAFLD risk using different parameters such as the body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). However, these parameters do not accurately measure body fat. As MAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, we hypothesize that measuring body and visceral fat by electrical bioimpedance is an efficient method to predict the risk of MAFLD. The objective of our work was to demonstrate that electrical bioimpedance is a more efficient method than the BMI or WC to predict an elevated risk of MAFLD. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study involving 8590 Spanish workers in the Balearic Islands was carried out. The study's sample of employees was drawn from those who underwent occupational medicine examinations between January 2019 and December 2020. Five MAFLD risk scales were determined for evaluating very high levels of body fat and visceral fat. The determination of body and visceral fat was performed using bioimpedanciometry. Student's t-test was employed to ascertain the mean and standard deviation of quantitative data. The chi-square test was used to find prevalences for qualitative variables, while ROC curves were used to define the cut-off points for body and visceral fat. The calculations included the area under the curve (AUC), the cut-off points along with their Youden index, sensitivity, and specificity. Correlation and concordance between the various scales were determined using Pearson's correlation index and Cohen's kappa, respectively. RESULTS: As both total body fat and visceral fat increase, the risk of MAFLD increases with a statistically significant result (p < 0.001), presenting a higher risk in men. The areas under the curve (AUC) of the five scales that assess overweight and obesity to determine the occurrence of high values of the different MAFLD risk scales were very high, most of them exceeding 0.9. These AUC values were higher for visceral and body fat than for the BMI or waist circumference. FLD-high presented the best results in men and women with the AUC at around 0.97, both for visceral fat and total body fat, with a high Youden index in all cases (women body fat = 0.830, visceral fat = 0.892; men body fat = 0.780, visceral fat = 0.881). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, all the overweight and obesity scales show a very good association with the scales assessing the risk of MAFLD. These values are higher for visceral and body fat than for waist circumference and the BMI. Both visceral fat and body fat are better associated than the BMI and waist circumference with MAFLD risk scales.

MAFLD and glomerular hyperfiltration in subjects with normoglycemia, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional population study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD, 2020 diagnostic criteria) and glomerular hyperfiltration share common risk factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. AIMS: To assess the prevalence of MAFLD and its association with glomerular hyperfiltration and age-related worsening of kidney function in subjects with normoglycemia, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: We analysed data recorded during occupational health visits of 125,070 Spanish civil servants aged 18-65 years with a de-indexed glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated with the chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiological (CKD-EPI) equation (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]) ≥60 mL/min. Subjects were categorised according to fasting plasma glucose levels <100 mg/dL (normoglycemia), ≥100 and ≤ 125 mg/dL (prediabetes), or ≥126 mg/dL and/or antidiabetic treatment (T2DM). The association between MAFLD and glomerular hyperfiltration, defined as a de-indexed eGFR above the age- and gender-specific 95th percentile, was assessed by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: In the whole study group, MAFLD prevalence averaged 19.3%. The prevalence progressively increased from 14.7% to 33.2% and to 48.9% in subjects with normoglycemia, prediabetes and T2DM, respectively (p < 0.001 for trend). Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for the association between MAFLD and hyperfiltration was 9.06 (8.53-9.62) in the study group considered as a whole, and 8.60 (8.03-9.21), 9.52 (8.11-11.18) and 8.31 (6.70-10.30) in subjects with normoglycemia, prediabetes and T2DM considered separately. In stratified analyses, MAFLD amplified age-dependent eGFR decline in all groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MAFLD prevalence increases across the glycaemic spectrum. MAFLD is significantly associated with hyperfiltration and amplifies the age-related eGFR decline.

Development of a three-dimensional printed model from a digital impression of a real patient for aesthetic dentistry undergraduate teaching.

INTRODUCTION: The acquisition of skills and manual dexterity in aesthetic dentistry in undergraduate teaching requires preclinical practices with simulation that should approximate real clinical situations. OBJECTIVE: We will present a digital procedure for the creation of three-dimensional (3D) resin models adapted to the practices of the Aesthetic Dentistry course. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Stereolithography or Standard Tesellation Language (STL) files of a real patient were previously obtained with a 3-shape intraoral scanner. Using the Exocad computer programme for dental prosthesis design, various modifications were made, such as incisor rotation, surface alterations imitating dysplasias or erosions, the creation of diastemas, or even changes in tooth size. The virtual model was printed in resin for use by students. Once the practices were finished, the students and the teachers evaluated the use of the 3D printed models. RESULTS: The result is the typodont model, in which seven laboratory sessions took place: 1-Restoration of conoid tooth morphology, 2-Cervical abrasion/ erosion restoration, 3-Direct Composite Veneer, 4-Aesthetic correction in a tooth with rotation, 5-Diastem closure, 6-Occlusal abrasions/ erosion, and 7-Maryland bridge. 90.48% of the students evaluated the designed 3D model as the best method for laboratory practice compared to other methods, obtaining a general assessment of 8.3 out of 10. CONCLUSION: The method used has provided a reproducible standard analog model for direct aesthetic dental restoration practice, with a good assessment by students and teachers.

The Effect of a Program to Improve Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet on Cardiometabolic Parameters in 7034 Spanish Workers.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases include a large group of pathologies and constitute one of the most serious chronic health problems facing the 21st century, with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unhealthy diets influence the development of these pathologies. The Mediterranean diet can be an important part in the treatment of these diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a program that aims to increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet on the improvement of different cardiometabolic risk parameters. METHODS: A prospective intervention study was carried out on 7034 Spanish workers. Prior to the intervention, 22 cardiometabolic risk scales were evaluated. Participants in this study were informed both orally and in writing of the characteristics and benefits of the Mediterranean diet and were given the website of the Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare of Spain, which provides advice on nutrition. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was reinforced by sending a monthly SMS to their mobile phones. After six months of follow-up, the 22 risk scales were re-evaluated to assess changes. Means and standard deviations were calculated using Student's t test to analyse quantitative variables. Prevalence was calculated using the Chi-square test when the variables were qualitative. RESULTS: All the cardiometabolic risk scales studied decreased after implementing a program to improve and enhance adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The number of losses in the sample was very low, standing at 4.31%. CONCLUSIONS: The Mediterranean diet is effective in reducing all cardiovascular risk scales evaluated. The mean values and prevalence of high values of the different cardiometabolic risk scales analysed led to lower values after the implementation of the program to increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet. We observed a significant positive difference in metabolic age in both sexes. We have obtained a significant improvement in the insulin resistance index, especially in the SPISE-IR index, data that we have not found in previous publications. Easy access to the Internet and new information and communication technologies facilitate adherence to a diet and can reduce the number of losses.

Influence of Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits on the Values of Insulin Resistance Indicators in 386,924 Spanish Workers.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) is an alteration of the action of insulin in cells, which do not respond adequately to this action, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels. IR produces a very diverse clinical picture and increases the cardiometabolic risk of the population that suffers from it. Among the factors that influence IR are genetics, unhealthy lifestyle habits, overweight, and obesity. The objective of this work was to determine how different sociodemographic variables and healthy habits influence the values of different scales that assess the risk of presenting IR in a group of Spanish workers. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in 386,924 workers from different Spanish regions. Different sociodemographic variables and lifestyle habits were studied (age, social class, educational level, smoking, Mediterranean diet, physical exercise) along with their association with four scales to evaluate the risk of insulin resistance (TyG index, TyG-BMI, METS-IR, TG/HDL-c). To analyse the quantitative variables, Student's t test was used, while the Chi-squared test was used for the qualitative variables. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed, calculating the odds ratio with its 95% confidence intervals. The accepted level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, all variables, except educational level, increased the risk of presenting high values on the IR risk scales, especially a sedentary lifestyle and low adherence to the Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate an association between the practice of regular physical exercise and a reduction in the risk of IR; a strong role of the Mediterranean diet as a protective factor for IR; an association between aging and increased IR, which has also been suggested in other studies; and, finally, a relationship between a low socioeconomic level and an increase in IR.

Relación predictiva de los índices de adiposidad visceral y adiposidad disfuncional con el riesgo cardiovascular en población laboral / Predictive relationship of visceral adiposity index (VAI) and dysfunctiuonal adiposity index (DAI) with cardiovascular risk in the spanish working population

Objetivo: estimar la capacidad predictiva de los índices de adiposidad visceral (VAI) y disfuncional (DAI) en riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) de población laboral española. Métodos: análisis descriptivo en 418.343 trabajadores españoles de diferentes sectores durante la vigilancia de la salud en sus empresas. Se calculó el VAI y el DAI ajustándose a sus ecuaciones y el RCV mediante Registre Gironí del Cor (REGICOR), Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) y estudio DORICA. Se estimó fortaleza asociativa mediante curvas de características operativas del receptor (ROC). El programa estadístico fue SPSS 27.0, considerando significación estadística p < 0,05. Resultados: los valores de RCV con los tres métodos son más elevados en hombres (p < 0,0001). El RCV más alto en mujeres se obtiene con REGICOR (1,58%) y en hombres con Score (11,28%). Con los métodos de valoración de RCV utilizados en ambos sexos, los valores medios de VAI y DAI van aumentando según lo hace el RCV. VAI y DAI son estimadores útiles de RCV en mujeres con DORICA AUC (área bajo la curva)-VAI 0,865 (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 0,836-0,894) y AUC-DAI 0,859 (IC 95%: 0,829-0,888). En hombres, solo muestran moderada capacidad predictiva (valores AUC-VAI 0,774 (IC 95%: 0,768-0,780), AUC-DAI 0,762 (IC 95%: 0,756-0,768). La fortaleza asociativa es baja en ambos sexos con Score y REGICOR (AUC < 0,7). Conclusión: VAI y DAI aumentan sus valores medios según aumenta el RCV estimado con REGICOR, SCORE y DORICA. VAI y DAI tienen elevada capacidad predictiva con el RCV estimado con DORICA en mujeres y moderada fortaleza en hombres. (AU)

Aim: to estimate the predictive relationship of visceral adiposity (VAI) and dysfunctional adiposity (DAI) indices with cardiovascular risk (CVR) in the Spanish working population. Methods: descriptive analysis in 418,343 Spanish workers from different sectors during health monitoring in their companies. VAI and DAI were calculated according to their equations and cardiovascular risk was calculated using Regicor, Score and Dorica. Associative strength was estimated using ROC curves. The statistical programme used was SPSS 27.0, considering statistical significance P<0.05. Results: CVR values with the three methods are higher in men (P<0.0001). The highest CVR in women and men is obtained with Regicor (1.58%) and Score (11.28%), respectively. With the CVR evaluation methods used and in both sexes, the mean values of VAI and DAI increase as CVR increases. VAI and DAI are useful estimators of CVR in women with Dorica AUC -VAI 0.865 (95%CI 0.836-0.894) and AUC-DAI 0.859 (95%CI 0.829-0.888). In men they show only a moderate predictive relationship (AUC values for VAI 0.774 [95%CI 0.768-0.780] AUC DAI 0.762 [95%CI 0.756-0.768]). Strength of association is low in both sexes with Score and Regicor (AUC<0.7). Conclusion: VAI and DAI increase their mean values as estimated CVR increases with Regicor, Score and Dorica. VAI and DAI have a high predictive relationship with estimated CVR-Dorica in women and moderate strength in men. (AU)

Estimación del envejecimiento en población laboral y relación con salud psicofísica y condiciones de trabajo / Estimation of aging in the working population and relationship with psychophysical health and working conditions

Introducción:El envejecimiento de la población conlleva una mayor prevalencia de trabajadores con patología psicofísica y cognitiva con riesgo de fragilidad.Objetivo:Estimar la relación entre envejecimiento asociado a la edad en hombres y mujeres, y la salud psicofísica, emocional y deterioro cognitivo en población laboral y su repercusión según tipo de trabajo y turnicidad.Material y Método:Estudio transversal en 389 trabajadores. Se valora <50 y ≥50 años con prensión manual, circunferencia del gemelo, Fragilidad-Frail, depresión-Beck, Ansiedad-Estado-Rasgo y deterioro cognitivo-Pfeiffer y la influencia del tipo de trabajo y turnicidad.Resultados:Existe mayor fragilidad-Frail en hombres ≥ 50 años (p<0,05). El resto de variables relacionadas con estado físico, emocional y cognitivo no muestra diferencias por edad, ni con el tipo de trabajo y turnicidad (p>0,05).Conclusiones:La fragilidad estimada con el cuestionario de Frail muestra los resultados más precoces de fragilidad en hombres ≥ 50 años. (AU)

Introduction:The aging of the population leads to a higher prevalence of workers with psychophysical and cognitive pathologies at risk of frailty.Objective:To estimate the relationship between age-associated aging in men and women and psychophysical, emotional health, and cognitive impairment in the working population and its impact according to the type of work and shift work.Material and Method:Cross-sectional study with 389 workers. We assessed individuals aged <50 and ≥50 years using handgrip strength, calf circumference, Frailty-Frail assessment, Beck Depression Inventory for depression, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for anxiety, and Pfeiffer test for cognitive impairment, while also considering the influence of the type of work and shift work.Results:There is a higher prevalence of frailty in men aged ≥50 years (p<0.05). The rest of the variables related to physical, emotional, and cognitive status do not show significant differences based on age, type of work, or shift work (p>0.05).Conclusions:Frailty, as assessed by the Frail questionnaire, reveals the earliest signs of frailty in men aged ≥50 years. (AU)

Obesidad, hábitos de vida y riesgo de hígado graso en la población laboral española durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Obesity, life habits and fatty liver risk evaluation in the Spanish working population during the COVID-19 pandemic

Antecedentes: el hígado graso no alcohólico es la enfermedad hepática más común en el mundo, habitualmente asintomática y manifestación hepática del síndrome metabólico. Objetivo: estimar el riesgo de hígado graso mediante el índice de hígado graso (FLI, Fatty Liver Index) y su relación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), indicadores de adiposidad, hábitos de vida y variables sociodemográficas. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado con 815 trabajadores de entre 18-66 años, durante la vigilancia de la salud de las empresas participantes, desde marzo de 2020 hasta junio de 2021.Se utiliza la calculadora FLI y se establecen relaciones con variables sociodemográficas, índices de adiposidad, hábitos de alimentación y actividad física con el uso de los cuestionarios PREDIMED e IPAQ. Resultados: el FLI > 60 se relaciona significativamente con el IMC, el perímetro de la cintura y el índice cintura-cadera. El IMC incrementa el riesgo casi 20 veces (odds ratio 19,87; IC 95% 10,84-36,44) de sufrir la enfermedad. Los valores altos son más perjudiciales en hombres y el riesgo aumenta con la edad. Un FLI en rango medio/alto (> 30) muestra una relación significativa con la adherencia a MedDiet y con la actividad física realizada, con diferencias entre géneros (p < 0,0001). Conclusión: el riesgo de hígado graso aumenta con la obesidad y con los hábitos de vida no saludables, con valores más desfavorables entre los hombres. Destaca la importancia de valorar, junto con el IMC, los indicadores de adiposidad.(AU)

Background: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease globally. It is usually asymptomatic with a liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Aim: to estimate the risk of fatty liver by means of the FLI index and its relationship with BMI, adiposity indicators, lifestyle habits and socio-demographic variables. Material and Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study in 815 workers aged 18-66 years during the health monitoring of companies taking part from March 2020-June 2021.The fatty liver index-FLI calculator was used and relationships were established with sociodemographic variables, adiposity indices, eating habits and physical activity using PREDIMED and IPAQ questionnaires. Results: FLI > 60 is significantly related to BMI, waist circumference and waist hip index. BMI increases the risk almost 20 times (odds ratio 19.87, 95% CI 10.84-36.44). Values are worse in men and risk increases with age. A medium to high FLI > 30 reveals a significant relationship with adherence to MedDiet and with physical activity performed. There are differences between the sexes (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: fatty liver risk increases with obesity and unhealthy lifestyle habits. Values are more unfavourable among men. It highlights the importance of evaluating adiposity indicators together with BMI.(AU)

Influencia de hábitos de vida y variables socio-demográficas en trabajadores españoles / Influence of lifestyle habits and socio-demographic variables in spanish workers

Justificación: Se conocen muchos factores que influyen en el riesgo cardiovascular, sin embargo, hay otros cuya influencia no está tan bien delimitada. Objetivo: Conocer la influencia de diferentes factores de riesgo en las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en 1.457 trabajadores de Mallorca. Para cada trabajador se elaboró una hoja de recogida de datos que incluía diferentes variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas, analíticas y clínicas. Los datos se analizaron mediante un análisis bivariante y multivariante. Resultados: En general, los individuos con una alta adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y con altos niveles de actividad física presentaron los mejores valores en todas las variables analizadas relacionadas con el riesgo cardiovascular. Además, estos mismos individuos también presentaron una menor prevalencia de valores alterados de los parámetros estudiados. Ser menor de 50 años y ser mujer fue un factor protector para no presentar valores elevados en los parámetros asociados al riesgo cardiovascular. Conclusiones: La dieta, la actividad física, la edad y el sexo tienen una influencia directa sobre las variables asociadas al riesgo cardiovascular. (AU)

Justification: Many factors that influence cardiovascular risk are known and there are others whose influence is not so well defined. Objective: To know the influence of different risk factors in cardiovascular diseases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study in a sample of 1.457 workers from Mallorca. For each worker, a data collection sheet was prepared that included different sociodemographic, anthropometric, analytical and clinical variables. Data were analyzed using a bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: In general, individuals with a alto adherence to a Mediterranean diet and with alto levels of physical activity presented the best values in all the analyzed variables related to cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, these same individuals also presented a lower prevalence of altered values of the parameters studied. Being under 50 years of age and being a woman was a protective factor against presenting alto values in parameters associated to cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: Diet, physical activity, age and sex have a direct influence on the variables associated to cardiovascular risk. (AU)

Cardiometabolic risk profile in relation to the practice of healthy habits in a sample of Spanish workers

Insulin resistance is a pathological entity that can lead to alterations in lipid metabolism and can increase cardiovascular risk. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different sociodemographic variables such as age, sex and social class and healthy habits such as smoking, physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet on the cardiometabolic profile of Spanish workers. Material and methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 1457 Spanish workers in an attempt to evaluate the effect of healthy habits (physical exercise determined with the IPAQ questionnaire, Mediterranean diet and tobacco consumption) and sociodemographic variables (age, sex and social class) on the values of different insulin resistance scales. Results. The progressive increase in the level of physical activity and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet achieved an improvement in the mean values and in the prevalence of elevated values in all the insulin resistance scales analyzed in this study. Age over 50 years and belonging to the least favored social classes (social classes II-III) were the variables that increased the risk of presenting insulin resistance. Male sex also increased the risk of presenting insulin resistance. Conclusions. The different healthy habits such as vigorous physical exercise and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet improve the values of the different scales that assess insulin resistance(AU)

La resistencia a la insulina es una entidad patológica que puede provocar alteraciones en el metabolismo de los lípidos y puede aumentar el riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo. En este trabajo se pretende valorar la influencia de diferentes variables sociodemográficas como la edad, el sexo y la clase social y hábitos saludables como el consumo de tabaco, la actividad física y la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea en el perfil cardiometabólico de trabajadores españoles. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en 1457 trabajadores españoles intentando evaluar el efecto de los hábitos saludables (ejercicio físico determinado con el cuestionario IPAQ, dieta mediterránea y consumo de tabaco) y las variables sociodemográficas (edad, sexo y clase social) sobre los valores de diferentes escalas de resistencia a la insulina. Resultados. El aumento progresivo del nivel de actividad física y la alta adherencia a la dieta mediterránea consiguieron una mejoría en los valores medios y en la prevalencia de los valores elevados en todas las escalas de resistencia a la insulina analizadas en este estudio. La edad por encima de los 50 años y la pertenencia a las clases sociales menos favorecidas (clases sociales II-III) fueron las variables que aumentaron el riesgo de presentar resistencia a la insulina. El sexo masculino también incrementó el riesgo de presentar resistencia a la insulina. Conclusiones. Los diferentes hábitos saludables como el ejercicio físico vigoroso y la alta adherencia a la dieta mediterránea mejoran los valores de las diferentes escalas que valoran resistencia a la insulina(AU)

Determination of different cardiovascular risk scales in Spanish teaching staff: associated variables / Determinación de diferentes escalas de riesgo cardiovascular en el profesorado español: variables asociadas

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is currently one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases, affecting nearly 57% of the world’s population, accounting for 32% of deaths worldwide. The aim of the study is to determine the cardiovascular risk of teaching staff. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional study carried out on 4,738 teachers from different Spanish geographical areas with a mean age of 41 years. Different variables related to cardiovascular risk are determined, such as overweight and obesity scales, nonalcoholic fatty liver scales, atherogenic indices, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk scales, among others. Results: Among the results we highlight a prevalence of hypercholesterolemia of 41%, hyperteriglyceridemia 12.1%, hypertension 15.5%, obesity using BMI 13%, high risk of fatty liver 11.3% and moderate or high SCORE values 11.4%. Conclusion: The teaching staff is not free from developing CVD that we can relate to the lack of physical activity and an unhealthy diet that increases the prevalence of obesity and overweight. (AU)

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son actualmente una de las enfermedades no transmisibles más prevalentes, ya que afectan a casi el 57% de la población mundial siendo responsables del 32% de las muertes en el mundo. El objetivo del estudio es conocer el riesgo cardiovascular del personal docente. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y transversal realizado en 4.738 profesores de diferentes zonas geográficas españolas con una edad media de 41 años. Se determinan diferentes variables relacionadas con el riesgo cardiovascular, como escalas de sobrepeso y obesidad, escalas de hígado graso no alcohólico, índices aterogénicos, síndrome metabólico y escalas de riesgo cardiovascular, entre otras. Resultados: Entre los resultados destacamos una prevalencia de hipercolesterolemia del 41%, hiperterigliceridemia del 12,1%, hipertensión del 15,5%, obesidad mediante IMC del 13%, alto riesgo de hígado graso del 11,3% y valores de SCORE moderados o altos del 11,4%. Conclusión: El profesorado no está exento de desarrollar ECV que podemos relacionar con la falta de actividad física y una dieta poco saludable que aumenta la prevalencia de obesidad y sobrepeso. (AU)

Consumo de alcohol cuantificado versus percibido en trabajadores españoles / Quantified alcohol consumption versus perception in spanish work population

Introducción: el consumo de alcohol preocupa en Salud Pública por sus efectos y repercusiones familiares, personales, sociales y laborales entre consumidores habituales o de riesgo. Objetivos: establecer la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en trabajadores del sector servicios de la administración pública, perfil de consumo y concordancia entre el consumo cuantificado y el percibido, así como la influencia de variables sociodemográficas y laborales. Material y Método: estudio transversal en 1.180 trabajadores del sector servicios de la administración pública en el área mediterránea de España desde enero a diciembre de 2011, analizando variables sociodemográficas, laborales y cuantificando el consumo de alcohol en UBE y la percepción mediantes AUDIT. Resultados: el 81,78% ha consumido alcohol en el último mes, mayoritariamente hombres y en niveles de consumo moderado-severo. Son variables que influyen: nivel cultural, clase social y tipo de trabajo desempeñado. Existen discrepancias entre la percepción del consumo con el AUDIT y el consumo registrado con UBE. Conclusiones: la percepción de consumo de riesgo es baja frente al riesgo cuantificado en UBE por lo que se plantea la utilidad de campañas de Promoción de la Salud en las empresas orientadas hacia un adecuado conocimiento del riesgo del consumo de alcohol

Introduction: alcohol consumption is a global concern in Public Health for its effects and impact on family, personal and working lives of ordinary consumers or in excess. Objectives: to assess the prevalence of alcohol consumption in public service sector workers, to assess a consumption profile and the concordance between quantified and perceived consumption, as well as the influence of sociodemographic and labor variables. Material and Method: cross-sectional study of 1.180 public administration services sector workers in Spanish Mediterranean area from January to December 2011. Sociodemographic and labor variables and quantifying alcohol consumption UBE and AUDIT perception are analysed. Results: 81.78% had consumed alcohol in the last month, mainly men and in levels of moderate-severe consumption. Alcohol consumption is related to: cultural level, social class and type of work performed. There are discrepancies between the perception of alcohol consumption measured by the AUDIT, and consumption recorded calculated by the UBE. Conclusions: the perception of risk consumption is low compared to the quantified risk. Training campaigns and Health Promotion are recommenced in companies oriented toward an adequate knowledge of alcohol consumption risk

Alcohol consumption in Spanish mental health patients vs. working population / Consumo de alcohol en España en pacientes de unidades de salud mental versus trabajadores en general

Abstract Introduction: Alcohol consumption has a high prevalence in society and its chronic consumption is one of the main factors related to health condition in an individual, along with other aspects concerning lifestyle. Regarding the health-disease correlation, it is one of the main determinants of health, from an epidemiological point of view, and has been a traditional object of study from different perspectives and in diverse population groups. Objective: To compare consumption patterns and related variables in two different groups: patients in mental health units and workers in general. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in a population of 1 180 service workers and 304 patients in a mental health unit. Sociodemographic and work aspects, as well as pattern of alcohol consumption were analyzed for both populations. Results: Differences in both groups were observed regarding the number of consumers, quantity of consumption and type of beverages consumed, differences that disappear, in part, when comparing groups of workers of both population samples. Conclusions: Differences in the consumption pattern of both populations lead to different preventive-assistance strategies and to the need for implementing coordinated actions by specific programs among those affected.

Resumen Introducción. El consumo de alcohol tiene una elevada prevalencia en la sociedad y su consumo crónico es uno de los principales factores relacionados con el estado de salud de los individuos, junto a otros aspectos concernientes al estilo de vida. Debido a su importancia, este tema ha sido objeto tradicional de estudio desde diferentes perspectivas epidemiológicas y en diversos colectivos poblacionales. Objetivo. Realizar una comparativa de patrones de consumo y variables relacionadas en dos colectivos diferenciados: pacientes de unidades de salud mental y trabajadores en general. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en una población de 1 180 trabajadores del sector servicios de la administración pública y 304 pacientes de una unidad de salud mental. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas y laborales y el patrón de consumo de alcohol. Resultados. Existen diferencias en ambos colectivos en cuanto al número de consumidores, cantidad de consumo y tipo de bebidas consumidas, diferencias que desaparecen en parte cuando se comparan colectivos de trabajadores de ambas muestras poblacionales. Conclusiones. Las diferencias en el patrón de consumo de ambas poblaciones orientan hacia actuaciones preventivo-asistenciales distintas en ambos grupos y hacia una necesidad de implementar actuaciones coordinadas entre todos los afectados mediante programas específicos.

Valoración del riesgo cardiovascular en varones conductores profesionales del área mediterránea española y variables asociadas / Assessment of cardiovascular risk in male professional drivers of the Spanish mediterranean area and associated variables

INTRODUCCIÓN: El riesgo cardiovascular es una de las principales pre ocupaciones de los servicios de salud laboral. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo y transversal en 2944 varones conductores profesionales (487 taxistas, 908 con ductores de autobús y 1549 conductores de camión) y se valoran diferentes variables relacionadas con riesgo cardiovascular. RESULTADOS: El 27,4% de los conductores son obesos, el 25% hiper tensos, un 48% presentan valores elevados de colesterol y un 29,5% triglicéridos altos, mientras la hiperglucemia aparece en el 6,5%. Un 15,8% cumplen los criterios de síndrome metabólico, un 2,6% presentan valores elevados en la escala REGICOR y un 7,9% en la escala SCORE. El riesgo elevado de padecer diabetes tipo 2 con la escala Findrisk aparece en el 13% de los conductores. CONCLUSIONES: Globalmente, el colectivo de taxistas es el que presenta peores resultados en todas las variables relacionadas con riesgo cardiovascular.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular risk is one of the main concerns of occupational health services. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted in 2944 professional male drivers (487 taxi drivers, 908 bus drivers and 1549 truck drivers) and different variables related to cardiovascular risk were assessed. RESULTS: 27.4% of the drivers are obese, 25% hypertensive, 48% have high cholesterol and 29.5% high triglycerides, while hyperglycemia appears in 6.5%. 15.8% met the metabolic syndrome criteria, 2.6% presented high values on the REGICOR scale and 7.9% on the SCORE scale. The high risk of type 2 diabetes with the Findrisk scale appears in 13% of drivers. CONCLUSIONS: Globally the group of taxi drivers is the one that pres ents worse results in all the variables related to cardiovascular risk.

Prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en trabajadores de la función pública / Alcohol consumption prevalence in civil servants

El consumo de alcohol constituye una preocupación por sus efectos en salud, y su repercusión en el medio laboral. El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en trabajadores del sector público y establecer su relación con variables sociodemográficas y laborales. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 1180 trabajadores desde enero a noviembre de 2011. Se calculó la prevalencia de consumo cuantificado en UBE según variables sociodemográficas y laborales (sexo, nivel educativo, tipo de trabajo y clase social). El 81,78% de la muestra es consumidora de alcohol, mayoritariamente hombres con niveles de consumo moderado-severo. Se relaciona el consumo con el bajo nivel educativo, clase social y tipo de trabajo manual. Los resultados nos indican la necesidad de llevar a cabo actuaciones preventivas en el medio laboral desde los servicios de prevención

Alcohol consumption is a concern for its effects on health and repercussions on the work environment. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of alcohol consumption among civil servants and to examine its association with sociodemographic and occupational variables. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1180 workers from January to November 2011. The prevalence of alcohol consumption was measured in ABV (alcohol by volume) units, and examined by sociodemographic and occupational variables (sex, education level, type of work and social class). Overall, 81.78% of the study population consumed alcohol; most were men, with moderate-severe consumption levels. Alcohol consumption was related to low education level, social class, and manual work. These results indicate the need for occupational health services to implement preventive actions at the workplace

Trabajo nocturno y salud laboral / Night shift work and occupational health

El trabajo nocturno ha sido objeto de estudio en Salud Laboral por potencial riesgo para el trabajador y su repercusión en la accidentalidad. Aunque a priori cualquier trabajador puede desempeñarlo, existen excepciones legales y exigencias preventivas, entre las que destacan las derivadas de la vigilancia de la salud, en este caso obligatoria y, habitualmente, con periodicidad anual. Es normativa de referencia en trabajo nocturno la Directiva 2003/88/CE, el Estatuto de los Trabajadores, la Ley de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales y el Real Decreto de los Servicios de Prevención. La revisión realizada de la bibliografía científica (Pubmed) relaciona el trabajo nocturno con diversos problemas de salud, incluidos procesos neoplásicos. La revisión realizada de la jurisprudencia española (Westlaw Insignis) se centra en la conflictividad generada por trabajo nocturno en: menores, mujeres embarazadas o en período de lactancia, y trabajadores especialmente sensibles. Un mayor conocimiento de este tema facilitará la prevención y disminuirá la conflictividad médico-legal (AU)

Night work has been discussed in occupational health because of the potential risk to the worker and its impact on accident rates. While any worker can perform legal exceptions and preventive demands do exist, highlighting those derived from the health surveillance, mandatory in this case, and usually with annual periodicity. Reference in night work in Spain are Directive 2003/88/EC, the Workers’ Statute, the Act on Prevention of Occupational Risks and the Royal Decree for Prevention Services. In the scientific literature (Pubmed), studies relating night work to various health problems, including neoplasia, are found but without sufficient scientific evidence. The legal debate (Westlaw Insignis) is focused on exceptional situations: minors, pregnant or breastfeeding women and particularly sensitive workers. A greater understanding of this issue will facilitate the prevention of damages and prevent medicolegal problems (AU)

Exposoma. Un nuevo concepto en Salud Laboral y Salud Pública / Exposome. A new concept in Occupational and Public Health

El avance del conocimiento científico incorpora nuevas tecnologías y también nuevos conceptos. En toxicología medioambiental y laboral se ha acuñado en los últimos años un nuevo término, exposoma, que agrupa todas las exposiciones ambientales a las que el ser humano está sometido desde la concepción en adelante. Surge como una nueva estrategia para evidenciar los factores de riesgo de enfermedades generadas por el medio ambiente. Supone un reto al investigador en muchos aspectos, especialmente en cuanto a la evaluación del riesgo por exposición, puesto que han de ser considerados varios cientos de exposiciones variables en el tiempo y también desafíos estadísticos, ya que los métodos existentes actualmente no pueden separar de una forma clara las exposiciones que verdaderamente afectan a la salud y las exposiciones correlacionadas. Se revisan aquí algunas de las principales publicaciones en torno a este tema de los últimos años, su enfoque en Salud Ocupacional y repercusión en Salud Pública (AU)

Advancement of scientific knowledge incorporates new technologies and new concepts as well. In Environmental and Occupational Toxicology has been incorporated in the last years a new term, exposome, encompassing all environmental exposures from conception onwards. It arises as a new strategy to evidence environmental disease risk factors and supposes a research challenge on many related aspects, especially with regard to the evaluation of the risk from exposure, that several hundreds of time-varying exposures need to be considered and Statistical Challenges, as currently existing statistical methods cannot efficiently untangle the exposures truly affecting the health outcome from correlated exposures. We review here some of the major publications on this topic in recent years, its focus on Occupational Health and impact on Public Health (AU)

Dolor en trabajadores: prevalencia e intensidad. Repercusión de variables sociodemográficas y laborales / Pain in workers: prevalence and intensity. sociodemographic and occupational variables influence

Introducción. El dolor es una sensación subjetiva, modulada por la experiencia previa y estado emocional del afectado, compleja de evaluar objetivamente, por lo que se utilizan diferentes escalas y herramientas. Es objetivo de este trabajo valorar la prevalencia e intensidad del dolor en población laboral, cuantificándola y estableciendo la repercusión que suponen variables como la edad, el sexo y el puesto de trabajo. Material y Métodos. Se realiza un estudio observacional transversal en 1.080 trabajadores, con edades entre 18-65 años, durante los reconocimientos periódicos de vigilancia de la salud en empresas del sector servicios en España. Para su valoración se utiliza el cuestionario breve autoadministrado para la detección del dolor (BPI reducido) validado para España. Se empleó para el cálculo de las diferentes pruebas el paquete estadístico SPSS 20.0. Resultados. La prevalencia del dolor es superior en las mujeres que en los hombres. También la intensidad del dolor es superior en mujeres en todos los grados de dolor y va aumentando paralelamente a la edad, aunque el dolor de mayor intensidad aparece entre los trabajadores más jóvenes (20- 25 a) y a partir de los 45 años. La relación del dolor con el trabajo muestra resultados irregulares y no significativos, con valores en general superiores en los hombres con trabajos no manuales y mayor intensidad en las mujeres con trabajos manuales. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este trabajo apoyan la influencia del sexo, la edad y el tipo de trabajo en el dolor y su intensidad y podrían servir de apoyo en la planificación asistencial y preventiva, dentro de un concepto selectivo que contemple estas variaciones en función de factores sociolaborales (AU)

Introduction. the pain is a subjective feeling, modulated by the previous experience and emotional state of the affected that it is complex to evaluate objectively, what different scales and tools are used. Objective of this work is rating the intensity of pain in workforce, quantifying it and establishing the impact posed by variables such as age, gender and job. Material and methods. Cross-sectional observational study in 1,080 workers, aged 18-65 years, during the periodic check-ups of health surveillance in companies in the service sector in Spain. The short self-administered questionnaire (reduced BPI), is used for assessment validated for Spain. It was used for the calculation of the different tests the statistical package SPSS 20.0. Results. By gender in women the pain intensity is higher than for men in all degrees of pain. The intensity of the pain increases to as age, though the higher intensity appears among younger workers (20-25 a) and from the age of 45. Pain relate to work shows irregular and non-significant results with values, in general, higher in men with non-manual work and in women with craftwork. Conclusions. These results can support health care and preventive planning in painful conditions, within a selective concept that includes the type of work performed and aspects linked to differences by gender and age (AU)

Índices aterogénicos en trabajadores de diferentes sectores laborales del área mediterránea española / Atherogenic indices in workers of different occupational sectors of the Spanish Mediterranean area

Introducción: Los índices aterogénicos permiten predecir las enfermedades cardiovasculares ya que reflejan muy bien las interacciones clínicas y metabólicas de las fracciones lipídicas. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo y transversal en 60.798 trabajadores del área mediterránea española en los que se determinan diferentes índices aterogénicos (colesterol/HDL, LDL/HDL, triglicéridos/HDL) y se valora la influencia que tiene en ellos el trabajo en diferentes sectores productivos. Resultados: En las mujeres los valores medios de los diferentes índices aterogénicos son mejores en el sector sanitario, mientras que en los varones lo son en el sector primario. El porcentaje de mujeres trabajadoras con valores bajos es igualmente mayor en el sector sanitario, mientras que en los hombres no hay un sector en el que predominen claramente, observándose los mejores valores en hostelería y sector primario. Conclusión: El reparto de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y los valores de los diferentes índices aterogénicos analizados varían en los diferentes sectores laborales

Introduction: Atherogenic indices predict cardiovascular disease, as they provide a good reflection of the clinical and metabolic interactions of lipid fractions. Material and method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 60,798 workers in the Spanish Mediterranean area on whom different atherogenic indices (cholesterol/HDL, LDL/HDL, triglycerides/HDL) were determined, and the influence they have in the different productive work sectors. Results: In women, the mean values of the different atherogenic indices are better in the health sector, while they are better in men in the primary sector. The percentage of working women with low values is also greater in the healthcare sector, while in men there is no clear predominant sector, with the best values being shown in the hospitality and primary sector. Conclusion: The distribution of cardiovascular risk factors and the values of the different atherogenic indices analyzed vary in different industrial sectors