ABSTRACT
No disponible
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Mood Disorders/therapy , Deep Brain Stimulation/methods , Patient Selection , Depressive Disorder, Major/therapy , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/therapySubject(s)
Anxiety , Depression , Inpatients/psychology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Anxiety/chemically induced , Anxiety/diagnosis , Anxiety/epidemiology , Anxiety/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Depression/chemically induced , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/epidemiology , Depression/psychology , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Disease/psychology , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Emotions , Female , Heart Diseases/psychology , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Prognosis , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Anxiety/diagnosis , Depression/diagnosis , Anxiety/psychology , Depression/psychology , Environmental MedicineABSTRACT
We describe a fronto-temporal paroxysmal rhythmic activity registered by magnetoencephalography (MEG) in two patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) without SSRIs treatment. The localization of the activity involves cingulate cortex and frontal areas. We think that these MEG findings are related to the disease itself, rather than representing pharmacological SSRIs effect.
Subject(s)
Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Magnetoencephalography/methods , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/physiopathology , Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Adolescent , Female , Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Temporal Lobe/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
The presence of depression is common among the elderly and it often complicates the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we searched for brain activity measures that characterise AD. We compared brain magnetic activity profiles during a memory task, obtained from patients with AD, elderly patients with late onset depression, and age matched volunteers without history of neurological or psychiatric disease. AD patients showed significantly reduced activity in left temporal lobe regions during late portions of the event related magnetic response (400 ms or later after stimulus onset), compared with both groups of patients who did not present with serious cognitive decline. This finding highlights the potential usefulness of MEG protocols supporting the differential diagnosis of AD and major depression related cognitive decline in the elderly.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/complications , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Depression/psychology , Evoked Potentials , Memory , Age of Onset , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Magnetics , Male , Middle Aged , Task Performance and Analysis , Temporal Lobe/physiologyABSTRACT
A study was performed on patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in order to evaluate the efficacy of a combined treatment (donepezil plus cognitive training) in both cognitive processes and affective states. Eighty-six subjects, 25 men and 61 women, with an average age of 75.58 years, were studied. Almost all the subjects had a basic educational level. Donezepil was administered at a dose of 10 mg daily along with cognitive treatment involving images of everyday life and reminiscent music; the sessions took place on Monday to Friday and lasted three quarters of an hour. The study lasted 12 months. Subjects underwent test-retest with the following tests: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog); the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the overall deterioration scale (FAST). The results showed that subjects receiving the combined treatment had a better response than those who did not receive any cognitive training. These subjects' MMSE score decreased by 3.24 on average. The affective symptomatology of those receiving only drug treatment improved whereas the cognitive processes did not.
Subject(s)
Cholinergic Agents/therapeutic use , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Dementia/therapy , Aged , Aging/psychology , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Cognition/drug effects , Cognition/physiology , Combined Modality Therapy , Dementia/drug therapy , Donepezil , Female , Humans , Indans/therapeutic use , Long-Term Care , Male , Neuropsychological Tests , Nootropic Agents/therapeutic use , Piperidines/therapeutic use , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Event related potentials have been examined in depression and Alzheimer disease like clinical utility. To evaluate the influence of visual and auditory stimuli on the P300 latency we studied 12 patients with major depression, 12 patients with Alzheimer disease and 12 normal subjects. The experimental tasks applied was, first a series of 300 auditory stimuli, 255 (85%), with tones of 1,000 Hz, and considered as the frequent stimulus, whereas 45 (15%) were tones of 2,000 Hz and referred as the rare stimulus. A second series of 300 visual stimuli, 255 (85%) that were black circles on a white background, and considered the frequent stimulus (9 cm diameter, 200 ms duration), whereas 45 (15%) were black squares on a white background and referred as the rare stimulus (9 cm diameter, 200 ms duration) in the centre of a computer screen. The results show an increase of P300 latency in depressive and Alzheimer patients during auditory and visual tasks. Differences were found in reaction time to visual or auditory stimuli in Alzheimer disease. These results are consistent with an impairment in brain function in depressive patients that is associated with cortical hypoactivity and deficits in perceptive, auditory or visual, functions, whereas deterioration in Alzheimer's disease is sensorymotor, according to the slowness latency in the reaction time.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Electromyography , Event-Related Potentials, P300/physiology , Evoked Potentials, Motor/physiology , Acoustic Stimulation , Aged , Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology , Evoked Potentials/physiology , Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Photic Stimulation , Reaction Time/physiologyABSTRACT
Traditionally assessment of cognitive function has not been employed adequately in our medical community. In the last two decades the neuropsychological assessment has experimented an evolution in order to improvement in specificity and sensitivity. In this paper we present a compendium of neuropsychological test that could be evaluate cognitive function adequately.
Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Mental Disorders/complications , Neuropsychological Tests , HumansABSTRACT
En la práctica clínica diaria, en nuestro medio hospitalario, la exploración de las funciones cognitivas es muy somera y casi nunca se llega a valorar de forma exhaustiva la totalidad de las funciones superiores. En las últimas dos décadas los procedimientos de la neuropsicología han evolucionado hacia una mayor sensibilidad y especificidad, en su papel de apoyo al diagnóstico clínico. En este trabajo presentamos distintas pruebas que con una alta fiabilidad pueden valorar el estado de los pacientes que sufren un deterioro sintomático o ideopático de sus capacidades cognoscitivas (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Neuropsychological Tests , Mental Disorders , Cognition DisordersABSTRACT
El CAMDEX ha sido de gran utilidad tanto para estudios clínicos como epidemiológicos en el campo de las demencias. Sin embargo, la evolución de los conocimientos sobre este tema comporta que en la actualidad este instrumento presente ciertas limitaciones. Una reciente versión, el CAMDEX-R, ha adaptado e introducido los elementos suficientes para satisfacer las necesidades actuales. El presente trabajo describe los cambios y las nuevas aportaciones que se han realizado en el instrumento (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Neuropsychological Tests , Reproducibility of Results , DementiaABSTRACT
The complexity of the clinical picture of schizophrenia is an essential feature of the disease that has led to attempts at organizing the symptoms and clinical course into different subtypes or grouping them into symptom constellations. Variations in response to treatment, particularly biological treatment, justifies the effort of differentiation. Various authors have tried to define primary or fundamental symptoms, that are directly related with the underlying abnormality, and secondary symptoms, which involve adaptive or reactive mechanism. Similarly, first-order symptoms, pathognomic symptoms, and second-order symptoms have been described. A constant latent problem in psychopathology is to determine the degree in which first-order symptoms are primary.
Subject(s)
Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
We have recently reported contralateral associated EMG responses to voluntary hand movement in Alzheimer's disease. Several aspects of this process were not fully explained in our last paper. In the present one we present data on the register of movement-related potentials (Negative Shift, NS) and Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRP), which have shown a very fine capacity to reveal processes that occur in the motor cortex while movement execution is being prepared. The associated EMG responses (so called by us) have almost all the characteristics of the partial errors revealed by cognitive psychology. First, it is a covert response, so it can only be detected by EMG recording; second, the appearance of this partial error changes the reaction time in the same way as described by Coles: mainly, by increasing reaction time as compared with clear responses. Nevertheless, contrary to partial errors, the associated EMG response does not constantly appear before the correct response. Associated EMG responses always appear after correct responses, with a constant delay of 54 +/- 28 ms. Our results show also an incorrect response preparation related to associated EMG response. We interpreted this specific feature in relation to inhibitory deficits in motor cortex and associated callosal pathways that avoid a correct response performance in Alzheimer patients.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Electromyography , Functional Laterality/physiology , Neural Inhibition/physiology , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Brain Mapping , Contingent Negative Variation/physiology , Corpus Callosum/physiopathology , Dominance, Cerebral/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Motor Cortex/physiopathology , Neuropsychological Tests , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Reaction Time/physiologyABSTRACT
This cross-sectional study investigates the relation between a broad category of cognitive impairment and depression in a sample of 654 subjects aged 65 or over. This sample represents 74% of all subjects of that age living in a defined electoral district in North London, UK. The presence of depression and cognitive impairment was ascertained by interviewing all subjects with Short-CARE. Information was collected also for a variety of socto-demographic factors, level of social support and variables of functional limitation (i.e., impairment, disability and handicap). We found a cross-sectional association between depression and cognitive impairment (OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 2.1-3.1). However, when the analysis was adjusted for potential confounders using stratified analysis and logistic regression, we found that variables of functional limitation (especially disability and handicap) acted as confounders of the above association. This confounding effect did not differ significantly across sexes in our study.
Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/complications , Depressive Disorder/complications , Aged , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Social SupportABSTRACT
The Landau-Kleffner syndrome consists in the association of an aphasia acquired during childhood or adolescence after a period of normal development, accompanied by epileptic fits and, sometimes, psychological disturbances. The appearance of the symptoms may not be simultaneous. The nature of this syndrome has been widely discussed and even the possibility of being a non-unitary syndrome has been considered. It may be possibly due to diverse etiologies, genetic or acquired (infectious). The relation between the aphasic, the psychologic and the convulsive symptoms has also raised controversies. A case of a female is described in which the psychological symptomatology was so severe, she had to be admitted in a psychiatric unit. The symptoms consisted in agitation during the night and severe persistent insomnia so as difficulties for relationship during day. No abnormalities were detected in a TAC nor in a RM but electroencephalographic and neuropsychological abnormalities were detected. The epileptic fits disappeared with a carbamacepine treatment but the rest of symptoms remained even more accentuated. After her admission, a treatment with valproate achieved to control her fits and the aphasic symptoms and neuropsychological deficits were compensated in the course of several months. After a year of treatment the patient's life was normalized, she resumed her studies, the EEG abnormalities disappeared so as the psychological disturbances and the behavior problems with the exception of phobic symptoms, similar to the ones of other family members. The patient has a history of epilepsy on its mother's side. The evolution and treatment response suggests that at least in some cases of the Landau-Kleffner syndrome, the etiology of the aphasia and other neuropsychological deficits and of the behavior disorders are related with some subclinical epileptic discharges and with a "functional inhibition" of some areas of the nervous system.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Carbamazepine/therapeutic use , Landau-Kleffner Syndrome/drug therapy , Landau-Kleffner Syndrome/etiology , Valproic Acid/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Electroencephalography , Female , Humans , Landau-Kleffner Syndrome/diagnosisABSTRACT
The complexity of the clinical picture of schizophrenia is an essential feature of the disease that has led to attempts at organizing the symptoms and clinical course into different subtypes or grouping them into symptom constellations. Variations in response to treatment, particularly biological treatment, justifies the effort of differentiation. Various authors have tried to define primary or fundamental symptoms, that are directly related with the underlying abnormality, and secondary symptoms, which involve adaptive or reactive mechanism. Similarly, first-order symptoms, pathognomic symptoms, and second-order symptoms have been described. A constant latent problem in psychopathology is to determine the degree in which first-order symptoms are primary.