Scaphanocephalus spp. (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae) in intermediate and definitive hosts of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, with a re-description of Scaphanocephalus expansus.

Scaphanocephalus is a small trematode genus belonging to the family Opistorchiidae. The genus currently contains only three species associated with marine fish as intermediate hosts and fish-eating birds as definitive hosts. Here, specimens of Scaphanocephalus were collected from the Osprey, Pandion haliaetus, and the White mullet, Mugil curema in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. We report for the first-time DNA sequences of adult specimens of Scaphanocephalus, particularly S. expansus, as well as a sequence of a different species sampled as metacercaria. Morphological comparisons of Scaphanocephalus expansus confirmed the identity of the adult specimens, with minor morphological variations; Scanning electron photomicrographs were included, and the species was re-described. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28S rDNA sequences showed that Scaphanocephalus is monophyletic within Opisthorchiidae and consists of three independent lineages. Sequences of adults are identical to those of S. expansus. Instead, the sequence of the metacercaria sampled from the mesentery of Mugil curema nested with specimens reported as Scaphanocephalus sp. from a labrid fish in the Mediterranean Sea, herein named it as Scaphanocephalus sp. 2.

Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular and morphological data reveal a new species of Strigea Abildgaard, 1790 (Digenea: Strigeidae) and taxonomic changes in strigeids infecting Neotropical birds of prey.

Members of the genus Strigea Abildgaard, 1790 are endoparasites of birds distributed worldwide. Adults of an undescribed species of the genus Strigea were collected from the intestines of two hawk species (Rupornis magnirostris and Accipiter coperii). Other species identified as Parastrigea macrobursa that were described in Argentina were also recovered from two hawk species (Buteogallus urubitinga and Buteogallus anthracinus) in three localities along the coasts of Mexico. Specimens of the two species were sequenced for three molecular markers, the internal transcribed spacers locus (ITS1-5.8S rDNA- ITS2) and the domains D1-D3 from the large subunit from nuclear ribosomal DNA and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 from mitochondrial DNA. The newly sequenced specimens were aligned with other strigeids sequences downloaded from GenBank. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses inferred with each molecular marker revealed that our specimens of Strigea sp. formed an independent lineage, which is recognized herein as a new species, Strigea magnirostris n. sp., representing the first species in Mexico and the 16th in the Neotropical region. Morphologically, the new species is distinguished from other congeneric species from the Americas by having an oral sucker with several papillae around it, well-developed pseudosuckers (118-248 µm), a tegument covered with tiny spines, a larger cone genital (193-361 × 296-637) and a larger copulatory bursa (247-531 × 468-784). Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that P. macrobursa is not closely related to other members of the genus Parastrigea and is nested within Strigea, suggesting that P. macrobursa should be transferred to Strigea to form Strigea macrobursa n. comb., expanding its distribution range from Mexico to Argentina. Finally, the analyses also revealed that the taxonomy and systematics of Strigea should be re-evaluated, combining morphological and molecular characteristics.

Molecular and morphological characterization of Andracantha gravida (Alegret, 1941) (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in piscivorous birds from the Gulf of Mexico.

Adult specimens of Andracantha gravida (Alegret, 1941) were recorded from the intestines of the double-crested cormorant Nannopterum auritus (Lesson) (type host) and brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis L. in two localities from Mexico: Celestún, Yucatan (south-eastern) and Punta Piedra, Tamaulipas (north-eastern). The specimens of A. gravida are morphologically characterized by having a pipe-shaped body without swellings, the absence of small trunk spines between the two fields of spines on the foretrunk and a cylindrical proboscis with 14-16 rows of 10-12 hooks per row. Newly generated partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene were generated from adult isolates of A. gravida from Mexico and compared with one sequence of A. gravida and with sequences of other polymorphid acanthocephalans available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods of the cox1 dataset placed all the species of Andracantha in a single clade, with weak support. The analyses of the cox1 dataset placed Andracantha sigma Presswell, García-Varela & Smales, , as sister to the clade formed by A. gravida, Andracantha phalacrocoracis (Yamaguti, 1939), Andracantha leucocarboi Presswell, García-Varela & Smales, and an unidentified species of Andracantha from Japan. The newly generated cox1 sequences of A. gravida from piscivorous birds of Mexico formed a strongly supported clade with the published sequence of A. gravida from the double-crested cormorant from the south-eastern coast of Mexico. The intraspecific genetic divergence among isolates identified as A. gravida ranged from 0.0% to 2.2%. A cox1 haplotype network inferred with 14 sequences revealed the presence of nine haplotypes, two of which were shared between the populations of piscivorous birds from the north-eastern and south-eastern coasts of Mexico and seven of which were unique. The fixation index between the populations from north-eastern and south-eastern Mexico was low (0.06949), which suggests genetic flow. This can be explained by the migration patterns of the brown pelican and the double-crested cormorant along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico.

Characteristics of dental arches and occlusion in children born prematurely. A case-control study.

AIM: To determine if there are differences between the dental arch dimensions and occlusal characteristics of children born prematurely and admitted into a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) (study group) and children born at term (control group). The study group was analysed at the same time in order to find out if the parameters of the dental arches are related to specific perinatal variables. MATERIALS: Study design: Out of a total of 504 children born between 2011 and 2014 in high-risk conditions at the clinic of the University Hospital "San Cecilio" in Granada (Spain), 78 children were selected. Of these 42 had been born prematurely and admitted to the NICU (study group) and 36 had been born at term (control group). The age of the sample was 5 to 8 years. The parameters of the dental arches, together with the occlusal characteristics, were examined using dental casts. Both the upper and lower arches were measured for a total of 156 dental casts with a FINO digital caliper. CONCLUSION: The data confirm the smaller size of the dental arch dimensions of children born prematurely and admitted to a NICU compared with children born at term. This fact should be taken into consideration with regard to future orthodontic and paediatric dentistry treatments.

Oral health-related quality of life after dental treatment in patients with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: The influence of dental treatment on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) has rarely been evaluated in patients with intellectual disability (ID) through validated questionnaires. The aim of this study was to estimate the changes on OHRQOL in patients with ID after the implementation of an institutional dental treatment program under general anesthesia using the Franciscan Hospital for Children Oral Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire (FHCOHRQOL-Q). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 85 patients (mean age=24.85 years) classified according to DSM-V whose parents/caregivers completed the FHC-OHRQOL-Q. We analyzed the changes in the questionnaire's overall score and its dimensions from pre-treatment to 12-months of follow-up, considering effect sizes and minimal important differences estimated by the standard measurement error. The impact of clinical and therapeutic factors was evaluated using univariate and multiple linear regression analysis (p<0.05). RESULTS: Significant improvement of OHRQOL was found after dental treatment in oral symptoms (p0.001), daily life problems (p=0.018), parent's perceptions (p=0.013) and FHCOHRQOL-Q´s overall score (p=0.001). OHRQOL changes exhibited an intermediate magnitude (0.38-0.21) as estimated by effect sizes. Changes in oral symptoms showed positive correlation with DMFT index (r=0.375, p=0.002), decayed teeth (r=0.244, p=0.036), dental extractions (r=0.424, p<0.001) and number of treatments (r=0.255, p=0.019). The improvement was greater in patients with 4 decayed teeth (p=0.049) and undergoing 2 dental extractions (p=0.002). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that dental extractions (p<0.001) and DMFT index (p=0.028) were significantly related to oral symptom improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Dental treatment under general anesthesia showed a positive effect on the overall FHC-OHRQOL-Q score and most of its dimensions. At 12-months of follow-up, the improvement of oral symptoms was significantly associated with DMFT index, decayed teeth, dental extractions and number of treatments. In our clinical setting, the implementation of a dental treatment program enhanced the OHRQOL of patients with ID.

A morphological and molecular study of adults and metacercariae of Hysteromorpha triloba (Rudolpi, 1819), Lutz 1931 (Diplostomidae) from the Neotropical region.

Adults of Hysteromorpha triloba (Rudolpi, 1819), Lutz, 1931 inhabit primarily the intestine of cormorants across the globe, whereas metacercariae have been found in the body cavity of freshwater fishes of the families Cyprinidae, Ictaluridae, Ariidae, Pimelodidae and Catostomidae. In this study, adults and metacercariae identified as H. triloba were collected from the Neotropical cormorant (Nannopterum brasilianus) and from the Mexican tetra fish (Astyanax mexicanus) from the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean slopes in the Neotropical region. Partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox 1) and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were generated for both developmental stages, and were compared with available sequences of H. triloba from the Nearctic region. The genetic divergence between metacercariae and adults of H. triloba from the Neotropical and Nearctic region (Canada) associated with the double-crested cormorant (Nannopterum auritus), ranged from 0 to 5.5% for cox 1 and from 0 to 0.2% for ITS. Phylogenetic analyses inferred with both molecular markers using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference placed the adults and metacercariae in a single clade, confirming that both stages are conspecific. Our data confirmed that H. triloba is a widely distributed species across the Americas, parasitizing both the Neotropical and Nearctic cormorants in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, USA and Canada.

Validation of the Spanish version of the Franciscan Hospital for Children Oral Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The Franciscan Hospital for Children Oral Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire (FHC-OHRQOL-Q) is an instrument designed specifically for parents and caregivers of patients with special needs that has not yet been applied in Spain. The aim of this study was to adapt it to Spanish and evaluate its reliability and validity in patients with intellectual disability (ID) treated under general anesthesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in two different stages: a) cross-cultural adaptation of the original questionnaire, and b) cross-sectional study on 100 parents and caregivers who completed the piloted FHC-OHRQOL-Q. The patients were examined according to the WHO methodology. Dental treatments performed were recorded. Statistical tests were used to evaluate reliability (internal consistency) and validity (content, criterion, construct and discriminant) of the instrument. RESULTS: The mean age was 24 years (range=4-71 years). The most frequent causes of ID were psychomotor retardation (25%) and cerebral palsy (24%). The items most frequently answered by parents and caregivers were eating and nutrition problems (80%) and bad breath/taste (57%). Reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) was considered excellent (alpha=0.80-0.95). The analysis of the factorial validity yielded similar results to the original questionnaire. The high response rate of items (>96%) allowed content validity. Criterion validity was confirmed by a significant correlation with questions on oral health and oral well-being. Discriminant validity was demonstrated by the significant association of ≥21.5 years of age with worse oral symptoms (p=0.034) and parental concerns (p=0.005), DMFT index ≥3 with daily life problems (p=0.02), ≥4 decayed teeth with daily life problems (p=0.001), and >2 dental extractions with oral symptoms (p=0.000), daily life problems (p=0.002) and parent's perceptions (p=0.043). CONCLUSIONS: The FHC-OHRQOL-Q in Spanish is a reliable and valid instrument to apply in clinical practice to evaluate the impact of OHRQOL in mostly adult patients with ID, accessible to Spanish-speaking parents and caregivers.

Molecular data reveal high diversity of Uvulifer (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) in Middle America, with the description of a new species.

Members of the genus Uvulifer are distributed worldwide and infect aquatic snails and freshwater fishes as first and second intermediate hosts, respectively, and fish-eating birds (kingfishers) as definitive hosts. Metacercariae of Uvulifer spp. were collected from the fins and skin of 20 species of freshwater fishes in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and the adults were recovered from the intestine of kingfishers in four localities of Mexico. The genetic divergence among 76 samples (64 metacercariae and 12 adults) was estimated by sequencing the 28S and 5.8S nuclear genes, as well as the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2, and one mitochondrial gene (cox1). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses inferred with each dataset showed a high genetic diversity within the genus Uvulifer across Middle America, revealing the existence of four genetic lineages that exhibit some level of host specificity to their second intermediate hosts. The metacercariae of lineage 1 were associated with characids and cyprinids in central and northern Mexico. Metacercariae of lineages 2 and 3 were associated with cichlids distributed widely across Middle America. The lack of adults of these lineages in kingfishers, in lineages 2 and 3, or the fact that just a few adult specimens were recovered, as in lineage 1, prevented a formal description of these species. The metacercariae of lineage 4 were found in poeciliids, across a distribution range comprising Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, and the adult was found in the green kingfisher in Mexico. The number of specimens sampled for lineage 4, for both gravid adults and metacercariae, allowed us to describe a new species, Uvulifer spinatus n. sp. We describe the new species herein and we discuss briefly the genetic diversity in Uvulifer spp. and the importance of using DNA sequences to properly characterize parasite diversity.

An Exploration of the Reliability and Validity of the Spanish Version of the 'Voice and You' (VAY): A Scale for Measuring the Relationship with Voices.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to adapt the 'Voice and You' Scale (VAY) (Hayward, Denney, Vaughan, & Fowler, 2008) to Spanish and explore its psychometric properties for measuring the perceived relationship with voices. A sample of 50 psychiatric patients with verbal auditory hallucinations (48 had a psychotic disorder and two a borderline personality disorder) was used. Its reliability was calculated using the Cronbach's α and test-retest, and concurrent validity by the Pearson correlation coefficient of the VAY with the Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire and the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales. The results showed that internal consistency of the Spanish version of the VAY ranged from 0.74 to 0.84 on the various subscales, and test-retest reliability varied from 0.74 to 0.83 on three subscales (voice 'dominance', 'intrusiveness' and hearer 'dependence'), and was lower (0.68) on the hearer 'distance' subscale. Concurrent validity was acceptable as significant associations were found with the Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire and the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales subscales. It is concluded that the Spanish version of the VAY is a reliable and valid instrument that can assist the exploration of voices within relational frameworks across research and clinical domains. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE: The Spanish version of the VAY is a reliable, valid instrument for evaluating the perception a person can have about his or her relationship with the voices and how the person relates to them. Voices that are perceived as relating dominantly and intrusively, and from whom distance is sought, seem to be distressing and cause disturbance. Voices that are related to dependently are perceived as having benevolent intent and are engaged with. Benevolent or neutral voices may be considered as intrusive because of the intensity and frequency with which they are experienced.

Relationship between self-focused attention, mindfulness and distress in individuals with auditory verbal hallucinations.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among self-focused attention, mindfulness and distress caused by the voices in psychiatric patients. METHODS: Fifty-one individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis participated in this study. The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale (PSYRATS) emotional factor was applied to measure the distress caused by the voices, the Self-Absorption Scale (SAS) was given for measuring the levels of self-focused attention, and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) was used to measure mindfulness. RESULTS: The results showed that distress caused by the voices correlated positively with self-focused attention (private and public) and negatively with mindfulness. A negative correlation was also found between mindfulness and self-focused attention (private and public). Finally, multiple linear regression analysis showed that public self-focus was the only factor predicting distress caused by the voices. CONCLUSIONS: Intervention directed at diminishing public self-focused attention and increasing mindfulness could improve distress caused by the voices.

Intervención con terapia ocupacional en pacientes penitenciarios con esquizofrenia paranoide: estudio experimental no controlado / Occupational therapy intervention in penitentiary patients with paranoid schizophrenia: Non-controlled trial study

Objetivo: Comprobar los cambios en las dimensiones de ansiedad y depresión de pacientes penitenciarios con esquizofrenia paranoide tras un programa de terapia ocupacional. Material y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio cuasi experimental con una muestra de 8 hombres (edad media ± desviación estándar 40,1 ± 8,2 años), extraídos de un conjunto de 25 pacientes diagnosticados de esquizofrenia paranoide internados en un hospital psiquiátrico. Se utilizaron la Escala de Ansiedad de Hamilton y la Escala de Calgary para Depresión en Esquizofrenia. El protocolo de terapia ocupacional se desarrolló diariamente durante 2 meses y medio. Se hizo un análisis estadístico descriptivo y se utilizó la prueba de Wilcoxon para evaluar los cambios en las puntuaciones de ansiedad y depresión (intervalo de confianza del 95%) con SPSS 19.0. Resultados: Se encontraron cambios favorables en las dimensiones de ansiedad psíquica y somática (p = 0,008). En la puntuación total de la ansiedad, se encontraron mejorías significativas (p = 0,008), con una mediana antes de la intervención de 18 puntos (RIQ = 9 puntos) a una mediana de 4 puntos (RIQ: 4 puntos), con un descenso del 25% en la puntación. La puntuación en depresión pasó de 7,0 puntos medianos (RIQ = 6,5 puntos) a 1,0 punto (RIQ = 1 punto) después de la intervención (p = 0,008), que supuso un 15% menos en la puntuación de depresión. Conclusiones: La intervención con un programa de terapia ocupacional actuó favorablemente sobre la ansiedad y la depresión de pacientes con esquizofrenia paranoide internados en el centro penitenciario

Objective: To check for changes in dimensions of anxiety and depression in penitentiary patients with paranoid schizophrenia after a program of occupational therapy. Material and methods: Quasi-experimental study with a sample of 8 men (mean age 40.1 years; S.D. 8.2 years) extracted from a set of 25 patients diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia admitted to the penitentiary psychiatric hospital. We used Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Calgary Scale for Depression in Schizophrenia. The occupational therapy protocol was carried out daily for two and a half months. After, a descriptive statistical analysis was performed and the Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate changes in anxiety and depression scores (95% confidence interval) with SPSS 19.0. Results: We found favorable changes in the dimensions of psychic and somatic anxiety (P=.008).Significant improvements were found in the total score of anxiety (P=.008), with a median before the intervention of 18 pts. (IQR = 9 pts.) changing to a median of 4 points (IQR = 4.0 pts) with a 25% decline in the score. Depression score decreased from 7.0 median points (RIQ = 6.5 pts.) to 1.0 pts (RIQ = 1 pts.) after the intervention (P = .008), which meant a score of 15% less for depression. Conclusions: Intervention with an occupational therapy program may reduce anxiety and depression of paranoid schizophrenic patients hospitalized in the penitentiary

Narrow band quantitative and multivariate electroencephalogram analysis of peri-adolescent period.

BACKGROUND: The peri-adolescent period is a crucial developmental moment of transition from childhood to emergent adulthood. The present report analyses the differences in Power Spectrum (PS) of the Electroencephalogram (EEG) between late childhood (24 children between 8 and 13 years old) and young adulthood (24 young adults between 18 and 23 years old). RESULTS: The narrow band analysis of the Electroencephalogram was computed in the frequency range of 0-20 Hz. The analysis of mean and variance suggested that six frequency ranges presented a different rate of maturation at these ages, namely: low delta, delta-theta, low alpha, high alpha, low beta and high beta. For most of these bands the maturation seems to occur later in anterior sites than posterior sites. Correlational analysis showed a lower pattern of correlation between different frequencies in children than in young adults, suggesting a certain asynchrony in the maturation of different rhythms. The topographical analysis revealed similar topographies of the different rhythms in children and young adults. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated the same internal structure for the Electroencephalogram of both age groups. Principal Component Analysis allowed to separate four subcomponents in the alpha range. All these subcomponents peaked at a lower frequency in children than in young adults. CONCLUSIONS: The present approaches complement and solve some of the incertitudes when the classical brain broad rhythm analysis is applied. Children have a higher absolute power than young adults for frequency ranges between 0-20 Hz, the correlation of Power Spectrum (PS) with age and the variance age comparison showed that there are six ranges of frequencies that can distinguish the level of EEG maturation in children and adults. The establishment of maturational order of different frequencies and its possible maturational interdependence would require a complete series including all the different ages.

Functional interactions between endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems: focus on alcohol, genetics and drug-addicted behaviors.

Although the first studies regarding the endogenous opioid system and addiction were published during the 1940s, addiction and cannabinoids were not addressed until the 1970s. Currently, the number of opioid addiction studies indexed in PubMed-Medline is 16 times greater than the number of cannabinoid addiction reports. More recently, functional interactions have been demonstrated between the endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems. For example, the cannabinoid brain receptor type 1 (CB1) and mu opioid receptor type 1 (MOR1) co-localize in the same presynaptic nerve terminals and signal through a common receptor-mediated G-protein pathway. Here, we review a great variety of behavioral models of drug addiction and alcohol-related behaviors. We also include data providing clear evidence that activation of the cannabinoid and opioid endogenous systems via WIN 55,512-2 (0.4-10 mg/kg) and morphine (1.0-10 mg/kg), respectively, produces similar levels of relapse to alcohol in operant alcohol self-administration tasks. Finally, we discuss genetic studies that reveal significant associations between polymorphisms in MOR1 and CB1 receptors and drug addiction. For example, the SNP A118G, which changes the amino acid aspartate to asparagine in the MOR1 gene, is highly associated with altered opioid system function. The presence of a microsatellite polymorphism of an (AAT)n triplet near the CB1 gene is associated with drug addiction phenotypes. But, studies exploring haplotypes with regard to both systems, however, are lacking.

Dopamine transporter down-regulation following repeated cocaine: implications for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced acute effects and long-term neurotoxicity in mice.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cocaine are two widely abused psychostimulant drugs targeting the dopamine transporter (DAT). DAT availability regulates dopamine neurotransmission and uptake of MDMA-derived neurotoxic metabolites. We aimed to determine the effect of cocaine pre-exposure on the acute and long-term effects of MDMA in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Mice received a course of cocaine (20 mg*kg(-1), x2 for 3 days) followed by MDMA (20 mg*kg(-1), x2, 3 h apart). Locomotor activity, extracellular dopamine levels and dopaminergic neurotoxicity were determined. Furthermore, following the course of cocaine, DAT density in striatal plasma membrane and endosome fractions was measured. KEY RESULTS: Four days after the course of cocaine, challenge with MDMA attenuated the MDMA-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Co-administration of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor NPC 15437 prevented cocaine protection. At the same time, after the course of cocaine, DAT density was reduced in the plasma membrane and increased in the endosome fraction, and this effect was prevented by NPC 15437. The course of cocaine potentiated the MDMA-induced increase in extracellular dopamine and locomotor activity, following challenge 4 days later, compared with those pretreated with saline. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Repeated cocaine treatment followed by withdrawal protected against MDMA-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity by internalizing DAT via a mechanism which may involve PKC. Furthermore, repeated cocaine followed by withdrawal induced behavioural and neurochemical sensitization to MDMA, measures which could be indicative of increased rewarding effects of MDMA.

Relación entre el grosor íntima-media y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos menores de 60 años asintomáticos / Relation between intima-media thickness and cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic adults younger than 60 years

Objetivos. En los últimos años se han desarrollado estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos que han monitorizado los estadios más tempranos de la arteriosclerosis mediante la medida del grosor íntima-media con ecografía carotídea. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido conocer si, en individuos de edad media y asintomáticos de arteriosclerosis, hay relación entre el riesgo cardiovascular y el grosor íntima-media. Material y método. Estudio clínico observacional transversal de cohortes, de una única institución, doble ciego, con asignación al grupo de expuestos según la existencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se seleccionó a individuos adultos de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre los 25 y los 60 años, y sin antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular clínicamente evidente (n = 73). Se estudiaron, en cada individuo, los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, así como los ejes carotídeos con ecografía, con la determinación del grosor íntima-media y de las placas de ateroma. Resultados. Se observó una diferencia de 0,1 mm entre el grosor íntima-media del grupo control y el del grupo de expuestos (p = 0,002). También se encontraron diferencias en el grosor íntima-media carotídeo, según el número de factores de riesgo presentados; la máxima de estas diferencias fue de 0,32 mm (p = 0,015). Se observaron placas de ateroma en 17 individuos (23,3%), y el número de placas en el grupo de expuestos fue mayor (p = 0,03). Presentar o no placas de ateroma se relacionó con el número de factores de riesgo (p = 0,001). Conclusiones. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el grosor íntima-media carotídeo entre los individuos con y sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular, y una mayor probabilidad de encontrar placas de ateroma a mayor número de factores de riesgo (AU)

Objectives. In recent years, several clinical and epidemiological studies have been developed to monitor the earliest stages of atherosclerosis by measuring intima-media thickness (IMT) using carotid B-mode ultrasonography. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether there is a relationship between the risk of atherosclerotic disease and IMT in asymptomatic, middle-aged adults. Material and method. A clinical, double-blind, observational, cross-sectional cohort study was performed in a single institution, with assignation to the exposed group according to the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Adults of both sexes aged between 25 and 60 years and with a history of clinically-evident cardiovascular disease (n = 73) were selected. Cardiovascular risk factors and carotid arteries were assessed by means of carotid ultrasonography, identifying IMT and atherosclerotic plaques. Results. A difference of 0.1 mm was found in the IMT between the exposed and the control groups (p = 0.002). Differences in IMT were also found depending on the number of risk factors present and the largest difference was 0.32 mm (p = 0.015). Atherosclerotic plaques were detected in 17 subjects (23.3 %), with a higher number of plaques in the exposed patients (p = 0.03). The presence or not of atheromatous plaques was related to the number of risk factors (p = 0.001). Conclusions. Significant differences were found in the IMT of subjects with and without cardiovascular risk factors, and the probability of finding atherosclerotic plaques increased with a higher number of risk factors (AU)

Endocarditis sobre válvula pulmonar nativa por Enterococcus faecalis / Endocarditis over pulmonary valve by Enterococcus faecalis

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