ABSTRACT
The synthesis, acid-base behavior, and Cu(2+) coordination chemistry of a new ligand (L1) consisting of an azamacrocyclic core appended with a lateral chain containing a 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4(1H)-pyridinone group have been studied by potentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, and NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. UV-vis and NMR studies showed that phenolate group was protonated at the highest pH values [log K = 9.72(1)]. Potentiometric studies point out the formation of Cu(2+) complexes of 1:2, 2:2, 4:3, 1:1, and 2:1 Cu(2+)/L1 stoichiometries. UV-vis analysis and electrochemical studies evidence the implication of the pyridinone moieties in the metal coordination of the 1:2 Cu(2+)/L1 complexes. L1 shows a stronger chelating ability than the reference chelating ligand deferiprone. While L1 shows no cytotoxicity in HeLa and ARPE-19 human cell lines (3.1-25.0 µg/mL), it has significant antioxidant activity, as denoted by TEAC assays at physiological pH. The addition of Cu(2+) diminishes the antioxidant activity because of its coordination to the pyridinone moiety phenolic group.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Chelating Agents/chemistry , Coordination Complexes/chemistry , Coordination Complexes/pharmacology , Copper/chemistry , Pyridines/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Chelating Agents/pharmacology , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Coordination Complexes/chemical synthesis , Crystallography, X-Ray , HeLa Cells , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Potentiometry , Pyridones/chemistry , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The benefits of phenolic acids on human health are very often ascribed to their potential to counteract free radicals to provide antioxidant protection. This potential has been attributed to their acidic chemical structure, which possesses hydroxyl groups in different positions. Phenolic acids can interact between themselves and exhibit an additive, antagonistic or synergistic effect. In this paper, we used 1H NMR to analyze the interactions and mechanisms that are present in major phenolic acids found in mango (gallic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic and vanillic acids) and papaya (caffeic, ferulic and p-coumaric acids), and the DPPH radical was used to evaluate the effect of the antioxidant mixtures. The interactions were found to occur via hydrogen bonds between the -OH and -COOH groups. Moreover, the phenolic acids exhibit two types of mechanisms for the neutralization of the DPPH radical. According to the results, these two mechanisms are Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) and Single Electron Transfer (SET). The ability of the phenolic acid to neutralize the DPPH radical decreases in the following order in mango: gallic > chlorogenic > protocatechuic > vanillic. Moreover, within the acids found in papaya, the order was as follows: caffeic > p-coumaric > ferulic.
