ABSTRACT
Introducción: La obesidad infantil se asocia inversamente con el nivel socioeconómico familiar en países desarrollados. El objetivo es evaluar la asociación entre la situación ponderal infantil y el nivel socioeconómico familiar, según características familiares, percepciones, hábitos de vida y entorno escolar. Metodología: Análisis descriptivo de la situación ponderal infantil según factores socioeconómicos familiares y variables mediadoras en el estudio ALADINO 2019, en una muestra de 16.665 escolares representativa de la población escolar de seis a nueve años en España. Resultados: La prevalencia de obesidad infantil en hogares de bajo nivel socioeconómico (26,8% niños; 20,4% niñas) era, en ambos sexos, el doble de la de los de mayor nivel (12,1% niños; 8,7% niñas). En escolares de familias de baja renta eran más frecuentes hábitos alimentarios poco saludables, el sedentarismo (principalmente en niñas) y la presencia de pantallas en la habitación (más en niños). Por el contrario, en hogares más desfavorecidos eran menos frecuentes el antecedente de lactancia materna y la práctica de actividad física (especialmente en niñas). La disponibilidad de cocina propia, actividades deportivas y gimnasio cubierto en los centros era también menos habitual para los escolares de familias de menor renta. Conclusiones: Un menor nivel socioeconómico del hogar se asocia con peores hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física y ciertas características del entorno familiar y el escolar, que a su vez median la asociación inversa que existe entre el nivel socioeconómico y la prevalencia de obesidad infantil. Las niñas realizan menos actividad física y presentan más sedentarismo, mientras que los niños tienen más acceso a pantallas. Las intervenciones para combatir la obesidad infantil deben contemplar las desigualdades identificadas. (AU)
Introduction: Childhood obesity is inversely associated with household socioeconomic status in high-income countries. Our aim was to explore the association between childhood weight status and household socioeconomic status in Spain in relation to family characteristics, perceptions and lifestyle habits and the school environment. Methods: We performed a descriptive analysis of child weight status according to family socioeconomic factors and mediating variables based on data from the ALADINO 2019 study in a sample of 16 665 schoolchildren representative of the population aged 69 years in Spain. Results: The prevalence of childhood obesity in households with low socioeconomic status (26.8% boys; 20.4% girls) was, in both sexes, twice as high as in those with higher socioeconomic status (12.1% boys; 8.7% girls). Unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyles (mainly in girls) and the presence of screens in the bedroom (more prevalent in boys) were more frequent in school-aged children from low-income households. On the other hand, in the most disadvantaged households, a history of breastfeeding and physical activity (especially in girls) were less frequent. Similarly, schools attended by children from low-income households were less likely to have their own kitchens and indoor gymnasiums or offer sports activities. Conclusions: A lower household socioeconomic status was associated with poorer dietary and physical activity habits and certain characteristics of the family and school environments that mediate the inverse association between household socioeconomic status and the prevalence of childhood obesity. Girls were less physically active and reported more sedentary lifestyles, while boys had greater access to screens. Interventions to combat childhood obesity should address the identified inequalities. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Pediatric Obesity , Overweight , Spain , Socioeconomic Factors , Social Determinants of Health , 57444 , Life StyleABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Childhood obesity is inversely associated with household socioeconomic status in high-income countries. Our aim was to explore the association between childhood weight status and household socioeconomic status in Spain in relation to family characteristics, perceptions and lifestyle habits and the school environment. METHODS: We performed a descriptive analysis of child weight status according to family socioeconomic factors and mediating variables based on data from the ALADINO 2019 study in a sample of 16,665 schoolchildren representative of the population aged 6-9 years in Spain. RESULTS: The prevalence of childhood obesity in households with low socioeconomic status (26.8% boys; 20.4% girls) was, in both sexes, twice as high as in those with higher socioeconomic status (12.1% boys; 8.7% girls). Unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyles (mainly in girls) and the presence of screens in the bedroom (more prevalent in boys) were more frequent in school-aged children from low-income households. On the other hand, in the most disadvantaged households, a history of breastfeeding and physical activity (especially in girls) were less frequent. Similarly, schools attended by children from low-income households were less likely to have their own kitchens and indoor gymnasiums or offer sports activities. CONCLUSION: A lower household socioeconomic status was associated with poorer dietary and physical activity habits and certain characteristics of the family and school environments that mediate the inverse association between household socioeconomic status and the prevalence of childhood obesity. Girls were less physically active and reported more sedentary lifestyles, while boys had greater access to screens. Interventions to combat childhood obesity should address the identified inequalities.
Subject(s)
Pediatric Obesity , Male , Female , Humans , Child , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Spain/epidemiology , Gender Equity , Socioeconomic Factors , Social ClassABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence has grown alarmingly in the last twenty years or so in many countries of Europe, including Spain. This study presents the prevalences of overweight and obesity in 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in 2015, and their associated characteristics. METHODOLOGY: ALADINO (Its initials in Spanish for Diet, physical activity, child development and obesity) is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain, in line with the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) of the World Health Organisation (WHO). The height and weight of the participants, defining the weight status according to WHO standards, and a questionnaire was given to the parents on lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Anthropometric measurements were taken on 10,899 schoolchildren for 168 primary education centres. Excess weight was observed in 41.3% (95% CI: 40.0-42.6), overweight in 23.2% (95% CI: 22.1-24.3) and obesity in 18.1% (95% CI: 17.2-19.1), with obesity being more prevalent in boys, overweight in girls. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 23.2% (95% CI: 21.8-24.6). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with age. Excess weight decreased by 3.2% compared to 2011, mainly due to the decrease in overweight in boys, while that of obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren from families with a lower socioeconomic level. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of excess weight in 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain has decreased by 3.2% since 2011, due to the decrease in overweight, whilst obesity remained stable. Action must be taken in the obesogenic environment, by promoting healthy eating habits and physical activity, bearing in mind the inequalities in health.
Subject(s)
Pediatric Obesity , Adolescent , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Overweight/epidemiology , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Schools , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad en la infancia y en la adolescencia han crecido alarmantemente en las últimas décadas en muchos países de Europa, incluido España. Este estudio presenta las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares de 6 a 9 años en 2015 y sus características asociadas. Metodología: ALADINO es un estudio transversal de una muestra representativa de escolares de 6 a 9 años en España, alineado con la iniciativa COSI de la OMS. Se talló y pesó a los participantes, definiendo la situación ponderal según los estándares de la OMS, y se pasó un cuestionario a los progenitores sobre el estilo de vida y las características sociodemográficas. Resultados: Se tomaron medidas antropométricas a 10.899 escolares de 168 centros de educación primaria. El 41,3% (IC 95%: 40,0-42,6) presentaba exceso de peso, el 23,2% sobrepeso (IC 95%: 22,1-24,3) y el 18,1% obesidad (IC 95%: 17,2-19,1), siendo la obesidad más prevalente en niños y el sobrepeso en niñas. La prevalencia de obesidad abdominal era del 23,2% (IC 95%: 21,8-24,6). La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad aumentaba con la edad. El exceso de peso disminuyó un 3,2% respecto a 2011, principalmente por la disminución del sobrepeso en niños, mientras que la obesidad permaneció estable. El exceso de peso era más prevalente en los escolares de familias con menor nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de exceso de peso entre los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España ha disminuido un 3,2% desde 2011 por la disminución del sobrepeso, mientras que la obesidad permanece estable. Se debe intervenir en el entorno obesogénico, promocionando hábitos alimentarios saludables y la actividad física, incidiendo en las desigualdades en salud. (AU)
Introduction: Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence has grown alarmingly in the last twenty years or so in many countries of Europe, including Spain. This study presents the prevalences of overweight and obesity in 6 to 9 year-old schoolchildren in 2015, and their associated characteristics. Methodology: ALADINO (Its initials in Spanish for Diet, physical activity, child development and obesity) is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 6 to 9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain, in line with the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) of the World Health Organisation (WHO). The height and weight of the participants, defining the weight status according to WHO standards, and a questionnaire was given to the parents on lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Anthropometric measurements were taken on 10,899 schoolchildren for 168 primary education centres. Excess weight was observed in 41.3% (95% CI: 40.0-42.6), overweight in 23.2% (95% CI: 22.1-24.3) and obesity in 18.1% (95% CI: 17.2-19.1), with obesity being more prevalent in boys, overweight in girls. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 23.2% (95% CI: 21.8-24.6). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with age. Excess weight decreased by 3.2% compared to 2011, mainly due to the decrease in overweight in boys, while that of obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren from families with a lower socioeconomic level. Conclusions: The prevalence of excess weight in 6 to 9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain has decreased by 3.2% since 2011, due to the decrease in overweight, whilst obesity remained stable. Action must be taken in the obesogenic environment, by promoting healthy eating habits and physical activity, bearing in mind the inequalities in health. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Pediatric Obesity , Overweight , Prevalence , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , SpainABSTRACT
Desayunar es un hábito saludable que debe fomentarse desde la infancia. Cuando aporta calidad nutricional, supone una comida diaria importante. El consumo de lácteos, cereales y frutas en el desayuno se asocia a patrones dietéticos más saludables, con un impacto beneficioso en la calidad global de la dieta. En España, como en muchos otros países, la proporción de niños que desayunan a diario es muy alta, descendiendo algo en la adolescencia. Sin embargo, la calidad del desayuno tiene margen de mejora, con una baja proporción de niños/adolescentes con desayunos de alta calidad nutricional. Los niños/adolescentes que desayunan habitualmente presentan una mayor ingesta de varios nutrientes (especialmente vitaminas y minerales) que los que no desayunan. Aunque las evidencias no son totalmente concluyentes, numerosos estudios han mostrado varios beneficios cuando se compara la población que desayuna habitualmente frente a la que no lo hace, tanto en los parámetros de riesgo cardiometabólico (obesidad, diabetes, tensión arterial y perfil lipídico) como en las funciones cognitivas. El desayuno debe incluirse en los planes de alimentación saludable pues permite incorporar alimentos que son difíciles de consumir en otras comidas y puede contribuir a reducir el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiometabólicas. Para promover la ingesta de desayunos saludables es imprescindible actuar sobre los factores sociodemográficos y culturales que influyen en su cumplimiento y en su calidad, como son la edad, la educación nutricional (principalmente padres y niños/adolescentes, pero también otros familiares, la escuela, las amistades...), realizarlo en familia, adaptarlo a los gustos de cada población y equilibrar calidad y costes
Eating breakfast is a healthy habit that should be encouraged since childhood. When it provides nutritional quality, it is an important daily meal. The consumption of dairy products, cereals, and fruits at breakfast is associated with healthier dietary patterns, with a beneficial impact on the overall quality of the diet. In Spain, as in many other countries, the proportion of children who eat breakfast daily is very high, decreasing somewhat in adolescence. However, the quality of breakfast leaves room for improvement, with a low proportion of children/adolescents with high nutritional quality breakfasts. Children/adolescents who eat breakfast regularly have a higher intake of various nutrients (especially vitamins and minerals) than those who do not eat breakfast. Although the evidence is not entirely conclusive, numerous studies have shown various benefits when comparing the population that eats breakfast regularly versus those who do not, such as cardiometabolic risk parameters (obesity, diabetes, blood pressure and lipid profile) and cognitive functions. Breakfast should be included in healthy eating plans, since it allows incorporating foods that are difficult to consume in other meals and may contribute to reducing the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. In order to promote the intake of a healthy breakfast, it is essential to act on the sociodemographic and cultural factors that influence compliance and quality, such as age, nutritional education (mainly parents and children/adolescents, but also other family members, school mates, friends...), carrying it out as a family, adapting it to the tastes of each population and balancing quality and costs
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Breakfast/physiology , Healthy Lifestyle , Nutrients/administration & dosage , Diet, Healthy/methods , Spain , Global Health , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Overweight/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Eating breakfast is a healthy habit that should be encouraged since childhood. When it provides nutritional quality, it is an important daily meal. The consumption of dairy products, cereals, and fruits at breakfast is associated with healthier dietary patterns, with a beneficial impact on the overall quality of the diet. In Spain, as in many other countries, the proportion of children who eat breakfast daily is very high, decreasing somewhat in adolescence. However, the quality of breakfast leaves room for improvement, with a low proportion of children/adolescents with high nutritional quality breakfasts. Children/adolescents who eat breakfast regularly have a higher intake of various nutrients (especially vitamins and minerals) than those who do not eat breakfast. Although the evidence is not entirely conclusive, numerous studies have shown various benefits when comparing the population that eats breakfast regularly versus those who do not, such as cardiometabolic risk parameters (obesity, diabetes, blood pressure and lipid profile) and cognitive functions. Breakfast should be included in healthy eating plans, since it allows incorporating foods that are difficult to consume in other meals and may contribute to reducing the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. In order to promote the intake of a healthy breakfast, it is essential to act on the sociodemographic and cultural factors that influence compliance and quality, such as age, nutritional education (mainly parents and children/adolescents, but also other family members, school mates, friends...), carrying it out as a family, adapting it to the tastes of each population and balancing quality and costs.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Desayunar es un hábito saludable que debe fomentarse desde la infancia. Cuando aporta calidad nutricional, supone una comida diaria importante. El consumo de lácteos, cereales y frutas en el desayuno se asocia a patrones dietéticos más saludables, con un impacto beneficioso en la calidad global de la dieta. En España, como en muchos otros países, la proporción de niños que desayunan a diario es muy alta, descendiendo algo en la adolescencia. Sin embargo, la calidad del desayuno tiene margen de mejora, con una baja proporción de niños/adolescentes con desayunos de alta calidad nutricional. Los niños/adolescentes que desayunan habitualmente presentan una mayor ingesta de varios nutrientes (especialmente vitaminas y minerales) que los que no desayunan. Aunque las evidencias no son totalmente concluyentes, numerosos estudios han mostrado varios beneficios cuando se compara la población que desayuna habitualmente frente a la que no lo hace, tanto en los parámetros de riesgo cardiometabólico (obesidad, diabetes, tensión arterial y perfil lipídico) como en las funciones cognitivas. El desayuno debe incluirse en los planes de alimentación saludable pues permite incorporar alimentos que son difíciles de consumir en otras comidas y puede contribuir a reducir el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiometabólicas. Para promover la ingesta de desayunos saludables es imprescindible actuar sobre los factores sociodemográficos y culturales que influyen en su cumplimiento y en su calidad, como son la edad, la educación nutricional (principalmente padres y niños/adolescentes, pero también otros familiares, la escuela, las amistades...), realizarlo en familia, adaptarlo a los gustos de cada población y equilibrar calidad y costes.
Subject(s)
Breakfast/physiology , Food Quality , Adolescent , Child , Cognition , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Diet/standards , Diet, Healthy , Dyslipidemias/etiology , Feeding Behavior , Female , Humans , Hypertension/etiology , Insulins , Male , Nutrients/administration & dosage , Pediatric Obesity/etiology , SpainSubject(s)
Nutritional Sciences , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Healthy Aging , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Middle Aged , Nutritional Status , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Objective: although osteoporosis develops in advanced stages of life, it must be prevented and stopped from the pediatric age, acting on modifiable factors, especially diet and lifestyle. The objective of this work is to review the latest evidence on nutritional improvements that can help in the prevention and control of the disease. Methods: bibliographic search related to the topic. Results: it is advisable to avoid energy restrictions, especially in postmenopausal women and particularly if they have osteopenia/osteoporosis since, in relation to these pathologies, excess weight may be preferable, rather than underweight. Protein intake higher than the recommended one is beneficial for the bone, provided that the calcium intake is adequate. Excessive intake of sugar and saturated fat should be avoided, but attempts should be made to achieve the nutritional goals set for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber. It is important to monitor vitamin D status and calcium intake, which is inadequate in high percentages of individuals, as well as improving the contribution of vitamins K, C and group B, and also magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc, copper, fluorine, manganese, silicon and boron, and avoiding the excessive contribution of phosphorus and sodium. Conclusions: osteoporosis is an underdiagnosed pathology and of increasing prevalence. Due to its high morbidity and mortality, prevention is important and, from a nutritional point of view, it is convenient to bring the diet closer to the theoretical ideal. In general, increasing the consumption of dairy products, fish, vegetables and fruits, as well as reducing the consumption of salt, during childhood and throughout life, seems convenient for the bone improvement of most of the population.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción y objetivos: la osteoporosis, aunque se manifiesta en etapas avanzadas de la vida, se debe prevenir y frenar desde la edad pediátrica, actuando sobre los factores modificables, especialmente la alimentación y el estilo de vida. El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar las últimas evidencias sobre las mejoras nutricionales que pueden ayudar en la prevención y el control de la enfermedad. Métodos: búsqueda bibliográfica en relación con el tema. Resultados: conviene evitar las restricciones energéticas, especialmente en mujeres posmenopáusicas, sobre todo si tienen osteopenia/osteoporosis dado que, en relación con estas patologías, puede ser preferible un exceso de peso frente a un peso insuficiente. Una ingesta proteica superior a la recomendada es beneficiosa para el hueso siempre que la ingesta de calcio sea adecuada. Se debe evitar una ingesta excesiva de azúcar y de grasa saturada, pero se deben intentar alcanzar los objetivos nutricionales marcados para los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados ω-3 y la fibra. Es importante vigilar la situación en vitamina D y la ingesta de calcio, que es inadecuada en elevados porcentajes de individuos. También conviene mejorar el aporte de vitaminas K, C y del grupo B, así como de magnesio, potasio, hierro, zinc, cobre, flúor, manganeso, silicio y boro, y evitar el aporte excesivo de fósforo y sodio. Conclusiones: la osteoporosis es una patología infradiagnosticada y de prevalencia creciente. Por su elevada morbilidad y mortalidad es importante la prevención y desde el punto de vista nutricional conviene aproximar la dieta al ideal teórico. En general, el incremento en el consumo de lácteos, pescado, verduras, hortalizas y frutas, así como la reducción del consumo de sal, durante la infancia y a lo largo de la vida parecen convenientes para la mejora ósea de la mayor parte de la población.
Subject(s)
Nutrition Therapy/methods , Osteoporosis/prevention & control , Diet , Female , Humans , Male , Nutritional Status , Osteoporosis/diet therapy , Overweight/complications , Primary Prevention , Sodium, Dietary/adverse effectsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The effect of nutrients on health has been studied traditionally. From this point of view, milk and dairy products contribute to maintaining and improving nutritional status. Due to its high content of some nutrients such as saturated fat, among others, dairy consumption has been linked to the appearance of several diseases such as obesity or cardiovascular disease. However, food cannot be classified as good or bad based on its nutrient content. On the contrary, those interactions between nutrients and other bioactive compounds that occur in the food matrix must also be taken into account, as they can lead to different results than those expected derived from their consumption. In the case of dairy products, the scientific evidence indicates that dairy matrix could play an important role in the prevention of several non-communicable diseases.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Tradicionalmente se ha estudiado el efecto de los nutrientes en la salud. Desde este punto de vista, la leche y los derivados lácteos son alimentos que contribuyen a mantener y mejorar el estado nutricional. Por su elevado contenido en algunos nutrientes como la grasa saturada, entre otros, el consumo de lácteos se ha relacionado con la aparición de diversas enfermedades como la obesidad o la enfermedad cardiovascular. Sin embargo, los alimentos no se pueden clasificar como buenos o malos por su contenido en nutrientes, sino que también hay que tener en cuenta que en la matriz alimentaria se producen interacciones entre los nutrientes y otros compuestos bioactivos que pueden hacer que el consumo de dichos alimentos tenga resultados distintos a los esperados. En el caso de los lácteos, la evidencia científica señala que la matriz láctea podría jugar un papel importante frente a la prevención de diversas enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.
Subject(s)
Dairy Products , Health , Nutrients , Adult , Child , Health Status , Humans , Nutrition Policy , Nutritional Status , Nutritive Value , Obesity/epidemiology , Primary PreventionABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Choline is a critical nutrient for cognitive development, metabolism and liver function, and regulation of homocysteine metabolism. It is necessary for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the synthesis of betaine and that of phosphatidylcholine. In the perinatal stage, the contribution of choline is essential to guarantee optimal cognitive development and prevent neural tube defects. In adults and the elderly, choline intake has been associated with better performance in some cognitive functions and a lower incidence of dementia. Despite their important role in health, most groups of the population do not reach their adequate intake of choline, and even some groups, such as pregnant women or childbearing women, have a higher risk of having suboptimal intakes. The main dietary sources of choline are eggs, dairy and meats, so reducing or limiting the consumption of these foods negatively impacts on the intake of this nutrient. Given the need to improve the intake of this vitamin, it is necessary to increase the knowledge that the population has about this nutrient, raising awareness about the importance of choline for health, and its main food sources.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La colina es un nutriente crítico para el desarrollo cognitivo, el metabolismo y la función hepática y la regulación del metabolismo de la homocisteína. Es necesaria para la síntesis del neurotransmisor acetilcolina, la síntesis de betaína y la de fosfatidilcolina. En la etapa perinatal el aporte de colina es fundamental para garantizar el desarrollo cognitivo y prevenir defectos del tubo neural. En adultos mayores y ancianos la ingesta de colina se ha asociado a mejor rendimiento en algunas funciones cognitivas y menor incidencia de demencia. A pesar de su importante papel en la salud, la mayoría de los colectivos no alcanza sus ingestas adecuadas (IA) de colina, aunque algunos colectivos, como gestantes o mujeres en edad fértil, tienen un mayor riesgo de tener ingestas subóptimas. Las principales fuentes dietéticas de esta vitamina son los huevos, lácteos y carnes, y disminuir o limitar el consumo de estos alimentos impacta negativamente en la ingesta de este nutriente. Dada la necesidad de mejorar la ingesta de esta vitamina, es necesario mejorar el conocimiento que tiene la población sobre este nutriente, concienciándola sobre la importancia de la colina para la salud y sus principales fuentes alimentarias.
Subject(s)
Choline/physiology , Cognition/physiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Choline/metabolism , Dementia/prevention & control , Diet , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Neurotransmitter Agents/biosynthesis , Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism , PregnancyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Electrophysiological studies show that reductions in power within the alpha band are associated with the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. Physical activity (PA) is a protective factor that has proved to reduce AD risk and pathological brain burden. Previous research has confirmed that exercise increases power in the alpha range. However, little is known regarding whether other non-modifiable risk factors for AD, such as increased age or APOE ε4 carriage, alter the association between PA and power in the alpha band. METHODS: The relationship between PA and alpha band power was examined in a sample of 113 healthy adults using magnetoencephalography. Additionally, we explored whether ε4 carriage and age modulate this association. The correlations between alpha power and gray matter volumes and cognition were also investigated. RESULTS: We detected a parieto-occipital cluster in which PA positively correlated with alpha power. The association between PA and alpha power remained following stratification of the cohort by genotype. Younger and older adults were investigated separately, and only younger adults exhibited a positive relationship between PA and alpha power. Interestingly, when four groups were created based on age (younger-older adult) and APOE (E3/E3-E3/E4), only younger E3/E3 (least predicted risk) and older E3/E4 (greatest predicted risk) had associations between greater alpha power and higher PA. Among older E3/E4, greater alpha power in these regions was associated with improved memory and preserved brain structure. CONCLUSION: PA could protect against the slowing of brain activity that characterizes the AD continuum, where it is of benefit for all individuals, especially E3/E4 older adults.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Apolipoprotein E4 , Aged , Apolipoprotein E4/genetics , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Exercise , Genotype , HumansABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D is an essential nutrient whose deficiency has been associated with the risk of various chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, some types of cancer and even overweight and obesity. Although vitamin D can be synthesized at the skin from exposure to sunlight, this source is not always sufficient to meet the needs. For example, the use of sunscreen or the low exposition to the sunlight limits the syntheses. In fact, studies have found that at least half of the Spanish population has vitamin D deficits. Therefore, the dietary contribution is fundamental. Although there are different foods fortified in this vitamin, few products are natural source of it, as fatty fish and eggs. However, according to different studies carried out in the Spanish population, there is a low consumption of this food group. In this way, it would be advisable to promote egg consumption among the population, since this food, in addition to having many nutrients, contains a high amount of vitamin D, which contributes to avoid the appearance of deficiencies and the consequences health consequences that this implies.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La vitamina D es un nutriente esencial cuya deficiencia se ha asociado con el riesgo de aparición de diversas enfermedades crónicas, como la osteoporosis, la hipertensión arterial, la enfermedad cardiovascular, la diabetes, algunos tipos de cáncer e incluso el padecimiento de sobrepeso y obesidad. A pesar de que la vitamina D puede sintetizarse a nivel cutáneo a partir de la exposición a la luz solar, esta fuente no es siempre suficiente para cubrir las necesidades debido al uso de cremas de protección solar y a la baja exposición que se produce durante el invierno, o, como en el caso de las personas enfermas, que salen poco a la calle o se exponen poco a la luz del sol. De hecho, estudios han constatado que al menos la mitad de la población española presenta déficit de vitamina D. Por ello, el aporte dietético es fundamental. Aunque existen diferentes alimentos fortificados con esta vitamina, son pocos los productos que son una fuente natural, entre los que se encuentran los pescados grasos y los huevos. Sin embargo, de acuerdo con diferentes estudios realizados en la población española, existe un bajo consumo de este último grupo de alimentos. De esta manera, sería recomendable fomentar el consumo de huevo entre la población, ya que este alimento, además de tener numerosos nutrientes, contiene una cantidad elevada de vitamina D, lo que contribuye a evitar la aparición de deficiencias y las consecuencias negativas para la salud que ello implica.
Subject(s)
Cholecalciferol/administration & dosage , Eggs , Ergocalciferols/administration & dosage , Vitamin D Deficiency/diet therapy , Vitamins/administration & dosage , Cholecalciferol/biosynthesis , Cholecalciferol/blood , Ergocalciferols/blood , Ergocalciferols/metabolism , Humans , Nutrition Policy , Spain/epidemiology , Sunlight , Vitamin D/biosynthesis , Vitamin D/blood , Vitamin D Deficiency/complications , Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Some studies link children and adolescents breakfast habits with a better quality of the diet and higher intake of nutrients in general, and lower adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, which highlights the important role of this meal. A quality breakfast should include at least three food groups: cereals, dairy and fruits. However, the most frequent breakfast of Spanish schoolchildren combines only dairy and cereals. Therefore, it would be desirable to incorporate fruit in this first meal of the day, which would also help to improve the overall low consumption of fruit by Spanish children. On the other hand, yogurt is a food of high nutritional density and its habitual consumption in children is associated with a greater intake of most nutrients, with the follow-up of more balanced diets and with a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity. Incorporating yogurt into breakfast can help to improve the intake of some of the nutrients that are insufficiently in the diet, and can be a vehicle to incorporate other foods such as fruits. The combination of these two foods in the same meal has a synergistic effect, both by complementing the nutrients of each of these foods, and by the synbiotic effect that is achieved by adding the probiotic effect of yogurt and the prebiotic fiber of the fruits.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Numerosos estudios relacionan el hábito de desayunar en niños y adolescentes con una mejor calidad de la dieta y mayor ingesta de nutrientes en general, menor adiposidad y riesgo cardiometabólico, lo que pone de relieve el importante papel de esa comida. Uno de los criterios empleados para definir un desayuno de calidad es la inclusión de, al menos, cereales, lácteos y frutas. Sin embargo, el desayuno más frecuente de los escolares españoles combina solo un lácteo y un cereal. Por lo tanto, sería deseable incorporar fruta en esta primera comida del día, lo que ayudaría, además, a mejorar el bajo consumo en general de fruta de los niños españoles. Por otro lado, el yogur es un alimento de elevada densidad nutricional y su consumo habitual en niños se asocia con una mayor ingesta de la mayoría de nutrientes, con el seguimiento de dietas más equilibradas y con menor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Incorporar yogur al desayuno puede ayudar a mejorar la ingesta de algunos de los nutrientes que se toman de forma insuficiente en la dieta y puede servir de vehículo para incorporar otros alimentos, como las frutas. La combinación de estos dos alimentos en una misma comida tiene un efecto sinérgico, tanto al complementarse los nutrientes de cada uno de estos alimentos, como por el efecto sinbiótico que se alcanza al sumar el efecto probiótico del yogur y el prebiótico de la fibra de las frutas.
Subject(s)
Breakfast , Yogurt , Adolescent , Child , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Child, Preschool , Dairy Products , Edible Grain , Female , Fruit , Humans , Male , Nutritive Value , Overweight/prevention & control , Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control , SpainSubject(s)
Congresses as Topic , Food , Health Promotion/methods , Nutrition Policy , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Humans , SpainABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Objective: messages that are given recently have encouraged to reduce the consumption of dairy products, by noting them as dispensable or even harmful in relation to certain pathologies. The objective of this present work is to review the nutritional value of this group of foods and their recommended consumption. Methods: bibliographic search related to the topic. Results: dairy products provide proteins of high biological value, vitamins and minerals, especially calcium and vitamins B2 and B12, as well as essential fatty acids, and some antioxidants, among other nutrients. Although its fat is mostly saturated (65%), it does not seem to adversely affect cardiovascular risk and may even have a slight protective effect. More than 75% of individuals have calcium intakes lower than recommended, and since more than 50% of the calcium in the diet comes from dairy products, increasing their consumption may be recommended. Moderate milk intake during pregnancy is positively associated with birth weight and length of the offspring and bone mineral content during childhood. In adults, dairy consumption it is associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, colorectal and gallbladder cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Moreover in older people it is associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia and vertebral fractures. Conclusions: the population ignores what is the nutritional value of dairy products and their advisable consumption (2-4 servings / day). The latest studies support the need to have an adequate consumption in all stages of life due to its relationship with the prevention and control of chronic diseases. Dairy consumption is less than 2 servings / day in 37.1% of children and 42.3% of adults, so it would be desirable to improve this situation.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivos: mensajes recientes han animado a disminuir el consumo de lácteos al señalarlos como prescindibles o incluso perjudiciales en relación a ciertas patologías. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en revisar el valor nutricional de este grupo de alimentos y su consumo aconsejado. Métodos: búsqueda bibliográfica relacionada con el tema. Resultados: los lácteos aportan proteínas de alto valor biológico, vitaminas y minerales, especialmente calcio y vitaminas B2 y B12, así como ácidos grasos esenciales y algunos antioxidantes, entre otros nutrientes. Aunque su grasa es mayoritariamente saturada (65%), parece no afectar adversamente al riesgo cardiovascular y puede tener incluso un ligero efecto protector. Más de un 75% de los individuos tiene ingestas de calcio inferiores a las recomendadas, y dado que más del 50% del calcio de la dieta proviene de lácteos, aumentar su consumo puede ser recomendable. La ingesta moderada de leche durante el embarazo se asocia positivamente con el peso al nacer del descendiente y con su longitud y contenido mineral óseo durante la infancia. En adultos el consumo de lácteos se asocia con menor riesgo de síndrome metabólico, enfermedad coronaria e infarto de miocardio, cáncer colorrectal y de vesícula y diabetes tipo 2; en personas mayores, se asocia a un menor riesgo de fragilidad, sarcopenia y fracturas vertebrales. Conclusiones: la población desconoce cuál es el valor nutricional de los lácteos y su consumo aconsejable (2-4 raciones/día). Los últimos estudios avalan la necesidad de tener un consumo adecuado en todas las etapas de la vida por su relación con la prevención y el control de enfermedades crónicas. El consumo de lácteos es menor de 2 raciones/día en el 37,1% de los niños y en el 42,3% de los adultos, por lo que conviene mejorar esta situación.
Subject(s)
Dairy Products , Nutritive Value , Recommended Dietary Allowances , Age Factors , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage , Glycolipids/administration & dosage , Glycoproteins/administration & dosage , Humans , Lipid Droplets , Milk Proteins/administration & dosage , Riboflavin/administration & dosage , Vitamin B 12/administration & dosageABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In recent years the consumption of milk has declined, which could be due to the many myths and fallacies that exist about this food and other dairy products. Affirmations such as: "cow's milk is ideal for calves not humans", "humans are the only animals that drink milk beyond infancy", "milk lead to mucus production or occurrence of asthma" or "milk increases cholesterol levels", among others, are present in many conversations of the general population. However, due to the high nutritional value of dairy products, the elimination/restriction of these foods of our diet, without the existence of circumstances that support it, can have negative repercussions for health. Therefore, it is necessary to dismantle all these myths with scientific arguments.
INTRODUCCIÓN: En los últimos años el consumo de leche ha descendido, lo que podría deberse a los numerosos mitos y falacias que circulan por distintos medios en torno a este alimento y a otros productos lácteos. Afirmaciones como "la leche de vaca es para los terneros, no para los humanos", "somos el único mamífero que sigue tomando leche en la edad adulta", "la leche produce mocos y asma" o "la leche aumenta el colesterol", entre otras, están presentes en muchas conversaciones de la población general. Sin embargo, por su elevado valor nutricional, la eliminación/restricción de estos alimentos de nuestra dieta, sin la existencia de circunstancias que las avalen, puede tener repercusiones negativas para la salud. Por ello, es necesario desmontar todos estos mitos con argumentos científicos.
Subject(s)
Dairy Products , Food Safety , Milk , Nutritive Value , Animals , Asthma/etiology , Beverages/analysis , Calcium, Dietary/analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cattle , Dairy Products/adverse effects , Dairy Products/analysis , Food Labeling , Food, Fortified/analysis , Humans , Lactose Intolerance/complications , Lactose Intolerance/diet therapy , Milk/adverse effects , Milk/chemistry , Milk Substitutes/chemistry , MythologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Objectives: the nutrition and gastronomy are part of the strategies of maintenance and promotion of the health of the population. The aim of the present revision is to deep on the knowledge of the gastronomy and nutritional problems of the Community of Madrid. Methods: bibliographic search in relation to the subject. Results: the gastronomy of Madrid stands out for its great variety and abundant offer of food and dishes, which favors the possibilities of choice. The consumption of food is lower than that recommended for fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, eggs and dairy products and higher than recommended for meats. The Community of Madrid is one of those Autonomous Communities in Spain that consume and spent less per capita on food. Food consumption in general is lower than the national average, especially for sugars and fats and oils. There is a high intake of proteins and fats, an insufficient intake of complex carbohydrates and fiber, together with an inadequate intake of several micronutrients. The change in eating habits and the sedentary lifestyle favor the increase of the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Nevertheless, the problem of weight excess is somewhat lower in Madrid compared to other regions, perhaps because of its lower energy intake. Conclusions: the Community of Madrid is characterized by a high availability of food and a great gastronomic offer. This forces us to improve the nutritional education of the population, in order to facilitate the most appropriate selections for the improvement of health and weight control.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivos: la nutrición y la gastronomía forman parte de las estrategias de mantenimiento y promoción de la salud de una población. Profundizar en el conocimiento de la gastronomía y de la problemática nutricional de la Comunidad de Madrid constituye el objeto de la presente revisión. Métodos: búsqueda bibliográfica relacionada con el tema. Resultados: la gastronomía de Madrid destaca por la gran variedad y abundante oferta de alimentos y platos, lo que favorece las posibilidades de elección. Actualmente el consumo de alimentos es inferior al aconsejado para frutas, verduras, hortalizas, cereales integrales, pescados, huevos y lácteos, y supera lo aconsejado para carnes. Madrid es una de las comunidades autónomas con menor consumo y gasto per cápita en alimentación: se consumen menos alimentos, en general, y menos azúcares y grasas y aceites, en particular, respecto a la media nacional. La ingesta de proteínas y grasas es elevada, mientras que es insuficiente el aporte de hidratos de carbono complejos, fibra y diversos micronutrientes. El cambio en los hábitos alimentarios y el creciente sedentarismo favorece el incremento en el padecimiento de sobrepeso y obesidad, aunque el problema del exceso de peso es algo menor en Madrid respecto a otras comunidades, posiblemente por la menor ingesta energética. Conclusiones: la Comunidad de Madrid tiene una elevada disponibilidad de alimentos y una gran oferta gastronómica, lo que obliga a mejorar la educación y la formación del consumidor para que sus elecciones sean las más adecuadas para su salud y control de peso.
Subject(s)
Food Preferences , Nutritional Status , Animals , Cattle , Cause of Death , Dairy Products , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Dietary Sugars/administration & dosage , Edible Grain , Eggs , Energy Intake , Fishes , Food Supply , Fruit , Humans , Meat , Micronutrients , Overweight/epidemiology , Spain/epidemiology , VegetablesABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: the dietary water and the intake of beverages play a relevant role in the dietary and hydration patterns of children and few studies provide an overview of them. Objetives: to assess the dietary intake of water, its adaptation to the recommendations and its distribution throughout the day, and the average consumption of beverages by a group of Spanish schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a sample of 262 schoolchildren (139 boys and 123 girls) between seven and 12 years old was studied. A three-day dietary record (one day in weekend) was kept to assess beverage consumption. Dietary water intake obtained was compared to EFSA's adequate intake (AI) and other recommendations, its distribution throughout the day was studied, and personal and anthropometric date were collected too. The data were processed using DIAL and SPSS. RESULTS: the beverages consumed in greatest quantity were water as a beverage, milk and commercial juices and nectars. The average dietary water intake was 1,401 ± 432 ml/day (42% from food and 58% from beverages). Only 20.2% of schoolchildren were above the AIs. Dietary water intake was significantly higher at all intakes in the day in those schoolchildren who were above AIs. CONCLUSIONS: based on our results, 79.8% of children do not cover the AIs. For this reason it is important improve their hydration patterns. In this aspect, water as a beverage plays a key role to cover the recommendations.
INTRODUCCIÓN: la ingesta dietética de agua y el consumo de bebidas juegan un papel relevante en los hábitos de hidratación y alimentación de la población infantil y escasos estudios nos ofrecen una visión global de los mismos. OBJETIVOS: evaluar la ingesta dietética de agua y el consumo de bebidas, su adecuación a las recomendaciones y su distribución a lo largo del día en un colectivo de escolares españoles. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se estudió una muestra de 262 escolares (123 niñas) entre siete y 12 años. Se realizó un registro dietético de tres días (uno de ellos festivo) para evaluar el consumo de bebidas. Se comparó la ingesta dietética de agua obtenida con las ingestas adecuadas (IA) marcadas por la EFSA y por otros organismos y se estudió su distribución a lo largo del día. También se procedió a recoger datos personales y antropométricos. Los datos fueron procesados mediante DIAL y SPSS. RESULTADOS: las bebidas más consumidas fueron agua de bebida, leche y zumos comerciales y néctares. La ingesta dietética media de agua fue de 1.401 ± 432 ml/día (42% aportada por alimentos y 58% por bebidas). Solo el 20,2% de los escolares superaron las IA. La ingesta dietética de agua fue significativamente superior en todos los momentos del día en aquellos escolares que superaron las IA establecidas. CONCLUSIÓN: el 79,8% de los escolares no alcanza las IA, por lo que es importante mejorar sus pautas de hidratación, jugando el agua de bebida un papel clave a la hora de alcanzar las recomendaciones.
Subject(s)
Beverages/statistics & numerical data , Drinking , Students , Animals , Anthropometry , Child , Dehydration/prevention & control , Diet Records , Drinking/physiology , Female , Food , Fruit and Vegetable Juices , Humans , Male , Milk , Recommended Dietary Allowances , Spain , WaterABSTRACT
En el presente suplemento de la revista Nutrición Hospitalaria se resumen las conferencias presentadas en las Quintas Jornadas UCM-ASEN (Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Asociación de Estudios Nutricionales), bajo el título "Avances en nutrición. Su impacto sanitario y social", celebradas durante los días 21 y 22 de febrero de 2018 en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid.Estas jornadas han sido una actividad promovida por el grupo de Investigación VALORNUT-UCM y han contado con el apoyo institucional de la Fundación Española de la Nutrición (FEN).