Psychological profile and α-amylase levels in oral lichen planus patients: A case-control preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate psychological (anxiety, depression, and stress) and salivary (flow and concentration of α-amylase) profile associated with oral lichen planus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control preliminary study with oral lichen planus patients and age-gender matched controls was conducted. The participants underwent psychological tests (Beck depression and anxiety inventories and perceived stress scale) and saliva collection to determine the unstimulated salivary flow and α-amylase levels at three moments along the day. The data were analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney, McNemar chi-square and Friedman tests, and the Spearman correlation coefficient. The significance level adopted was 5%. RESULTS: A total of 46 case-control pairs were recruited. There was a significant correlation between anxiety, depression, stress, and oral lichen planus, as well as the stress and decline of salivary α-amylase levels. Higher concentrations of this biomarker were found in the case group thirty minutes post-awakening. CONCLUSION: The applied psychological tests indicated that factors such as anxiety, depression, and stress were associated with oral lichen planus. Salivary analyses demonstrated a higher concentration of α-amylase thirty minutes post-awakening on individuals with the disease and its decline correlated with stress, suggesting the role of α-amylase as a promising biomarker for future studies.

Salivary biomarkers to evaluate psychological disorders in oral lichen planus: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the use of salivary biomarkers to identify psychological disorders (anxiety, depression, and stress) in individuals with oral lichen planus (OLP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search was made in Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, ProQuest, and by cross-reference. Original case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies, in human subjects (age ≥18 years) with clinical and histopathological diagnosis, with or without the use of psychometric scales, published until June 2021, were included. Random-effects meta-analyses, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity were performed. Publication bias was measured using the Egger test and visual inspection of the funnel plot. RESULTS: A total of 67 articles were found, of which 12 were included in the meta-analysis. Among the different biomarkers identified, it was only possible to perform a meta-analysis for cortisol. The mean difference between salivary cortisol levels in patients with OLP compared to controls was 3.43 ng/ml (95% CI: 1.20-5.65) with I2  = 98.9%. Studies considered outliers were removed and based on sensitivity analyses, results did not change, therefore, being stable. CONCLUSION: The studies analyzed demonstrated that cortisol was the most quantified biomarker to identify psychological disorders; however, DHEA, IgA, adiponectin, and α-amylase were also evaluated.

In vitro determination of potentially bioavailable fluoride in diet and toothpaste after ingestion

Aim: To propose a new method to determine in vitro potentially bioavailable fluoride (F) in diet and toothpaste after ingestion. Methods: Diet samples (D) were obtained from 15 portions of a meal served to children in a day care centre. To simulate the ingestion of toothpaste during brushing after meals, a specific amount of toothpaste was added to the diet samples (D + T). F was determined in D and D + T after incubation in a solution that simulated "gastric juice" (0.01 M hydrochloric acid) at 37oC for 30, 60 and 120 min. Microdiffusion facilitated by HMDS was used to determine the total F concentrations in samples D and D + T. The analyses were performed using an ion specific electrode. Results: For D samples, incubation in "gastric juice" for 30, 60 and 120 min resulted in F concentrations (µg F/mL) of 0.75 ± 0.06c, 0.77 ± 0.07c and 0.91 ± 0.09b, corresponding to 75.3, 77.3 and 90.7% of the total F (1.02 ± 0.12a), respectively (p = 0.0001; ANOVA + Tukey). For D + T samples, these values of F concentrations (µg F/mL) were 2.55 ± 0.46b, 2.83 ± 0.44ab and 3.15 ± 0.37a, corresponding to 86.9, 94.8 and 106.7% of the total F (2.99 ± 0.34a), respectively (p = 0.0023; ANOVA + Tukey). Conclusion: Then, it can be concluded that the proposed method of "gastric juice" is a promising protocol for determining potentially bioavailable fluoride in the diet and toothpaste after ingestion. However, additional studies are desirable

Relationship of psychological factors with salivary flow rate and cortisol levels in individuals with oral lichen planus: A case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between psychological factors and salivary flow rate and cortisol levels in individuals with oral lichen planus. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study of 21 individuals with clinical and histopathological diagnosis of oral lichen planus and 21 individuals without the disease (controls), matched by sex and age, was performed. The Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories and Perceived Stress Scale were administered, and the salivary flow rate and salivary cortisol secretion pattern were determined. Data were statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U, McNemar's χ2, and Student's t tests and the Spearman correlation coefficient. The significance level adopted was 5%. RESULTS: Individuals with oral lichen planus had higher anxiety (P = .001), depression (P = .005), and perceived stress (P = .026) scores, but no association was found between the disease and salivary flow rate (P = .29) or with the pattern of salivary cortisol secretion (at awakening: P = .98; 30 min post-awakening: P = .95; at bedtime: P = .97). CONCLUSION: An association was observed between oral lichen planus and anxiety, depression, and stress scores through psychological tests but not in relation to salivary flow rate and the pattern of salivary cortisol secretion.

Salivary flow rates and buffer capacity and its relationship with oral health status: a cross-sectional study on crack-cocaine-addicted males.

This cross-sectional study evaluated the saliva profile in crack-cocaine-addicted males and its relationship with dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral mucosal lesion (OML) using 148 adult male volunteers (37 addicted; 111 non-addicted) at the School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia. Data on decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT), periodontal disease and OML were collected from the clinical examination of the participants. Samples were analysed for the salivary flow rate (SFR) of unstimulated and wax-stimulated whole saliva and the saliva buffer capacity. Bivariate and regression analyses were conducted to assess the salivary profile and its association with the oral status of addicted participants (α = 0.05). The mean buffer capacity of stimulated saliva was significantly lower in the addicted participants (pH 5.2 ± 1.7) than in the non-addicted group (pH 5.8 ± 1.3, p = 0.03). In the addicted group, OML was associated with a stimulated SFR < 1.0 mL/min (OR = 11.98, 95% CI = 1.30-27.10, p = 0.04). The DMFT index and periodontal disease were not associated with the salivary profile, but with older age (OR = 7.20, 95% CI = 1.51-31.14, p = 0.01) and lower education levels (OR = 24.00, 95% CI = 1.68-341.00, p = 0.02), respectively. In conclusion, addiction was associated with the lower buffer capacity of stimulated saliva, and OML was associated with lower-stimulated salivary flow rate. Periodontal disease or DMFT was not associated with salivary factors in addicted males. Therapy approaches dealing with saliva status may be important for use with addicted males to reduce OMLs.

Reliability of a Centroid method to estimate head position in cephalometric diagnosis / Confiabilidade de um método baseado no ponto Centróide para estimar a posição da cabeça no diagnóstico cefalométrico

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to 1) evaluate the reproducibility of natural head position (NHP) in different professional groups; 2) compare three cephalometric methods of estimating head position to the established natural head position and 3) investigate the applicability of a new method to estimated head position using a Centroid method. Methods The sample consisted of 105 individual cephalometric tracings and photographs. For the first evaluation, copies of the lateral photographs were reproduced for each patient and 3 professionals with different expertise (experienced orthodontists, orthodontic students and orthognatic surgeon) were instructed to position the photographs in NHP. Later, 3 different methods to obtain NHP were assessed: 1) the Frankfort Horizontal Plane (FRANK), 2) Sella-Nasion 7º Line (SN7) and 3) proposed Horizontal Reference Line based on Centroid. Angles formed by the evaluated planes/lines and True Vertical Line obtained were measured. Gender and skeletal discrepancy were considered. Results The results showed a significant difference between NHP obtained from orthodontists and surgeons compared to students (p<0.0001). Also results showed no effect of skeletal classification and gender did on measurement (p>0.05). Both SN minus 7º and FRANK methods showed a high variability (p < 0,01) compared to Centroid method. Conclusion NHP may be affected by the professional experience. The proposed horizontal line based on Centroid is a valid method for estimating head position, thus, may be indicated to use as a diagnostic tool in Orthodontics and Orthognatic Surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo Os objetivos deste estudo foram 1) avaliar a reprodutibilidade da posição natural da cabeça (PNC) em diferentes grupos de profissionais; 2) comparar três métodos cefalométricos para estimar a posição da cabeça e compará-los à posição natural estabelecida da cabeça e 3) investigar a aplicabilidade de um novo método para estimar a posição da cabeça usando o método Centróide. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 105 traçados cefalométricos e fotografias individuais. Para a primeira avaliação, cópias das fotografias laterais foram reproduzidas para cada paciente e três profissionais com diferentes conhecimentos (ortodontistas experientes, estudantes de ortodontia e cirurgião ortognático) foram instruídos a posicionar as fotografias no PNC. Posteriormente, foram avaliados três métodos diferentes para obter posição estimada da cabeça: 1) o Plano Horizontal de Frankfort (FRANK), 2) a Linha Sella-Nasion 7º (SN7) e 3) a Linha de Referência Horizontal proposta, baseada em Centróide. Os ângulos formados pelos planos/linhas avaliados e pela linha vertical verdadeira obtidos foram medidos. Foram considerados a discrepância esquelética e o gênero. Resultados Os resultados mostraram uma diferença significativa entre o PNC obtido por ortodontistas e cirurgiões em relação aos estudantes (p <0,0001). Os métodos SN7 e FRANK apresentaram alta variabilidade (p <0,01), enquanto o método baseado em Centróide mostrou menor variabilidade. Conclusão a PNC pode ser afetada pela experiência profissional. A linha horizontal proposta baseada em Centróide é um método válido para estimar a posição da cabeça, portanto, pode ser indicada para uso como ferramenta de diagnóstico em Ortodontia e Cirurgia Ortognática.

Exposure to fluoride of children during the critical age for dental fluorosis, in the semiarid region of Brazil. / Exposição a fluoreto por crianças na faixa etária crítica para fluorose dentária, residentes no semiárido brasileiro.

There is a concern about the increasing prevalence of dental fluorosis, which depends on the dose of fluoride (F) to which children are subjected during tooth formation. Environmental temperature affects water intake and therefore it would be important to assess whether children living in the semiarid region are exposed to an excessive dose of F. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the total dose of F to which children are exposed during the critical age for dental fluorosis, with diet (water and food) and toothpaste as F sources, in the semiarid region of Brazil. METHODOLOGY: 26 children aged 25.2 ± 9.1 months, residents in Feira de Santana, State of Bahia (with F in the public water supply) were selected. Duplicate-diet, water, products from toothbrushing and toothpaste samples were collected. F concentration was determined using an ion-specific electrode, after proper sample preparation. RESULTS: the mean and standard deviation of dose (mg F/kg/day) from diet, toothpaste and total were respectively: 0.016 ± 0.010; 0.030 ± 0.039 and 0.047 ± 0.043. CONCLUSIONS: the children evaluated living in the semiarid region are not exposed to a risk dose for dental fluorosis.

Exposição a fluoreto por crianças na faixa etária crítica para fluorose dentária, residentes no semiárido brasileiro / Exposure to fluoride of children during the critical age for dental fluorosis, in the semiarid region of Brazil

Resumo Há uma preocupação com o aumento da prevalência de fluorose dentária, que depende da dose de fluoreto (F) a que as crianças são submetidas durante a formação dos dentes. A temperatura ambiental afeta a ingestão de água e, portanto, seria importante avaliar se as crianças que vivem em uma região de clima semiárido estão expostas a uma dose excessiva de F. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a dose total de F a que as crianças são expostas durante a idade crítica para a fluorose dentária, tendo dieta (água e alimentos) e dentifrício como fontes de F, em uma região de clima semiárido no Brasil. Metodologia: foram selecionadas 26 crianças com idade de 25,2 ± 9,1 meses, residentes em Feira de Santana-BA. Foram coletadas amostras de dieta-duplicada, água, produtos de escovação e dentifrícios. A concentração de F foi determinada após o devido preparo das amostras, utilizando um eletrodo específico. Resultados: a média e o desvio padrão de dose (mg F / kg / dia) em função da dieta, dentifrício e total foram, respectivamente: 0,016 ± 0,010; 0,030 ± 0,039 e 0,047 ± 0,043. Conclusões: as crianças avaliadas, residentes em uma região de clima semiárido, não estão expostas a uma dose de risco de fluorose dentária.

Abstract There is a concern about the increasing prevalence of dental fluorosis, which depends on the dose of fluoride (F) to which children are subjected during tooth formation. Environmental temperature affects water intake and therefore it would be important to assess whether children living in the semiarid region are exposed to an excessive dose of F. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the total dose of F to which children are exposed during the critical age for dental fluorosis, with diet (water and food) and toothpaste as F sources, in the semiarid region of Brazil. Methodology: 26 children aged 25.2 ± 9.1 months, residents in Feira de Santana, State of Bahia (with F in the public water supply) were selected. Duplicate-diet, water, products from toothbrushing and toothpaste samples were collected. F concentration was determined using an ion-specific electrode, after proper sample preparation. Results: the mean and standard deviation of dose (mg F/kg/day) from diet, toothpaste and total were respectively: 0.016 ± 0.010; 0.030 ± 0.039 and 0.047 ± 0.043. Conclusions: the children evaluated living in the semiarid region are not exposed to a risk dose for dental fluorosis.

Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Energy Delivery: Pulse and Power Effects on Enamel Surface and Erosive Resistance.

BACKGROUND: High power lasers have been suggested as a useful tool for dental caries and erosion prevention due to the increase of enamel acid resistance. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium,chromium:yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet) laser irradiation pulse frequency and power on enamel surface and acid erosion resistance. METHODS: By combining pulse frequency (5-75 Hz) and power settings (0.10-1.00 W), 20 irradiated groups and one nonirradiated control group were tested. A total of 63 bovine enamel blocks (n = 3/group) were prepared for surface hardness and roughness evaluation, performed in three phases: baseline, after irradiation, and after erosive challenge. Enamel blocks were irradiated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser with MZ8 tip (iPlus; Waterlase, Biolase, CA) for 30 sec according to experimental group and submitted. Erosive challenge consisted of four cycles alternating immersion in 0.01 M HCl (5 mL/mm2; 2 min; at 37°C) and immersion in artificial saliva for 3 h. Analysis of variance (three-way ANOVA), Tukey's test, and Pearson correlation were performed for the statistical analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS: After irradiation, groups irradiated with pulse frequency of 10 and 15 Hz showed a decrease in surface hardness. After erosive challenge, 5 and 75 W groups showed increase in surface hardness; 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 W groups showed minor alterations in surface roughness. CONCLUSIONS: the irradiation of Er,Cr:YSGG laser with different parameters of power and pulse frequency settings may alter enamel surface and erosive resistance differently. Pulse frequency of 30 Hz and power of 0.50 W was considered the best parameter to prevent enamel acid erosion.

In vivo evaluation of fluoride dentifrice and diet control on the demineralization/remineralization process using laser readouts at the margin of the orthodontic bracket/enamel interface.

PURPOSE: To evaluate, in vivo, the effect of fluoride dentifrice and diet control on the demineralization/remineralization processes at the margin of bracket/enamel interface bonded with four different bonding materials, using optical microscopy and fluorescent laser (DIAGNOdent). METHODS: Premolars in 35 subjects (11 to 20 years old) were divided into Group 1 (n = 15) and Group 2 (n = 20). Four bracket/enamel interfaces (near points) and four points at a distance of 2 mm (distant points) were observed. Evaluations were made at the following times: 15 days before bracket bonding (T0), on day of bonding (T1), 1 week after bonding (T2), and 4 weeks after bonding (T3). Subjects received fluoride dentifrice, and toothbrush and were instructed to brush 3x/day, after main meals. Group 1 received the instructions at T1 and Group 2 at T0 and these were reinforced weekly. The Microarch brackets were bonded with four materials: Transbond XT; Concise Ortodôntico; Fuji Ortho LC and Monolok2. DIAGNOdent laser readouts were used for comparison. RESULTS: Data were statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests (P < 0.05). Higher readouts were found at nearer points than at distant points; Group 2 presented lower readouts than Group 1; No differences were observed among bonding materials.

The effect of baking soda when applied to bleached enamel prior to restorative treatment.

This in vitro study evaluated the effect of 10% baking soda solution and sodium bicarbonate powder (applied with jets) when applied to bleached enamel prior to restorative treatment. The surfaces of 40 bovine incisors were flattened and divided into 5 groups (n = 8): Group B (bleached and restored, negative control), Group W (bleached, stored in distilled water for 7 days, and restored), Group BSJ (bleached, abraded with baking soda jet for 1 min, and restored), Group BSS (bleached, application of 10% baking soda solution for 5 min, and restored), and Group R (restored, without bleaching, positive control). The samples were bleached in 1 session with 3 applications of 35% HP-based gel and activated with a LED appliance for 9 min each. Resin composite cylinders (2 mm height and 0.8 mm diameter) were made on the enamel surface after the acid etching and a conventional 1-step single vial adhesive application was performed. After storage in distilled water (37 ± 1°C, 24 hr), the microshear bond test was performed (1 mm/min). ANOVA and Tukey tests were applied to compare the results. The mean results of these tests showed that Groups W, BBS, and R were not statistically different. These groups also indicated a higher bond strength when compared with Groups B and BSJ. The application of 10% baking soda solution for 5 min may be an alternative pre-restorative treatment for bleached enamel, but further studies are needed to consider whether or not this treatment may be effectively used in clinical practice.

Evitando a exposição pulpar em lesões de cárie profunda com tratamento expectante / Avoiding pulp exposure in deep caries lesions: stepwise excavation technique

In cases of deep caries lesions, total removal of carious tissue can cause accidental pulp exposure, which can be avoided by using the stepwiseexcavation technique. This consists of the partial excavation of contaminated dentin and the application of a biomaterial, such as calciumhydroxide, with the aim of diminishing progression of the lesion or even arresting it. The aim of the article is to describe a clinical case in which the stepwise excavation technique was performed, relating its advantages, limitations and recommendations. A fourteen-year-old boy reported non-spontaneous pain in tooth 37. The clinical and radiographic examinations indicated an extensive cavity, with a risk of pulp exposure during removal of carious tissue; reversible pulpitis was diagnosed. The stepwise excavation technique was performed. Radiographic examinations performed at 12, 18 and 36 months showed a normal appearance in the apical region and an increase in tertiary dentin was observed. The stepwise excavation technique can be considered a safe therapy, scientifically corroborated, with a high rate of success, however with limited indications, since it requires the teeth to be young and the pulp to present as normal or with reversible inflammation.

Nos casos de lesões cariosas profundas, a remoção total do tecido cariado pode causar uma exposição pulpar acidental, o que pode ser evitado utilizando-se o tratamento expectante. Este consiste na escavação parcial da dentina contaminada e aplicação de um biomaterial, como o hidróxido de cálcio, visando à diminuição da progressão da lesão ou até mesmo sua paralisação. Este artigo tem por objetivo descrever um caso clínico no qual o tratamento expectante foi realizado, relatando suas vantagens, limitações e indicações. Um paciente do sexo masculino, de 14 anos de idade, apresentava dor espontânea no dente 37. Os exames clínico e radiográfico indicaram uma lesão extensa, com risco de exposição pulpar; foi diagnosticada pulpite reversível. O tratamento expectante foi realizado e exames radiográficos feitos após 12, 18 e 36 meses indicaram normalidade na região apical, com formação de dentina terciária. O tratamento expectante pode ser considerado seguro, cientificamente comprovado e com grande índice de sucesso, entretanto com indicação limitada, visto que requer um dente jovem, com polpa normal ou reversivelmente inflamada.

Surface roughness evaluation and shade changes of a nanofilled resin composite after bleaching and immersion in staining solutions.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of bleaching and staining solutions on roughness and shade changes in a nanofilled resin composite [Filtek Supreme (FS)]. METHODS: FS specimens (n = 135) were light cured and separated into groups (n = 45) that were bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) agent or 16% or 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP). In the first two groups the bleaching gel was used for 4 hours a day, during 14 days, and for the third group in three sessions of 45 minutes. Each group was subdivided (n = 15) and immersed in coffee, red wine or distilled water for 3 hours a day during 40 days. The roughness values (Ra) and shade (parameter CLELab) were evaluated at baseline, after bleaching and after staining. The data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test or Kruskal Wallis. RESULTS: The effects on specimens varied depending on the bleaching product and staining solution. FS after bleaching and after staining presented higher roughness. In the evaluation of shade changes after bleaching, it was observed that resin color changed and that 35% hydrogen peroxide bleached the resin more than the others. After staining in three solutions, all specimens changed color and wine showed the higher staining capacity.

Salivary immunoglobulin A responses in professional top-level futsal players.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in 10 professional top-level Brazilian futsal players after 2 highly competitive games separated by 7 days. Unstimulated saliva was collected over a 5-minute period at PRE- and POST-match. The SIgA was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and expressed as the absolute concentration (SIgAabs) and secretion rate of IgA (SIgArate). Rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were used to monitor the exercise intensity. A 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed nonsignificant differences between matches to SIgAabs, SIgArate, and saliva flow rate (p > 0.05). However, significant time differences were observed for all these parameters. In summary, we showed that a competitive training match induced a decrease in SIgA levels in top-level futsal players, which suggests an increment of the vulnerability to infections meditated by the training stimulus. This decrease suggests that the athletes were at an increased risk of developing an upper respiratory tract infection, and therefore, it could be necessary to take protective actions to minimize contact with cold viruses or even reduce the training load for athletes.

Relação entre estresse percebido e fatores salivares, em mulheres, sob condições basais de estresse / Relationship between perceived stress and salivary parameters in women under regular stress conditions

Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre alguns fatores salivares (fluxo estimulado e não-estimulado, capacidade-tampão e atividade de a-amilase) e o estresse percebido por mulheres em condições basais de estresse. Materiais e Métodos: Selecionou-se 13 voluntárias do gênero feminino, com idade média de 31,4 ± 10,0 anos, alunas do curso de mestrado da Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP. Foi determinado fluxo salivar estimulado (FSE) e não-estimulado (FSNE); capacidade tampão (CT), atividade de a-amilase salivar (AAS) pelo método colorimétrico (Caraway modificado) e índice de estresse percebido (EP) pelo questionário de Cohen. Foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson (R) entre as variáveis avaliadas (a = 0,05). Resultados: a média ± desvio-padrão dos resultados foi FSE = 1,28 ± 0,39 ml/min; FSNE = 0,39 ± 0,18 ml/min; CT = 4,45 ± 1,53; AAS = 16.324,82 ± 12.001,26 U/dl e EP = 25,62 ± 7,09. Houve correlação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre o FSE e FSNE (R = 0,5932; p = 0,0325). Não houve correlação entre as demais variáveis. Conclusão: em condições basais de estresse, não houve relação entre o fluxo, capacidade tampão e a atividade de a-amilase salivar com o estresse percebido.(AU)

Aim: To verify the relationship among salivary factors (flow rate, buffer capacity, and alphaamylase activity) and the perceived stress in women, when under basal conditions of stress. Materials and Methods: Fourteen volunteers, students from São Leopoldo de Mandic Faculty, Campinas, SP, females, at an average of 31.4 ± 10.0 years of age, were selected. The salivary flow rate (stimulated and non-stimulated), buffer capacity, activity of salivary alpha-amylase, and the perceived stress (Cohen's questionnaire) were determined. Pearson's coefficient of correlation (R) was applied among the studied factors (a=0.05). Results: Mean ± standard deviation of the results were FSE = 1.28 ± 0.39 ml/ min; FSNE = 0.39 ± 0.18 ml/min; CT = 4.45 ± 1.53; AAS = 16,324.82 ± 12,001.26 U/dl, and EP = 25.62 ± 7.09. A positive, statistically significant correlation between FSE and FSNE (R = 0.5932; p = 0.0325) could be observed. No significant correlations between any other variables could be identified. Conclusion: Under basal conditions of stress, no relationship among salivary flow rate, buffer capacity or alpha-amylase activity, and perceived stress could be observed.(AU)

Alkali soluble fluoride deposits on bovine dental enamel after treatment with a mouthwash containing fluoride and chlorhexidine / Deposição de fluoreto solúvel em álcali no esmalte dental bovino após tratamento com um enxaguatóriocontendo fluoreto e clorexidina

Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to determine whether the addition of chlorhexidine (CHX)to a mouthwash containing fluoride (F) diminishes the concentration of soluble F and its reactivity withbovine dental enamel. Materials and Methods: First, the concentration of F found in mouthwashs wasdetermined by an ion-specific electrode. To test their reactivity, 30 slabs of bovine dental enamel (5 x 5mm)were distributed into three groups (n = 10), according to the treatment applied, for 30 seconds: controlgroup (distilled deionized water); NaF group (0.05% sodium fluoride); NaF + CHX group (Noplak Max®:0.05% sodium fluoride + 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate). After, the slabs were washed with distilleddeionized water and individually immersed in artificial saliva for 30 minutes. They were dried and thenindividually immersed in 0.5 mL of 1M KOH for 24 hours, under agitation. After buffering the samples withHCI containing TISAB II, the concentration of F present in the KOH solutions was determined be means ofan ion-specific electrode. Results: No significant difference in the concentration of soluble F in the studiedmouthwashs (NaF and NaF+CHX; Student’s t-test, p > 0.05) could be observed. Furthermore, no differencecould be identified among the alkali soluble fluoride deposits from the NaF and NaF+CHX groups, andboth groups presented higher deposit levels than did the control group (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn´s method,p < 0.05). Conclusion: The addition of CHX to a mouthwash containing F did not decrease its soluble Fconcentration, nor its reactivity to bovine dental enamel.

Effect of a kickboxing match on salivary cortisol and immunoglobulin A.

The hypothesis that salivary cortisol would increase and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) decrease after a kickboxing match was tested among 20 male athletes. Saliva samples collected before and after the match were analyzed. Salivary cortisol and salivary IgA concentrations (absolute concentration, salivary IgAabs) and the secretion rate of IgA (salivary IgArate) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A Wilcoxon test for paired samples showed significant increases in salivary cortisol from pre- to postmatch. No significant changes were observed in salivary IgAabs or secretory IgArate and saliva flow rate. This study indicates that a kickboxing match might increase salivary concentration and thereafter it could be considered a significant source of exercise-related stress. On the other hand, the effect of a kickboxing match on mucosal immunity seems not to be relevant.

Fingernail may not be a reliable biomarker of fluoride body burden from dentifrice.

Fingernail has been suggested as a biomarker of fluoride (F) body burden, but there is no consensus if it would be a reliable indicator of F exposure from dentifrice. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate if fingernails would have sensitivity to detect F exposure from dentifrice in young children. Twenty-three 1-3-year-old children living in the city of Piracicaba (0.72 ppm F in water), Brazil, were enrolled in two phases of different F exposure: in phase A (1st to 11th week), they were exposed to the combination of F from diet (solids and liquids) and dentifrice (1,500 microg F/g as MFP), and in phase B (12th to 29th week), only to F from diet (the use of F dentifrice was interrupted). Fingernails were weekly clipped during 35 weeks for F determination. F intake from diet and dentifrice in each phase was also determined. Both analyses were made with ion-specific electrode. F intake (Mean +/- SD) was significantly higher (p<0.01) when the children were exposed to F from diet+dentifrice than only to F from diet (0.086 +/- 0.032 and 0.040 +/- 0.009 mg F/day/kg body weight, respectively). However, F concentrations in nails collected during the whole experimental period of 35 weeks presented great variation with no trend of decreasing after F dentifrice intake interruption. The findings suggest that fingernail may not be a reliable F biomarker of body burden from dentifrice.

Influence of in situ postbleaching times on shear bond strength of resin-based composite restorations.

BACKGROUND: The authors conducted an in situ study of the influence of various time intervals after tooth bleaching with 35 percent hydrogen peroxide on the bond strength of resin-based composite restorations. METHODS: After selecting 20 participants, the authors randomly fixed enamel and dentin blocks onto the buccal surfaces of posterior maxillary teeth one week before performing tooth bleaching with 35 percent hydrogen peroxide. After the bleaching treatment, they removed one block of dentin or enamel and prepared it for the bond strength tests according to these time intervals: no bleaching treatment (controls), immediately after bleaching, seven days after bleaching, 14 days after bleaching and 21 days after bleaching. RESULTS: The analysis of variance and Tukey test showed significant differences between times (P<.05), and shear bond strength values of resin-based composite to enamel and dentin were lower immediately after the bleaching treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that 35 percent hydrogen peroxide reduces the bond strength to enamel and dentin and that it is necessary to wait seven days before performing adhesive restorative procedures. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of this study suggest that clinicians should allow seven days to elapse after completion of in-office bleaching with 35 percent hydrogen peroxide before placing adhesive restorations.

Fingernail may not be a reliable biomarker of fluoride body burden from dentifrice

Fingernail has been suggested as a biomarker of fluoride (F) body burden, but there is no consensus if it would be a reliable indicator of F exposure from dentifrice. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate if fingernails would have sensitivity to detect F exposure from dentifrice in young children. Twenty-three 1-3-year-old children living in the city of Piracicaba (0.72 ppm F in water), Brazil, were enrolled in two phases of different F exposure: in phase A (1st to 11th week), they were exposed to the combination of F from diet (solids and liquids) and dentifrice (1,500 µg F/g as MFP), and in phase B (12th to 29th week), only to F from diet (the use of F dentifrice was interrupted). Fingernails were weekly clipped during 35 weeks for F determination. F intake from diet and dentifrice in each phase was also determined. Both analyses were made with ion-specific electrode. F intake (Mean ± SD) was significantly higher (p<0.01) when the children were exposed to F from diet+dentifrice than only to F from diet (0.086 ± 0.032 and 0.040 ± 0.009 mg F/day/kg body weight, respectively). However, F concentrations in nails collected during the whole experimental period of 35 weeks presented great variation with no trend of decreasing after F dentifrice intake interruption. The findings suggest that fingernail may not be a reliable F biomarker of body burden from dentifrice.

As unhas têm sido consideradas um biomarcador para a exposição ao flúor (F), mas não há consenso se é um indicador confiável para exposição ao F a partir do dentifrício. Vinte e três crianças, com idade entre 1 a 3 anos, moradoras de Piracicaba (0,72 ppm F na água), Brasil, foram submetidas a duas fases de diferentes exposição ao F: fase A (1a a 11a semanas), as crianças foram expostas à combinação de F a partir da dieta (sólidos e líquidos) e dentifrício (1500 µg F/g como MFP); e na fase B (12ª a 29ª semanas), apenas ao F da dieta, uma vez que usaram dentifrício não fluoretado. As unhas das mãos foram coletadas semanalmente durante 35 semanas para determinação de F. A exposição ao F a partir da dieta e dentifrício foi também determinada. Ambas análises foram feitas com eletrodo específico para F. A exposição ao F foi significativamente maior (p<0,001) quando as crianças foram expostas ao F da dieta + dentifrício que ao F da dieta (0,086 ± 0,032 e 0,040 ± 0,009 mg F/kg corpóreo/dia, respectivamente). Entretanto, a concentração de F nas unhas coletadas durante todo o período experimental não diminuiu após a interrupção da ingestão do F a partir do dentifrício. Os resultados sugerem que as unhas das mãos não são um biomarcador confiável para refletir a exposição ao F pelo dentifrício.