Patient-Family Experience at the Onset of COVID-19: Interviews with Ten Palliative Chaplains.

Background: As thousands of patients, often with complex care needs, were hospitalized due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, demand for palliative care was magnified. Part of hospitals' palliative care teams, palliative chaplains delivered emotional support while specializing in the religious, spiritual, and the existential aspects of care. With COVID-19 containment measures increasing isolation and disrupting supportive family connections, the emotional and spiritual well-being of the patients and families were unclear. Objectives: Through the unique perspectives and insights of inpatient palliative care chaplains, we sought to qualitatively capture their perceptions and the patient-family experience as the pandemic emerged. Setting/Subjects: This investigation was based in the United States. Design: Individual semistructured telephone interviews (n = 10) were conducted between April 22 and May 6, 2020. Through thematic analysis, analyses progressed through initial coding sessions, refining a codebook, identifying representative quotes, and recognizing themes. Results: Five themes were identified and described through the coding process and recognizing representative quotes: (1) visitor restrictions-patients, (2) visitor restrictions-families, (3) religious struggle, (4) spiritual distress, and (5) decision making. Conclusions: Inpatient palliative care chaplains were active interprofessional partners caring for patients and families as the uncertainty of the pandemic unfolded. The crises of this pandemic magnified chaplain specialization as they attended to emotional, spiritual, and religious suffering and as well as complex decision making with patients and their family members.

Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Spirituality in Serious Illness.

Assessment of spiritual suffering and provision of spiritual care are a central component of palliative care (PC). Unfortunately, many PC clinicians, like most medical providers, have received limited or superficial training in spirituality and spiritual distress. This article, written by a group of spiritual care providers, and other PC and hospice clinicians, offers a more in-depth look at religion and spirituality to help to enhance readers' current skills while offering a practical roadmap for screening for spiritual distress and an overview of partnering with colleagues to ensure patients receive values-aligned spiritual care provision.

Chaplaincy Care in the MICU: Examining the Association Between Spiritual Care and End-of-Life Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Seriously ill patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) experience severe spiritual and existential distress. Patients' surrogate decision makers face the burden of making complex decisions about their loved ones' care. Experienced chaplains may play a role in assisting with decision-making, possibly by aligning patients' values and wishes with treatment plans and avoiding non-beneficial aggressive measures. OBJECTIVES: To identify associations between chaplaincy care and length of stay (LOS) in the medical ICU (MICU). METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of usual spiritual care in the adult MICUs of 4 medical centers in the United States over a 3-month period. Inclusion criteria were death in the MICU or discharge to palliative care or hospice. Measures included medical, treatment, and spiritual care information. Through bivariate and multivariable analyses associations between spiritual care and LOS were examined. RESULTS: In multivariable analysis of the 254 patients, receiving spiritual care was associated with an increased likelihood of being in a higher LOS tertile (adjusted odds ratio = 2.94, p < .001). In post hoc bivariate analysis, cases receiving spiritual care within the first 48 hours of MICU admission revealed a trend toward lower LOS (p = .181). CONCLUSION: Spiritual care in the MICU was associated with longer LOS. Early intervention by chaplains who are well-integrated in the ICU may assist patients and their loved ones in coming to terms with grave illness and making difficult treatment decisions. Further well-designed studies of spiritual care interventions that may affect outcomes are needed.

Chaplaincy Care in the MICU: Describing the Spiritual Care Provided to MICU Patients and Families at the End of Life.

BACKGROUND: Gravely ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and their families experience acute spiritual and existential needs and often require complex decisions about their care. Little is known about what constitutes chaplaincy care for patients or families in ICUs. Chaplains report that participation in medical decision-making is part of their role. OBJECTIVE: To describe the spiritual care provided to patients and their families in the ICU. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of spiritual care for patients and families in the medical ICUs (MICUs) at 4 medical centers over a 3-month period. Inclusion criteria were death in the MICU or discharge to palliative care or hospice. Measures included medical, treatment, and spiritual care information (number of visits, length of visit, chaplain categories, and type of spiritual care provided). RESULTS: Of the 254 patients, 197 (78%) received a total of 485 spiritual care visits. Seventy-seven percent of visits included provision of emotional/spiritual support; only 15% included decision-making support such as family meetings or goals-of-care conversations. The proportion receiving spiritual care increased as patients neared death or discharge. Staff chaplains were involved in goals-of-care conversations to a greater extent than student or part-time chaplains (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Spiritual care was provided to most patients and/or families at the end of life. Low chaplain involvement in decision-making in the MICU suggests opportunities to improve chaplains' contributions to ICU care.

Development of the PC-7, a Quantifiable Assessment of Spiritual Concerns of Patients Receiving Palliative Care Near the End of Life.

Background: Attending to the religious/spiritual (R/S) concerns of patients is a core component of palliative care. A primary responsibility of the chaplain is to conduct a thorough assessment of palliative care patients' R/S needs and resources. Problems with current approaches to spiritual assessment in all clinical contexts, including palliative care, include limited evidence for their validity, reliability, or clinical usefulness; narrative content; and lack of clinical specificity. Objectives: The aim of our work was to develop an evidence-based, quantifiable model for the assessment of unmet spiritual concerns of palliative care patients near the end of life. Design: The PC-7 model was developed by a team of chaplains working in palliative care. Phase 1 used literature in the field and the chaplains' clinical practice to identify key concerns in the spiritual care of palliative care patients. Phase 2 focused on developing indicators of those concerns and reliability in the chaplains' rating of them. Results: Key concerns in the model include the following. Need for meaning in the face of suffering; need for integrity, a legacy; concerns about relationships; concern or fear about dying or death; issues related to treatment decision making; R/S struggle; and other concerns. An approach to scoring the patients' degree of unmet spiritual concerns was adapted from the literature. Assessing cases from the chaplains' practice led to high levels of agreement (reliability). Conclusion: Using the PC-7 model, chaplains can describe and quantify the key spiritual concerns of palliative care patients. Further research is needed to test its validity, reliability, and clinical usefulness.

What Do Chaplains Do: The Views of Palliative Care Physicians, Nurses, and Social Workers.

It is well accepted that attention to spiritual concerns is a core dimension of palliative care. It is similarly well accepted that chaplains are the spiritual care specialists who should address such concerns. However, what chaplains do when they provide care for patients and families is often poorly understood by their palliative care colleagues. Having a clear understanding of what chaplains do is important because it contributes to improved utilization of the spiritual care and other resources of the palliative care team and thereby to better care for patients and families. The aim of this study was to describe what palliative care physicians, nurses, and social workers understand about what chaplains do. Brief surveys were distributed to participants at 2 workshops for palliative care professionals in 2016. The survey was completed by 110 participants. The majority reported that they understood what chaplains do moderately well or very well. Thirty-three percent of the written comments about what chaplains do were very general; 25% were more specific. Only a small proportion of the participants were aware that chaplains provide care for the team, are involved in facilitating treatment decision-making, perform spiritual assessments, and bridge communication between the patient/family/team/community. Based on our survey, palliative care colleagues appear to have a broad understanding of what chaplains do but many may be unfamiliar with important contributions of chaplains to care for patients, families, and teams. These findings point to the need for ongoing education of palliative teams about what chaplains do in palliative care.