Oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL) controls leukemic T-cell survival by preventing excessive PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis in the plasma membrane.

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is one of the deadliest and most aggressive hematological malignancies, but its pathological mechanism in controlling cell survival is not fully understood. Oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by cataracts, intellectual disability, and proteinuria. This disease has been shown to be caused by mutation of oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe 1 (OCRL1; OCRL), encoding a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] 5-phosphatase involved in regulating membrane trafficking; however, its function in cancer cells is unclear. Here, we uncovered that OCRL1 is overexpressed in T-ALL cells, and knockdown of OCRL1 results in cell death, indicating the essential role of OCRL in controlling T-ALL cell survival. We show OCRL is primarily localized in the Golgi and can translocate to plasma membrane (PM) upon ligand stimulation. We found OCRL interacts with oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 4L, which facilitates OCRL translocation from the Golgi to the PM upon cluster of differentiation 3 stimulation. Thus, OCRL represses the activity of oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 4L to prevent excessive PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis by phosphoinositide phospholipase C ß3 and uncontrolled Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. We propose OCRL1 deletion leads to accumulation of PI(4,5)P2 in the PM, disrupting the normal Ca2+ oscillation pattern in the cytosol and leading to mitochondrial Ca2+ overloading, ultimately causing T-ALL cell mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. These results highlight a critical role for OCRL in maintaining moderate PI(4,5)P2 availability in T-ALL cells. Our findings also raise the possibility of targeting OCRL1 to treat T-ALL disease.

An acquired phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate transport initiates T-cell deterioration and leukemogenesis.

Lipid remodeling is crucial for malignant cell transformation and tumorigenesis, but the precise molecular processes involved and direct evidences for these in vivo remain elusive. Here, we report that oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)-related protein 4 L (ORP4L) is expressed in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells but not normal T-cells. In ORP4L knock-in T-cells, ORP4L dimerizes with OSBP to control the shuttling of OSBP between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane (PM) as an exchanger of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P]/cholesterol. The PI(4)P arriving at the PM via this transport machinery replenishes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] biosynthesis, thus contributing to PI3K/AKT hyperactivation and T-cell deterioration in vitro and in vivo. Disruption of ORP4L and OSBP dimerization disables PI(4)P transport and T-cell leukemogenesis. In summary, we identify a non-vesicular lipid transport machinery between Golgi and PM maintaining the oncogenic signaling competence initiating T-cell deterioration and leukemogenesis.

Loss of miR-31-5p drives hematopoietic stem cell malignant transformation and restoration eliminates leukemia stem cells in mice.

Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) propagate leukemia and are responsible for the high frequency of relapse of treated patients. The ability to target LSCs remains elusive, indicating a need to understand the underlying mechanism of LSC formation. Here, we report that miR-31-5p is reduced or undetectable in human LSCs compared to hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). Inhibition of miR-31-5p in HSPCs promotes the expression of its target gene FIH, encoding FIH [factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducing factor 1α (HIF-1α)], to suppress HIF-1α signaling. Increased FIH resulted in a switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as the predominant mode of energy metabolism and increased the abundance of the oncometabolite fumarate. Increased fumarate promoted the conversion of HSPCs to LSCs and initiated myeloid leukemia-like disease in NOD-Prkdcscid IL2rgtm1/Bcgen (B-NDG) mice. We further demonstrated that miR-31-5p inhibited long- and short-term hematopoietic stem cells with a high frequency of LSCs. In combination with the chemotherapeutic agent Ara-C (cytosine arabinoside), restoration of miR-31-5p using G7 poly (amidoamine) nanosized dendriplex encapsulating miR-31-5p eliminated LSCs and inhibited acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression in patient-derived xenograft mouse models. These results demonstrated a mechanism of HSC malignant transformation through altered energy metabolism and provided a potential therapeutic strategy to treat patients with AML.

BF2 group chelated AIE fluorescent probe for polarity mapping of lipid droplets in cells and in vivo.

Lipid droplets (LDs), are multi-functional organelles with the storage of neutral lipids and proteins, participating in various of physiological processes. However, abnormal of LDs in morphology and numbers always lead to multiple diseases, including cancer, viral infection, obesity, inflammation. To better understand the physiological function of LDs in living cells, we designed two new fluorescent probes LDs-CA and LDs-BCA based on the triphenylamine and coumarin fluorophores to monitor LDs polarity and numbers variation in this work. The one-step strategy for the regulation of BF2 group realized a gratifying in emission wavelengths from orange fluorescence of LDs-CA to the red fluorescence of LDs-BCA, surprisingly. The two novel probes showed strong positive solvatochromism effect in different solvents and exhibited the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. Based on the above excellent optical properties, LDs-CA and LDs-BCA were applied for imaging of the LDs with high overlap coefficient when co-stained with commercial dyes, respectively. The probes of LDs-CA and LDs-BCA provided an intuitive method to visualize the dynamic changes of LDs in morphology, size, and numbers under nutritionalstimulation, affording a powerful tool for fluorescence visualization of LDs related biological processes. Notably, the near-infrared emissive probe LDs-BCA successfully imaged the gastric fat in living obese mouse, which may provide a new idea for medical diagnostics.

A non-peptide probe for detecting chymotrypsin activity based on protection-deprotection strategy in living systems.

Chymotrypsin (CHT) plays a vital role in the metabolism of organisms and affects cell proliferation and apoptosis. Abnormal levels of CHT will lead to a variety of diseases, such as inflammatory arthritis, diabetes, pharyngitis, indigestion, and pancreatic cancer. Therefore, it is significant to design an effective method for the detection of CHT in living systems. Here, we synthesized a specific deep-red non-peptide probe DT by effectively combining isophorone and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde for the detection of CHT using 3-phenylpropionate chloride as the recognition group based on a protection-deprotection strategy. The DT probe exhibited an emission range of 525-700 nm and showed excellent photostability, high sensitivity (LOD = 0.071 U mL-1), and selectivity for CHT detection. The cellular experiments demonstrated that DT could sensitively recognize CHT activity in three cell lines and the content of CHT was much higher in P815 cells than in MCF-7 and 3T3 cells. Also, DT was successfully used to visualize the endogenous CHT in zebrafish. Notably, the DT probe provided an intuitive way to visualize endogenous CHT in mouse pancreas for the first time, demonstrating the potential for application in the future clinical diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. Therefore, the small-molecule probe DT is expected to be a useful molecular tool for CHT-related disease diagnosis and drug discovery.

A coumarin-based TICT fluorescent probe for real-time fluorescence lifetime imaging of mitochondrial viscosity and systemic inflammation in vivo.

Systemic inflammation, linked with abnormal mitochondrial viscosity, is reported to be associated with cerebro-cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, it is of great significance to detect the mitochondrial viscosity to indicate the inflammatory signal in vivo. Considering the strategies of fluorescent molecular rotors (FMRs) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), we have rationally designed a novel mitochondrial viscosity-specific fluorescent probe Mito-VCI, based on coumarin fluorophores with benzo[e]indolium as the rotor group. In a high viscosity solution system, the fluorescence lifetime of the probe Mito-VCI was prolonged due to the planarization and rigidity enhancement of the molecular rotor. Satisfactorily, the probe was only sensitive to viscosity, instead of non-viscosity factors such as pH and polarity. Furthermore, the probe sensitively targeted mitochondria in HeLa cells with a Pearson's correlation of 0.93, and specifically detected dynamics variation of mitochondrial viscosity with FLIM imaging in HeLa cells induced by LPS. Notably, significant fluorescence lifetime changes of Mito-VCI between normal and inflammatory tissues also occurred (for example, the fluorescence lifetime in the spleen changed from 1.128 to 1.432 ns). It can be inferred from the above observations that Mito-VCI could work as an effective and sensitive fluorescent molecular rotor for mitochondrial viscosity monitoring through FLIM imaging with a systemic inflammatory response, and provide potential applications for the diagnosis of systemic inflammation in pharmacology and toxicology studies.

ORP4L Extracts and Presents PIP2 from Plasma Membrane for PLCß3 Catalysis: Targeting It Eradicates Leukemia Stem Cells.

Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are a rare subpopulation of abnormal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that propagates leukemia and are responsible for the high frequency of relapse in therapies. Detailed insights into LSCs' survival will facilitate the identification of targets for therapeutic approaches. Here, we develop an inhibitor, LYZ-81, which targets ORP4L with high affinity and specificity and selectively eradicates LCSs in vitro and in vivo. ORP4L is expressed in LSCs but not in normal HSCs and is essential for LSC bioenergetics and survival. It extracts PIP2 from the plasma membrane and presents it to PLCß3, enabling IP3 generation and subsequent Ca2+-dependent bioenergetics. LYZ-81 binds ORP4L competitively with PIP2 and blocks PIP2 hydrolysis, resulting in defective Ca2+ signaling. The results provide evidence that LSCs can be eradicated through the inhibition of ORP4L by LYZ-81, which may serve as a starting point of drug development for the elimination of LSCs to eventually cure leukemia.

OSBP-related protein 4L promotes phospholipase Cß3 translocation from the nucleus to the plasma membrane in Jurkat T-cells.

Phosphoinositide phospholipases C (PLCs) are a family of eukaryotic intracellular enzymes with important roles in signal transduction. In addition to their location at the plasma membrane, PLCs also exist within the cell nucleus where they are stored. We previously demonstrated that OSBP-related protein 4L (ORP4L) anchors cluster of differentiation 3ϵ (CD3ϵ) to the heterotrimeric G protein subunit (Gαq/11) to control PLCß3 relocation and activation. However, the underlying mechanism by which ORP4L facilitates PLCß3 translocation remains unknown. Here, using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation assays, we report that ORP4L stimulates PLCß3 translocation from the nucleus to the plasma membrane in Jurkat T-cells in two steps. First, we found that ORP4L is required for the activation of Ras-related nuclear protein (RAN), a GTP-binding nuclear protein that binds to exportin 1 and eventually promotes the nuclear export of PLCß3. Second, we also observed that ORP4L interacts with vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein A (VAPA) through its two phenylalanines in an acidic tract (FFAT) motif. This complex enabled PLCß3 movement to the plasma membrane, indicating that PLCß3 translocation occurs in a VAPA-dependent manner. This study reveals detailed mechanistic insight into the role of ORP4L in PLCß3 redistribution from storage within the nucleus to the plasma membrane via RAN activation and interaction with VAPA in Jurkat T-cells.

Hierarchical Assembly of a {Co24} Cluster from Two Vertex-Fused {Co13} Clusters and Their Single-Molecule Magnetism.

We present the synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetic properties of two high-nuclearity cobalt clusters formulated as [Co13(µ3-OH)3(µ3-Cl)(dpbt)5(ptd)Cl10][Co(H2O)2Cl2]·(CH3)2CHOH (1) and [Co24(µ3-OH)6(µ3-Cl)2(dpbt)10(ptd)2Cl16]·2CH3CH2OH (2), respectively (H2dpbt = 5,5'-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-3,3'-bis(1,2,4-triazole) and H2ptd = 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazine-5,6-diol). Compound 1 is composed of an inner [Co4(µ3-OH)3(µ3-Cl)] cubane and an outer [Co9(dpbt)5(ptd)Cl10] defective adamantane. Compound 2 reveals a giant {Co24} cluster possessing a dual-[Co12] skeleton from 1. The hierarchical assembly from 1 to 2 has been established and tracked through high-resolution electrospray ionization (HRESI-MS) analyses from the solvothermal reaction mother solution. Magnetic studies of 1 and 2 revealed the highly correlated spins, a glasslike magnetic phase transition at ca. 8 K, and slow relaxation behavior of SMM nature in the lower-temperature region (below 4 K).

Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 4L promotes cell proliferation by sustaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in cervical carcinoma cell lines.

Oxsterol binding protein-related protein 4 (ORP4) is essential for cell proliferation, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. ORP4 is expressed as three variants, ORP4L, ORP4M and ORP4S. Here, we reported that silencing of ORP4L with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited the proliferation of human cervical cancer cell lines C33A, HeLa and CaSki, the reverse effect being observed in ORP4L overexpressing cells. For molecular insight, we found that ORP4L maintained intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Through this mechanism, ORP4L activated nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity and thus promoted expression of a gene cluster which supported cell proliferation. Of note, ORP4L sustained inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) expression at both mRNA and protein levels via Ca2+-dependent NFAT3 activation, which offered a mechanic explanation for the role of ORP4L intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Furthermore, ORP4L knockdown markedly inhibited tumor growth in a C33A cell xenograft mouse model. To conclude, our results reveal that ORP4L promotes cell proliferation through maintaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis.

Efficient production of l-lactic acid by an engineered Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense with broad substrate specificity.

BACKGROUND: Efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to optically pure lactic acid is a key challenge for the economical production of biodegradable poly-lactic acid. A recently isolated strain, Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense SCUT27, is promising as an efficient lactic acid production bacterium from biomass due to its broad substrate specificity. Additionally, its strictly anaerobic and thermophilic characteristics suppress contamination from other microoragnisms. Herein, we report the significant improvements of concentration and yield in lactic acid production from various lignocellulosic derived sugars, achieved by the carbon flux redirection through homologous recombination in T. aotearoense SCUT27. RESULTS: T. aotearoense SCUT27 was engineered to block the acetic acid formation pathway to improve the lactic acid production. The genetic manipulation resulted in 1.8 and 2.1 fold increase of the lactic acid yield using 10 g/L of glucose or 10 g/L of xylose as substrate, respectively. The maximum l-lactic acid yield of 0.93 g/g glucose with an optical purity of 99.3% was obtained by the engineered strain, designated as LA1002, from 50 g/L of substrate, which is very close to the theoretical value (1.0 g/g of glucose). In particular, LA1002 produced lactic acid at an unprecedented concentration up to 3.20 g/L using 10 g/L xylan as the single substrate without any pretreatment after 48 h fermentation. The non-sterilized fermentative production of l-lactic acid was also carried out, achieving values of 44.89 g/L and 0.89 g/g mixed sugar for lactic acid concentration and yield, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Blocking acetic acid formation pathway in T. aotearoense SCUT27 increased l-lactic acid production and yield dramatically. To our best knowledge, this is the best performance of fermentation on lactic acid production using xylan as the sole carbon source, considering the final concentration, yield and fermentation time. In addition, it should be mentioned that the performance of non-sterilized simultaneous fermentation from glucose and xylose was very close to that of normal sterilized cultivation. All these results used the mutant strain, LA1002, indicated that it is a new promising candidate for the effective production of optically pure l-lactic acid from lignocellulosic biomass.

Increase of urinary concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in diesel exhaust emission inspector exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to explore the factors influencing urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in diesel engine exhaust emission inspectors (inspectors), the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) levels in diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), and the PAHs exposure levels in diesel vehicle emission inspection stations (inspection stations). METHODS: Twenty-eight inspectors and a control group of thirty-eight individuals matched by age and gender were recruited for this study. Fifteen ambient air samples and eighty-four personal air samples were monitored during 3-day work periods using a repeated-measures study design in each inspection station. Airborne samples were analyzed with a fluorescence detector and by high-performance liquid chromatography. Urinary 8-OHdG was measured in 168 pre- and post-work urine samples from inspectors, and in 38 urine samples from controls. RESULTS: The concentrations of PAHs in DEP(2.5) (PM(2.5) in DEPs) were significantly and positively related to urinary log(10) 8-OHdG levels after adjusting for smoking status and BMI. Statistically, there was a significant correlation between air log(10) PAHs and air log(10) PM(2.5) concentrations in inspectors. Fifteen PAHs compounds within DEP(2.5) revealed the concentrations ranged from 5.18 to 22.93 ng/m(3) in ambient air monitoring and 1.03 to 12.60 ng/m(3) in personal air monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to indicate an association between occupational PAHs exposure from DEP(2.5) at an inspection station and an increased excretion of urinary 8-OHdG in inspectors. In addition, this study also found smoking is not a confounder in inspectors exposed to PAHs in DEP(2.5).

Disruption of lactate dehydrogenase through homologous recombination to improve bioethanol production in Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense.

To enhance ethanol production in Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense, the lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) gene, which is responsible for lactic acid production in a key branch pathway, was successfully disrupted via homologous recombination. ldh-up and ldh-down were designed and amplified based on JW/SL-YS485-AY 278026, and they were subsequently used as homologous fragments with an inserted erythromycin resistance gene to construct the targeted vector based on pBLUESCRIPT II SK(+). Southern hybridization and PCR-based assay definitely confirmed that the ldh gene in the Δldh mutant was disrupted by the insertion of the erythromycin resistance gene. Compared with the wild type, the Δldh mutant exhibited increases of 31.0% and 31.4% in cell yield under glucose and xylose cultivation, respectively, probably because knocking out the ldh gene results in increased acetate and ATP levels. Knockout of lactate dehydrogenase produced 2.37- and 2.1-fold increases in the yield of ethanol (mole/mole substrate) under glucose and xylose cultivation, respectively. Moreover, no lactic acid was detected in Δldh mutant fermentation mixtures (detection limit of HPLC: 0.5 mM), but lactic acid was readily detected for growth of the wild-type strain on both glucose and xylose, with final concentrations up to 59.24 mM and 56.06 mM, respectively. The success of this process thoroughly demonstrates the methodological possibility of gene knockout through homologous recombination in Thermoanaerobacterium.

High efficiency hydrogen production from glucose/xylose by the ldh-deleted Thermoanaerobacterium strain.

A strictly anaerobic, thermoacidophilic, H(2)-producing bacterium was isolated and designated as Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense. The optimized cultivation conditions for H(2) production are 55 degrees C, pH 6.5 and 10gl(-1) of glucose or xylose. A metabolic pathway analysis showed that lactate occupied most of the liquid metabolites and consumed a large amount of NADH. To increase the efficiency of hydrogen production, the gene encoding the l-lactate dehydrogenase was knocked out to redirect the NADH flow. Genetic manipulation resulted in the 2 and 2.5 folds increase of the H(2) yield and production rate, respectively. The maximum H(2) yields using the Deltaldh mutant were 2.71, 1.45 and 2.28molH(2)mol(-1) sugar under glucose, xylose and glucose/xylose mixture tests, respectively. The recombinant Deltaldh strain could ferment the mixture of glucose and xylose to produce H(2) effectively, indicating that the performance of Thermoanaerobacterium in H(2) production can be significantly improved by metabolic engineering technique.