ABSTRACT
Shoulder pain is common after neurological injury and can be disabling, lead to poor functional outcomes and increase care costs. Its cause is multifactoral and several pathologies contribute to the presentation. Astute diagnostic skills and a multidisciplinary approach are required to recognise what is clinically relevant and to implement appropriate stepwise management. In the absence of large clinical trial data, we aim to provide a comprehensive, practical and pragmatic overview of shoulder pain in patients with neurological conditions. We use available evidence to produce a management guideline, taking into account specialty opinions from neurology, rehabilitation medicine, orthopaedics and physiotherapy.
Subject(s)
Shoulder Pain , Stroke , Humans , Hemiplegia/etiology , Hemiplegia/rehabilitation , Pain Management , Shoulder Pain/diagnosis , Shoulder Pain/etiology , Shoulder Pain/therapy , Stroke/complicationsABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Botulinum Toxin type A (BTX-A) has historically been used as a treatment to reduce spasticity. However, its potential to treat neuropathic pain is increasingly being recognized in the literature. This clinical review examines the evidence regarding the use of BTX-A in directly treating neuropathic pain in the spinal cord injured population. METHODS: An electronic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed and Scopus from inception to May 2020. The key words 'spinal cord injury' AND 'neuropathic pain' AND 'botulinum toxin' AND 'human' were used. The literature search produced a total of 65 results of which 14 duplicates were removed. There was 1 additional paper included following a manual search, providing a total of 52 papers. Taking into account inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 case reports and 2 randomized control trials were reviewed. RESULTS: While there are multiple studies published on the use of BTX-A to manage neuropathic pain in other patient populations, there is very little published on its potential to treat spinal cord injury-related neuropathic pain. The provisional data provides some evidence that subcutaneous injection of BTX-A may benefit this patient group, although dosing and application schedules remain untested, and information on longer-term complications has yet to be been collected. CONCLUSION: While early results are interesting, the quality and quantity of research published is not yet high enough to provide formal guidance on the use of BTX-A in treating central neuropathic pain in the spinal cord injury population. Further high-quality research is therefore recommended going forward.
Subject(s)
Botulinum Toxins, Type A , Neuralgia , Spinal Cord Injuries , Botulinum Toxins, Type A/therapeutic use , Humans , Muscle Spasticity/drug therapy , Neuralgia/drug therapy , Neuralgia/etiology , Spinal Cord Injuries/complications , Spinal Cord Injuries/drug therapyABSTRACT
Autonomic dysreflexia is a relatively common condition in people who have a spinal cord injury above the level of T6. It is a potentially life-threatening; without timely and effective treatment, it can have deleterious cardiophysiological and systemic consequences. It is therefore imperative for medical professionals to have a clear understanding of its acute management, and be prepared to provide support and education to those caring for at-risk patients. In this paper we provide practical guidance and supporting evidence regarding the management of autonomic dysreflexia in adults with spinal cord injury.
