Activation of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes in a mouse model of Schistosoma mansoni infection.

Schistosomiasis is an inflammatory disease that occurs when schistosome species eggs are deposited in the liver, resulting in fibrosis and portal hypertension. Schistosomes can interact with host inflammasomes to elicit host immune responses, leading to mitochondrial damage, generation of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of apoptosis during inflammation. This study aims to examine whether ROS and NF-κB (p65) expression elicited other types of inflammasome activation in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mouse livers. We examine the relationship between inflammasome activation, mitochondrial damage and ROS production in mouse livers infected with S. mansoni. We demonstrate a significant release of ROS and superoxides and increased NF-κB (p65) in S. mansoni-infected mouse livers. Moreover, activation of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes was triggered by S. mansoni infection. Stimulation of HuH-7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells with soluble egg antigen induced activation of the AIM2 inflammasome pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that S. mansoni infection promotes both NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation.

Evaluation of the molecular Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay vs. Alere i Influenza A & B assay for rapid detection of influenza viruses.

A new FDA-approved Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay has been released for rapid influenza virus detection. We collected 134 nasopharyngeal specimens to compare the diagnostic performance of the Xpert assay and the Alere i Influenza A & B assay for influenza A and B virus detection. The Xpert assay demonstrated 100% and 96.3% sensitivity to influenza A and influenza B virus respectively. Its specificity was 100% for both viruses. The Alere i assay demonstrated slightly lower sensitivity but similar specificity to the Xpert Xpress assay. Although the Xpert assay (30 min) required longer processing time than the Alere assay (15 min), the handling procedure of the Alere assay was more complicated than the Xpert assay. As the GenXpert system has higher throughput than the Alere system, it is more suitable for hospital clinical laboratories. Overall, the new Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay is a reliable and useful tool for rapid influenza detection.

Mediastinal mature teratoma in a child- A case report.

Mediastinal teratoma is an infrequent germ cell tumour and comprises of 1 to 5% of all mediastinal tumours. We report a case of mediastinal mature teratoma in a 12 year old boy who presented to us with persistent non-productive cough, fever and dyspnoea for the past 7 months. Computed tomographic scan of thorax revealed a large anterior mediastinal mass measuring 11.2x9.9x14cm with calcification within. He subsequently underwent a median sternotomy with left subcostal extension (L-incision) and excision of tumour. Histopathology of the tumour revealed a mature cystic teratoma. We would like to report a case of successful surgical management of a large mediastinal mature teratoma in a child.

A young patient with history of Kawasaki disease presenting with triple vessel disease.

Kawasaki disease is primarily a condition that affects young children and it is associated with cardiac morbidity and mortality. This disease has been known to cause coronary artery aneurysms which occurs as a sequelae of vasculitis. The progression of triple vessel disease in adult which results from cardiac complications from Kawasaki disease is rare. We report a case of a young man with history of Kawasaki disease at infancy presenting with triple vessel disease requiring cardiac bypass surgery at the age of 20 years old.

High prevalence of primary Enfuvirtide (ENF) resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1-infected patients in Hong Kong.

BACKGROUND: Enfuvirtide (ENF) is a viral fusion inhibitor used in patients failing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Mutations associated with ENF resistance have been identified within amino acid positions 36-45 of gp41. As ENF will be introduced to Hong Kong, an understanding of the prevalence of naturally occurred ENF resistance mutations is important before implementation of ENF treatment. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of ENF resistance-associated mutations in the HR1 and HR2 of HIV-1 strains obtained from ENF-naïve patients. STUDY DESIGN: HIV-1 strains isolated from 185 patients (156 antiretroviral treatment [ART]-naïve and 29 HAART-experienced) were screened for ENF resistance-associated mutations using RT-PCR and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Primary mutations were detected in 19.4% of HARRT-experienced patients and 20.5% of ART-naïve patients. G36D was encountered most frequently and more prevalent in non-B subtypes. N42S, L54M and V69I were the major polymorphisms detected. N42S and L54M were predominant in CRF01_AE and subtype B, respectively. V69I was found in all samples harboring G36D. In three longitudinal samples from an ENF-treated patient, G36D was detected after ENF treatment for 6 months and the mutation persisted after termination of ENF for 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of ENF resistance-associated mutations in HARRT-experienced and ART-naïve patients identified in this study highlights the importance of mutation screening before ENF therapy in Hong Kong. Our findings from the ENF-treated patient showed that G36D mutation persisted as long as 6 months after ENF withdrawal. Phenotypic assays will be necessary to confirm the influence of this mutation to ENF susceptibility.

Unusual traumatic triceps tendon avulsion rupture: a word of caution.

Triceps tendon rupture is a rare condition. The usual mechanism of injury is a fall on an outstretched hand, although direct contact injuries have also been reported to cause this injury. A 67-year-old woman presented with injuries caused by direct impact to her right elbow after a fall. X-rays of the elbow demonstrated the cardinal clinical 'gap' and 'flake' signs. It is necessary to be aware of this injury and perform a careful examination at the time of the initial presentation, as the signs of this injury are usually subtle. Most reported primary repairs have been performed with non-absorbable transosseous sutures. In this case report, we show how using suture anchors for reattachment is a technically feasible alternative operative method providing a good surgical outcome.

Molecular epidemiological study of HIV-1 CRF01_AE transmission in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the transmission history of the HIV-1 CRF01_AE epidemics in Hong Kong between 1994 and 2007. METHODS: A total of 465 HIV-1 CRF01_AE pol sequences were derived from an in-house or a commercial HIV-1 genotyping system. Phylogenies of CRF01_AE sequences were analyzed by the Bayesian coalescent method. RESULTS: CRF01_AE patient population included 363 males (78.1%) and 102 females (21.9%), whereas 65% (314 of 465) were local Chinese. Major transmission routes were heterosexual contact (63%), followed by intravenous drug use (IDU) (19%) and men having sex with men (MSM) (17%). From phylogenetic analysis, local CRF01_AE strains were from multiple origins with 3 separate transmission clusters identified. Cluster 1 consisted mainly of Chinese male IDUs and heterosexuals. Clusters 2 and 3 included mainly local Chinese MSM and non-Chinese Asian IDUs, respectively. Chinese reference isolates available from China (Fujian, Guangxi, or Liaoning) were clonally related to our transmission clusters, demonstrating the epidemiological linkage of CRF01_AE infections between Hong Kong and China. The 3 individual local transmission clusters were estimated to have initiated since late 1980s and late 1990s, causing subsequent epidemics in the early 2000s. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first comprehensive molecular epidemiological study of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in Hong Kong. It revealed that MSM contact is becoming a major route of local CRF01_AE transmission in Hong Kong. Epidemiological linkage of CRF01_AE between Hong Kong and China observed in this study indicates the importance of regular molecular epidemiological surveillance for the HIV-1 epidemic in our region.

Molecular epidemiology and divergence of HIV type 1 protease codon 35 inserted strains among treatment-naive patients in Hong Kong.

This study reported the prevalence and pattern of viral replication-associated HIV-1 protease codon 35 amino acid insertions among treatment-naive patients in Hong Kong. The transmission and divergence date of these inserted strains was also investigated. The pol gene of 264 local HIV-1 isolates was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The transmission history of protease codon 35-inserted HIV-1 strains in Hong Kong was estimated by the Bayesian coalescent method. This insertion was detected in 12 (4.55%) among 264 treatment-naive subtype B HIV-1 patients in Hong Kong, which was 20-times higher than the prevalence in the western countries. Among these strains, eight carried a glutamic acid (GAA) insertion (E35E_E), two carried an aspartic acid (GAC) insertion (E35E_D), and two carried a glycine (GGA) insertion (E35E_G). E35E_D and E35E_E insertions were the first to be reported. All the 12 inserted sequences clustered in the same lineage of the phylogenetic tree, indicating the possibility of transmission of this insertion. Epidemiological investigation revealed the major route of infection for this inserted strain in Hong Kong was associated mainly among homosexual Chinese males. The evolutionary rate of these inserted strains was similar to other subtype B HIV-1 strains. Through coalescent-based analysis, the divergence date of the protease codon 35-inserted strains in Hong Kong was 1995. Our findings demonstrate the epidemic pathways of viral fitness-related HIV-1 protease codon 35-inserted isolates in Hong Kong. The effect of these novel insertions on viral fitness and drug susceptibility requires further investigation.

Cow's milk allergy in adults is rare but severe: both casein and whey proteins are involved.

BACKGROUND: Studies on cow's milk allergy (CMA) in adults are scarce. Little is known about the clinical symptoms, eliciting doses (ED), and allergens involved. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical symptoms, ED and allergen recognition in adult CMA patients, compared with cow's milk (CM)-sensitized, but tolerant controls. METHODS: Adult CMA patients were evaluated by standardized questionnaires (n=30), skin prick tests (SPTs) and specific IgE for CM allergens (n=18), and a double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC, n=10). A control group (n=25) of CM-sensitized, but tolerant adults was included. RESULTS: The majority of CMA patients (20/30, 67%) reported severe symptoms. In all patients participating in DBPCFC, CMA was confirmed. ED for subjective symptoms (0.3-300 mg CM protein) were significantly lower than that for objective symptoms (300-9000 mg CM protein). The severity of CMA by history and ED was not correlated with SPT or IgE. Patients had higher SPT reactivity than controls for CM, alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin (P=0.002, P=0.014 and P=0.004) but not for casein. Specific IgE to CM tended to be higher (P=0.068) and IgE to casein was higher in patients than that in controls (P=0.016). No difference was observed for IgE to alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin. CONCLUSION: Adult CMA is severe in nature. ED are low, starting from 0.3 mg CM protein. Patients with CMA recognize the same major allergens (casein and whey proteins) as controls, but display a stronger SPT and IgE reactivity.

Crystal arthropathy of the lumbar spine: a report of 4 cases.

Gout or pseudogout, caused by deposition of crystals, rarely affects the spine. We report 4 cases with gout or pseudogout in the lumbar spine. Two had cauda equina syndrome and another 2 had spinal stenosis. To avoid unnecessary surgery, this should be considered in the differential diagnosis when treating patients with histories of gout or pseudogout for spinal problems.

Evaluation of an in-house genotyping resistance test for HIV-1 drug resistance interpretation and genotyping.

INTRODUCTION: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotyping resistance test (GRT) has been considered essential for HIV-1 drug resistance monitoring. However, it is not commonly used in some developing countries in Asia and Africa due to its high running cost. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate a new low-cost in-house GRT for both subtype B and non-B HIV-1. STUDY DESIGN: The in-house GRT sequenced the entire protease and 410 codons of reverse transcriptase (RT) in the pol gene. Its performance on drug resistance interpretation was evaluated against the FDA-approved ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System. Particularly, a panel of 235 plasma samples from 205 HIV-1-infected patients in Hong Kong was investigated. The HIV-1 drug resistance-related mutations detected by the two systems were compared. The HIV-1 subtypes were analyzed through the REGA HIV-1 Genotyping Tool and env phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Among the 235 samples, 229 (97.4%) were successfully amplified by both in-house and ViroSeq systems. All PCR-negative samples harbored viral RNA at <400 copies/mL. The in-house and ViroSeq system showed identical drug resistance-related mutation patterns in 216 out of 229 samples (94.3%). The REGA pol genotyping results showed 93.9% (215/229) concordance with the env phylogenetic results including HIV-1 subtype A1, B, C, D, G, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, CRF06_cpx, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, CRF15_01B and other recombinant strains. The cost of running the in-house GRT is only 25% of that for the commercial system, thus making it suitable for the developing countries in Asia and Africa. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our in-house GRT provided comparable results to those of the commercial ViroSeq genotyping system on diversified HIV-1 subtypes at a more affordable price which make it suitable for HIV-1 monitoring in developing countries.

Evaluation of NucliSens EasyQ HIV-1 assay for quantification of HIV-1 subtypes prevalent in South-east Asia.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring anti-retroviral therapy requires that viral load assays for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) be applicable to diverse HIV-1 subtypes. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate NucliSens EasyQ HIV-1 assay for quantitation of common HIV-1 subtypes prevalent in South-east Asia. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and nineteen plasma samples collected in Hong Kong and Cambodia were used to compare the performance of NucliSens EasyQ HIV-1 and COBAS Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor version 1.5 assays. Viral RNA extracted from the NucliSens MiniMAG was also used for HIV-1 subtyping. RESULTS: Performance of NucliSens EasyQ correlated well with COBAS Amplicor (r=0.777, p<0.001) and the small mean difference (0.0462log(10)IU/mL) obtained in the Bland and Altman model indicated good agreement between two assays. The NucliSens EasyQ assay demonstrated a 95% sensitivity at 500IU/mL and 100% specificity. Reproducibility of this assay was within log(10)2-4IU/mL and had a coefficient of variation between 2.3% and 10.4%. Among the 109 specimens included in the analysis, HIV-1 subtyping identified 64 CRF01_AE, 38 subtype B, 3 subtype C, 3 CRF07_BC and 1 subtype G viruses. CONCLUSIONS: Performance of NucliSens EasyQ was comparable to COBAS Amplicor for HIV-1 viral load monitoring. RNA extracts from NucliSens MiniMAG could be used for HIV-1 viral load monitoring, subtyping and drug resistance mutations detection. Our findings highlight the versatility of both NucliSens EasyQ and COBAS Amplicor in monitoring prevalent subtypes and rare circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) in the South-east Asia region.

Clinical utility of genotyping resistance test on determining the mutation patterns in HIV-1 CRF01_AE and subtype B patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Hong Kong.

BACKGROUND: HIV-1 genotypic resistance test (GRT) has been widely used to monitor HIV infection but only few reports revealed the mutation patterns of non-B HIV-1 subtypes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the concordance of GRT and clinical treatment outcomes on different HIV-1 subtypes and monitor the mutation patterns and frequencies. STUDY DESIGN: Pre- and post-treatment plasma samples from 123 patients (39 treatment naïve and 84 treatment experienced) were tested by ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System followed by analysis using the Stanford HIV database. The mutation patterns and frequencies developed in the pol gene were compared among subtypes. RESULTS: HIV-1 subtypes among patients in Hong Kong were mainly subtype B and CRF01_AE. Primary mutation was not detected among all pre-treatment samples. For post-treatment samples, primary mutations were only detected in the treatment failure group. The mutation patterns and frequencies were similar between CRF01_AE and subtype B viruses. However, the frequencies of L74V/I and K103N in the reverse transcriptase region were different between CRF01_AE and subtype B viruses. VirtualPhenotype was unable to analyze an in-frame insertion of arginine and isoleucine at protease codon 35 of one CRF01_AE isolate. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to demonstrate the high degree of concordance of longitudinal genotyping data and clinical treatment outcome in patients harboring different HIV-1 subtypes. Our findings shed light to the emergence of resistance mutations and its testing in CRF01_AE, which is relevant to other prevailing places in Asia.

Clinical evaluation of real-time PCR assays for rapid diagnosis of SARS coronavirus during outbreak and post-epidemic periods.

BACKGROUND: The protocols of WHO network laboratories facilitated development of rapid diagnosis for SARS coronavirus (CoV) using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays. However, several reports have shown that conventional and real-time PCR assays were very specific for SARS CoV but lack sensitivity depending on the assay, specimen, and time course of disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an automatic nucleic acid extraction system and two standardized real-time PCR assays for rapid diagnosis of SARS CoV during outbreak and post-epidemic periods in Hong Kong. STUDY DESIGN: Specimens from clinically suspected SARS patients collected during outbreak and post-epidemic periods were tested by an automatic nucleic acid extraction system followed by our first generation conventional RT-PCR and two standardized real-time PCR assays (Artus GmbH, Germany and Roche Diagnostics, Germany). Paired serum samples were assayed for increasing titer against SARS CoV. RESULTS: In the SARS epidemic, Artus and Roche PCR assays exhibited sensitivities of 87% and 85% for respiratory specimens (n = 64), 91% and 88% for stool (n = 44), and 82% for urine (n = 29). A specificity of 100% was exhibited by both PCR assays except Artus attained only a 92% specificity for stool. For post-epidemic period, no SARS CoV was identified among 56 respiratory specimens by all PCR assays. Inhibitors to PCR assays were detected at an average rate of 7-8% among 202 clinical specimens. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the high throughput and performance of automatic RNA extraction in coordination with standardized real-time PCR assays suitable for large-scale routine diagnosis in case of future SARS epidemic. As no SARS CoV was detected among specimens collected during post-epidemic period, the positive predictive value of real-time PCR assays for detection of SARS CoV during low epidemic requires further evaluation.