LYVE-1+ macrophages form a collaborative CCR5-dependent perivascular niche that influences chemotherapy responses in murine breast cancer.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that facilitate cancer progression. However, our knowledge of the niches of individual TAM subsets and their development and function remain incomplete. Here, we describe a population of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1)-expressing TAMs, which form coordinated multi-cellular "nest" structures that are heterogeneously distributed proximal to vasculature in tumors of a spontaneous murine model of breast cancer. We demonstrate that LYVE-1+ TAMs develop in response to IL-6, which induces their expression of the immune-suppressive enzyme heme oxygenase-1 and promotes a CCR5-dependent signaling axis, which guides their nest formation. Blocking the development of LYVE-1+ TAMs or their nest structures, using gene-targeted mice, results in an increase in CD8+ T cell recruitment to the tumor and enhanced response to chemotherapy. This study highlights an unappreciated collaboration of a TAM subset to form a coordinated niche linked to immune exclusion and resistance to anti-cancer therapy.

Locus-specific expression of transposable elements in single cells with CELLO-seq.

Transposable elements (TEs) regulate diverse biological processes, from early development to cancer. Expression of young TEs is difficult to measure with next-generation, single-cell sequencing technologies because their highly repetitive nature means that short complementary DNA reads cannot be unambiguously mapped to a specific locus. Single CELl LOng-read RNA-sequencing (CELLO-seq) combines long-read single cell RNA-sequencing with computational analyses to measure TE expression at unique loci. We used CELLO-seq to assess the widespread expression of TEs in two-cell mouse blastomeres as well as in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Across both species, old and young TEs showed evidence of locus-specific expression with simulations demonstrating that only a small number of very young elements in the mouse could not be mapped back to the reference with high confidence. Exploring the relationship between the expression of individual elements and putative regulators revealed large heterogeneity, with TEs within a class showing different patterns of correlation and suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms.

Establishment of porcine and human expanded potential stem cells.

We recently derived mouse expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs) from individual blastomeres by inhibiting the critical molecular pathways that predispose their differentiation. EPSCs had enriched molecular signatures of blastomeres and possessed developmental potency for all embryonic and extra-embryonic cell lineages. Here, we report the derivation of porcine EPSCs, which express key pluripotency genes, are genetically stable, permit genome editing, differentiate to derivatives of the three germ layers in chimeras and produce primordial germ cell-like cells in vitro. Under similar conditions, human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells can be converted, or somatic cells directly reprogrammed, to EPSCs that display the molecular and functional attributes reminiscent of porcine EPSCs. Importantly, trophoblast stem-cell-like cells can be generated from both human and porcine EPSCs. Our pathway-inhibition paradigm thus opens an avenue for generating mammalian pluripotent stem cells, and EPSCs present a unique cellular platform for translational research in biotechnology and regenerative medicine.

Genome-Scale CRISPRa Screen Identifies Novel Factors for Cellular Reprogramming.

Primed epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) can be reverted to a pluripotent embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like state by expression of single reprogramming factor. We used CRISPR activation to perform a genome-scale, reprogramming screen in EpiSCs and identified 142 candidate genes. Our screen validated a total of 50 genes, previously not known to contribute to reprogramming, of which we chose Sall1 for further investigation. We show that Sall1 augments reprogramming of mouse EpiSCs and embryonic fibroblasts and that these induced pluripotent stem cells are indeed fully pluripotent including formation of chimeric mice. We also demonstrate that Sall1 synergizes with Nanog in reprogramming and that overexpression in ESCs delays their conversion back to EpiSCs. Lastly, using RNA sequencing, we identify and validate Klf5 and Fam189a2 as new downstream targets of Sall1 and Nanog. In summary, our work demonstrates the power of using CRISPR technology in understanding molecular mechanisms that mediate complex cellular processes such as reprogramming.

In vitro establishment of expanded-potential stem cells from mouse pre-implantation embryos or embryonic stem cells.

Molecular and embryology studies have demonstrated that mouse pre-implantation embryo development is a process of progressive cell fate determination. At the time of implantation, three cell lineages are present in the developing blastocyst: the trophectoderm (TE), the epiblast (Epi) and the primitive endoderm (PrE). From these early embryo cells, trophoblast stem (TS) cells, embryonic stem (ES) cells and extra-embryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells can be derived. Recently, we derived stem cells with blastomere-like features from mouse cleavage-stage embryos, which we named expanded-potential stem cells (EPSCs). Here, we provide detailed protocols that describe how to establish EPSCs from single eight-cell-stage blastomeres or whole eight-cell pre-implantation mouse embryos, or by conversion of mouse ES cells or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells reprogrammed from fibroblasts. It takes 2-3 weeks to derive EPSCs from each cell source. The EPSCs derived from these protocols can differentiate into all embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages when implanted into chimeras. Furthermore, bona fide TS and XEN cell lines can be derived from EPSCs in vitro.

Establishment of mouse expanded potential stem cells.

Mouse embryonic stem cells derived from the epiblast contribute to the somatic lineages and the germline but are excluded from the extra-embryonic tissues that are derived from the trophectoderm and the primitive endoderm upon reintroduction to the blastocyst. Here we report that cultures of expanded potential stem cells can be established from individual eight-cell blastomeres, and by direct conversion of mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Remarkably, a single expanded potential stem cell can contribute both to the embryo proper and to the trophectoderm lineages in a chimaera assay. Bona fide trophoblast stem cell lines and extra-embryonic endoderm stem cells can be directly derived from expanded potential stem cells in vitro. Molecular analyses of the epigenome and single-cell transcriptome reveal enrichment for blastomere-specific signature and a dynamic DNA methylome in expanded potential stem cells. The generation of mouse expanded potential stem cells highlights the feasibility of establishing expanded potential stem cells for other mammalian species.

A GA-based approach to hide sensitive high utility itemsets.

A GA-based privacy preserving utility mining method is proposed to find appropriate transactions to be inserted into the database for hiding sensitive high utility itemsets. It maintains the low information loss while providing information to the data demanders and protects the high-risk information in the database. A flexible evaluation function with three factors is designed in the proposed approach to evaluate whether the processed transactions are required to be inserted. Three different weights are, respectively, assigned to the three factors according to users. Moreover, the downward closure property and the prelarge concept are adopted in the proposed approach to reduce the cost of rescanning database, thus speeding up the evaluation process of chromosomes.

MPF governs the assembly and contraction of actomyosin rings by activating RhoA and MAPK during chemical-induced cytokinesis of goat oocytes.

The interplay between maturation-promoting factor (MPF), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Rho GTPase during actin-myosin interactions has yet to be determined. The mechanism by which microtubule disrupters induce the formation of ooplasmic protrusion during chemical-assisted enucleation of mammalian oocytes is unknown. Moreover, a suitable model is urgently needed for the study of cytokinesis. We have established a model of chemical-induced cytokinesis and have studied the signaling events leading to cytokinesis using this model. The results suggested that microtubule inhibitors activated MPF, which induced actomyosin assembly (formation of ooplasmic protrusion) by activating RhoA and thus MAPK. While MAPK controlled actin recruitment on its own, MPF promoted myosin enrichment by activating RhoA and MAPK. A further chemical treatment of oocytes with protrusions induced constriction of the actomyosin ring by inactivating MPF while activating RhoA. In conclusion, the present data suggested that the assembly and contraction of the actomyosin ring were two separable steps: while an increase in MPF activity promoted the assembly through RhoA-mediated activation of MAPK, a decrease in MPF activity triggered contraction of the ring by activating RhoA.

Pyruvate prevents aging of mouse oocytes.

Inhibiting oocyte aging is important not only for healthy reproduction but also for the success of assisted reproduction techniques. Although our previous studies showed that cumulus cells accelerated aging of mouse oocytes, the underlying mechanism is unknown. The objective of this paper was to study the effects of pyruvate and cumulus cells on mouse oocyte aging. Freshly ovulated mouse cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) or cumulus-denuded oocytes (DOs) were cultured in Chatot-Ziomek-Bavister (CZB) medium or COC-conditioned CZB medium supplemented with different concentrations of pyruvate before being examined for aging signs and developmental potential. Pyruvate supplementation to CZB medium decreased rates of ethanol-induced activation in both COCs and DOs by maintaining their maturation-promoting factor activities, but more pyruvate was needed for COCs than for DOs. Addition of pyruvate to the COC-conditioned CZB also alleviated aging of DOs. Observations on cortical granules, level of BCL2 proteins, histone acetylation, intracellular concentration of glutathione, and embryo development all confirmed that pyruvate supplementation inhibited aging of mouse oocytes. It is concluded that the aging of mouse oocytes, facilitated by culture in COCs, can be partially prevented by the addition of pyruvate to the culture medium.

Demecolcine-assisted enucleation of goat oocytes: protocol optimization, mechanism investigation, and application to improve the developmental potential of cloned embryos.

Although demecolcine-assisted enucleation has been performed successfully in porcine and cattle, the mechanism and protocol optimization of chemically assisted enucleation need further investigation. The present study optimized the protocol for goat oocyte enucleation and demonstrated that a 30-min treatment with 0.8 ng/mL demecolcine-induced cytoplasmic protrusions in over 90% of the oocytes. Rates of enucleation, cell fusion, and blastocyst formation were significantly higher after demecolcine-assisted than after blind aspiration enucleation, although differences in rates of live births remain to be unequivocally determined between the two treatments. The ability to form protrusions decreased significantly as spindles became less organized in aged oocytes and the oocytes with a poor cumulus expansion. More than 93% of the demecolcine-induced protrusions persisted for 2 h in the absence of cytochalasin B (CB) but most disappeared within 30 min of CB treatment. The spindle disintegrated, an actin-rich ring formed around the chromosome mass and the MAP kinase activity increased significantly after demecolcine treatment. When oocytes with induced protrusions were treated with CB, however, the contractile ring disappeared, the spindle reintegrated, and both MPF and MAP kinase activities decreased significantly. It is concluded that (1) cytoplasmic protrusions can be induced in goat oocytes with a very low concentration of demecolcine; (2) oocyte selection and enucleation can be achieved simultaneously with demecolcine treatment; and (3) an interactive effect between the MAP kinase, MPF, microfilaments and microtubules might be implicated in the control of cytoplasmic protrusion formation after demecolcine treatment.

The interactions between cysteamine, cystine and cumulus cells increase the intracellular glutathione level and developmental capacity of goat cumulus-denuded oocytes.

To improve in vitro maturation (IVM) of denuded oocytes (DOs), we observed the interactive effects of cysteamine, cystine and cumulus cells on the glutathione (L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) level and developmental capacity of goat IVM oocytes. Cysteamine supplementation increased the GSH level and blastocyst rates of both cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and DOs, while the addition of cystine increased the GSH level and blastulation only in the presence of cumulus cells (COCs or DOs co-cultured on a cumulus cell monolayer). Simultaneous supplementation of cysteamine and cystine increased the GSH content and blastulation of co-cultured DOs to a level similar to that of COCs matured without thiol supplementation. Co-culture without thiol supplementation improved DOs' GSH synthesis but not blastulation. The results suggest that DOs cannot utilize cystine for GSH synthesis unless exogenous cysteamine is supplied by either cumulus cells or supplementation. Thus, while the addition of cystine alone is enough to improve IVM of COCs, improvement of DOs requires supplementation of both cystine and cysteamine. Synergic actions between cysteamine, cystine and cumulus cells restore the GSH level and developmental capacity of goat DOs.

Expression of steroidogenic enzymes and synthesis of steroid hormones during development of ovarian follicles in prepubertal goats.

Expression of mRNAs encoding cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase (P450c17), and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) were characterized by the RT-PCR technique and concentrations of progesterone (P4), testosterone (T0) and estradiol (E2) were measured by radioimmunoassay during follicular development of prepubertal goats. Synthesis of mRNAs encoding P450scc and P450c17 began in preantral follicles, but mRNA encoding P450arom was not detectable until early antral formation. While mRNA for P450scc was expressed in both theca and granulosa cells, mRNA for P450c17 was expressed only in theca cells while P450arom mRNA only in granulosa cells. In nonatretic follicles from prepubertal ovaries, the relative quantity of mRNA expression of all the three enzymes increased with follicle size; however, while the concentration of P4 and E2 increased, that of T0 decreased with follicle size. While expression of mRNA encoding P450scc was unaffected, that of P450c17 mRNA decreased to the lowest level and mRNA for P450arom became undetectable following atresia; accordingly, while the concentration of P4 increased in the atretic medium follicles, that of T0 and E2 decreased to the lowest level after atresia. While the adult follicular stage follicles showed a similar cytochrome expression as the nonatretic follicles of prepubertal goats, the former contained higher levels of E2 and P4 than the latter. The presence of corpus luteum in an ovary decreased expression of P450scc, significantly in large follicles while it increased concentration of P4. These findings indicated that (1) similar to other species, changes in follicular steroid production in goats were explained in large measure by changes in steroidogenic enzyme expression; (2) while mRNA expression was similar, activities of some of the steroidogenic enzymes may differ between sexually mature and immature goats.

Coculture with cumulus cells improves maturation of mouse oocytes denuded of the cumulus oophorus: observations of nuclear and cytoplasmic events.

OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanisms by which cumulus cells (CCs) promote oocyte maturation by observing the effect of removing the cumulus oophorus on nuclear and cytoplasmic events during in vitro maturation. DESIGN: Experimental animal study. SETTING: Academic institution. ANIMAL(S): Mice of the Kun-ming breed. INTERVENTION(S): Cumulus-free oocytes were cultured alone (DOs) or with a CC monolayer (coDOs), and the nuclear and cytoplasmic events were compared with those of oocytes matured in vivo or in vitro with the cumulus intact (COCs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Nuclear progression, spindle assembly, behavior of cortical granules (CGs) and mitochondria, levels of glutathione (GSH), and dynamics of maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activity during oocyte maturation under different conditions. RESULT(S): Cumulus removal increased MPF activity and accelerated the transition from the G2 to the M phase and the redistribution of CGs. Spindle assembly and mitochondrial congregation were impaired. In addition, removal of the cumulus caused a precocious exocytosis of CGs, leading to zona hardening and reduced penetrability of oocytes by sperm. After DOs were matured on the CC monolayer, however, these parameters were much improved, and the DOs acquired characteristics closer to those of cumulus-invested oocytes matured in vivo or in vitro. The level of intracellular GSH of DOs, on the other hand, did not differ from that of oocytes matured as COCs, suggesting that the mouse DOs can synthesize GSH on their own. CONCLUSION(S): While denuding mouse oocytes of CCs impaired in vitro cytoplasmic maturation, coculture with CCs promoted maturation, possibly through the regulation of MPF activity and meiotic progression.

Interactive effects of low temperature and roscovitine (ROS) on meiotic resumption and developmental potential of goat oocytes.

The objective of this article was to study the effects of low temperature and roscovitine (ROS) on meiotic resumption and developmental potential of goat oocytes. Goat oocytes were cultured at different temperatures in medium containing different concentrations of ROS, and at the end of culture, oocytes were either matured or processed for light/confocal microscopy. The matured oocytes were activated chemically or fertilized in vitro for embryo development. Meiotic arrest was successfully maintained for 24 hr with 0, 50, and 200 microM ROS at 5, 20, and 38.5 degrees C, respectively. Following chemical activation, morulae/blastocysts (M/B) rates similar to untreated oocytes were obtained in oocytes that had been inhibited for 24 hr at 5 degrees C without ROS (Protocol 5C) or at 20 degrees C with 50 microM ROS (Protocol 20C) or for 8 hr at 38.5 degrees C with 200 microM ROS (Protocol 8 hr), but no blastulation was observed after oocytes were inhibited at 38.5 degrees C with 200 microM ROS for 24 hr. Following fertilization, however, while M/B rates similar to controls were achieved in oocytes treated with protocols 5C and 20C, few oocytes inhibited with Protocol 8 hr developed into morulae, due to a high incidence of polyspermy. Changes in GV chromatin configuration were not observed after inhibition with Protocol 5C, but were apparent after inhibition with protocols 20C and 8 hr, leading to a precocious germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) during subsequent maturation. Cortical granule (CG) migration and the formation of microtubule organizing centers occurred during inhibition and were more obvious in the absence of ROS. Significantly more oocytes inhibited by protocols 5C and 20C than by Protocol 8 hr completed CG migration after maturation. In conclusion, goat oocytes were tolerant to chilling and culture at lower temperatures with less ROS was better than culture at higher temperatures with more ROS for oocyte GVBD inhibition.

Factors affecting the in vitro action of cumulus cells on the maturing mouse oocytes.

The removal of cumulus cells (CCs) from oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage still represents a major limitation in such embryo techniques as GV transfer, somatic cell haploidization, and oocyte cryopreservation. However, no efficient in vitro maturation (IVM) system for CC-denuded oocytes (DOs) has been established in mammalian species. Although follicular cells are considered to play an important role in oocyte maturation, the specific role and mechanisms of action of different cell types are poorly understood. Reports on whether junctional association between CCs and the oocyte is essential for the beneficial effect of CC co-culture on oocyte maturation are in conflict. Our objective was to try to address these issues using the mouse oocyte model. The results indicated that while co-culture with the CC monolayer could only partially restore the developmental potential of DOs without corona cells, it restored the competence of corona-enclosed DOs completely. Culture in medium conditioned with CC monolayer also promoted maturation of DOs. However, co-culture with the monolayer of mural granulosa cells had no effect. The efficiency of CC co-culture was affected by various factors such as density and age of the CCs, the presence of gonadotropin in the maturation medium and the duration for in vivo (IVO) gonadotropin priming. It is concluded that mouse CCs produce a diffusible factor(s) that support DO maturation in a CC-oocyte junctional communication dependent manner. The data will contribute to our understanding the mechanisms by which CCs promote oocyte maturation and to the establishment of an efficient DO IVM system.

The effects of delayed activation and MG132 treatment on nuclear remodeling and preimplantation development of embryos cloned by electrofusion are correlated with the age of recipient cytoplasts.

The electrofusion method, used extensively in livestock cloning, cannot be used in mice, because it is believed that the mouse oocytes are more susceptible to detrimental effects of electrical stimulus than oocytes from other species. Reports on whether a delayed activation after electrofusion and a premature chromosome condensation (PCC) is essential for efficient cloning are inconclusive. To address these issues, effects of pulsing on activation and MPF activity of nonenucleated oocytes and effects of delayed activation and MG132 treatment on donor nuclear PCC and preimplantation development of embryos cloned by electrofusion or nuclear injection were compared between different cytoplast ages in mice and goats. The results indicated that the use of oocytes collected early after donor stimulation would make it possible to conduct somatic cell nuclear transfer in mice by electrofusion. Whether a delayed activation is essential was dependent upon the age, or rather, the level, of MPF activity of the cytoplasts at the time of electrofusion, as was the requirement for MG132 treatment. The competence for blastocyst formation of cloned embryos was highly correlated with the level of donor nuclear PCC in recipient cytoplasts. The nuclear injection technique was more adaptable to older cytoplast ages, and hence less dependent on drugs for inhibition of MPF inactivation, compared to electrofusion.

Selection of oocytes for in vitro maturation by brilliant cresyl blue staining: a study using the mouse model.

Selecting oocytes that are most likely to develop is crucial for in vitro fertilization and animal cloning. Brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining has been used for oocyte selection in large animals, but its wider utility needs further evaluation. Mouse oocytes were divided into those stained (BCB+) and those unstained (BCB-) according to their ooplasm BCB coloration. Chromatin configurations, cumulus cell apoptosis, cytoplasmic maturity and developmental competence were compared between the BCB+ and BCB- oocytes. The effects of oocyte diameter, sexual maturity and gonadotropin stimulation on the competence of BCB+ oocytes were also analyzed. In the large- and medium-size groups, BCB+ oocytes were larger and showed more surrounded nucleoli (SN) chromatin configurations and higher frequencies of early atresia, and they also gained better cytoplasmic maturity (determined as the intracellular GSH level and pattern of mitochondrial distribution) and higher developmental potential after in vitro maturation (IVM) than the BCB- oocytes. Adult mice produced more BCB+ oocytes with higher competence than the prepubertal mice when not primed with PMSG. PMSG priming increased both proportion and developmental potency of BCB+ oocytes. The BCB+ oocytes in the large-size group showed more SN chromatin configurations, better cytoplasmic maturity and higher developmental potential than their counterparts in the medium-size group. It is concluded that BCB staining can be used as an efficient method for oocyte selection, but that the competence of the BCB+ oocytes may vary with oocyte diameter, animal sexual maturity and gonadotropin stimulation. Taken together, the series of criteria described here would allow for better choices in selecting oocytes for better development.

Effects of species and cellular activity of oviductal epithelial cells on their dialogue with co-cultured mouse embryos.

An efficient co-culture system, especially with oviductal or uterine epithelial cells, is important not only for the production of high quality embryos, but also for the study of the molecular dialogue between embryos and their maternal environment. Although mouse embryos have been co-cultured successfully with oviductal epithelial cells (OECs) from several species, studies on the effects of species and functionality of OECs are few. Reports concerning the necessity of direct contact between the embryo and OECs and about the culture of mouse embryos in medium conditioned with heterologous OECs have been controversial. In this study, pronuclear embryos from Kunming mice, characterized by an obvious two-cell block in vitro, were co-cultured with mouse, goat, and chick OECs. The functionality of OECs was determined by analyzing the cell cycle, apoptosis, the numbers of mitochondria and cilia, and the ability both to support embryonic development and to remove hypoxanthine from the culture medium. The necessity of direct contact between OECs and embryos was studied by repeated renewal of culture medium with fresh conditioned medium, the culture of embryos in plastic wells connected by tunnels to wells with OEC monolayers, and the co-culture of embryos separated from OECs by a filter. Both goat and chick OECs supported mouse embryonic development, but their embryotrophic lifespan was shorter than that of the mouse OECs. Whereas media conditioned with mouse OECs supported mouse embryonic development satisfactorily, medium conditioned with goat OECs supported little development. Immediate dialogue between heterologous OECs and embryos was essential for efficient co-culture, whereas direct contact between the two cell types was not; neither dialogue nor contact was needed between isologous OECs and embryos. Embryotrophic activity and the ability to remove hypoxanthine from conditioned medium declined with time after confluence and number of passages of OECs, mainly because of apoptosis and dedifferentiation. Thus, the species and functionality of OECs have profound effects on their molecular dialogue with co-cultured embryos, and efficient co-culture depends upon both positive and negative conditioning.

Targeting the exogenous htPAm gene on goat somatic cell beta-casein locus for transgenic goat production.

Combining gene targeting of animal somatic cells with nuclear transfer technique has provided a powerful method to produce transgenic animal mammary gland bioreactor. The objective of this study is to make an efficient and reproducible gene targeting in goat fetal fibroblasts by inserting the exogenous htPAm cDNA into the beta-casein locus with liposomes or electroporation so that htPAm protein might be produced in gene-targeted goat mammary gland. By gene-targeting technique, the exogenous htPAm gene was inserted to milk goat beta-casein gene sequences. Fetal fibroblasts were isolated from Day 35 fetuses of Guanzhong milk goats, and transfected with linear gene-targeting vector pGBC4htPAm using Lipefectamin-2000 and electoporation, respectively. Forty-eight gene-targeted cell colonies with homologous recombination were obtained, and three cell colonies were verified by DNA sequence analysis within the homologous recombination region. Using gene-targeted cell lines as donor cells for nuclear transfer, a total of 600 reconstructed embryos had been obtained, and 146 developed cloned embryos were transferred to 16 recipient goats, and finally three goats showed pregnancy at Day 90.

Interactive effects of granulosa cell apoptosis, follicle size, cumulus-oocyte complex morphology, and cumulus expansion on the developmental competence of goat oocytes: a study using the well-in-drop culture system.

Using a well-in-drop (WID) oocyte/embryo culture system that allows identification of follicular origin, we have investigated the effects of granulosa cells (GCs) apoptosis, follicle size, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) morphology, and cumulus expansion on the developmental competence of goat oocytes matured and cultured individually following parthenogenetic activation. The WID system supported oocyte maturation and embryo development to a level similar to the conventional group system. The majority of goat oocytes acquired competence for development up to the 8-16 cell stage in follicles larger than 2 mm, but did not gain the ability to form morula/blastocyst (M/Bs) until follicles larger than 3 mm in diameter. The extent of atresia affected M/Bs formation. This effect varied according to the follicle size. Cumulus expansion increased with follicle size and decreased with increasing incidence of GCs apoptosis. Oocyte developmental potential was also correlated with cumulus expansion. Regardless of the degree of follicle atresia, 73-84% of the floating cells in the follicular fluid (FF) underwent apoptosis. Correlation between floating cell density in FF and oocyte developmental potency suggests the possibility to use the floating cell density as a simple and non-invasive marker for oocyte quality. It is concluded that the developmental potential of an oocyte is determined by multifactor interactions, and multiple factors must be considered together to accurately predict the quality of an oocyte.