Access to thioethers from thiols and alcohols via homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.

A metal-free dehydrative thioetherification method has been reported, enabling the conversion of various alcohols and thiols into thioethers. By employing triflic acid as a catalyst or utilizing a recyclable NAFION® superacid catalyst, these methods significantly improve the efficiency and practicality of sulfide preparation.

Catalytic Asymmetric α-Functionalization of α-Branched Aldehydes.

Aldehydes constitute a main class of organic compounds widely applied in synthesis. As such, catalyst-controlled enantioselective α-functionalization of aldehydes has attracted great interest over the years. In this context, α-branched aldehydes are especially challenging substrates because of reactivity and selectivity issues. Firstly, the transient trisubstituted enamines and enolates resulting upon treatment with an aminocatalyst or a base, respectively, would exhibit attenuated reactivity; secondly, mixtures of E- and Z-configured enamines/enolates may be formed; and third, effective face-discrimination on such trisubstituted sp2 carbon intermediates by the incoming electrophilic reagent is not trivial. Despite these issues, in the last 15 years, several catalytic approaches for the α-functionalization of prostereogenic α-branched aldehydes that proceed in useful yields and diastereo- and enantioselectivity have been uncovered. Developments include both organocatalytic and metal-catalyzed approaches as well as dual catalysis strategies for forging new carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom (C-O, N, S, F, Cl, Br, …) bond formation at Cα of the starting aldehyde. In this review, some key early contributions to the field are presented, but focus is on the most recent methods, mainly covering the literature from year 2014 onward.

Rigidified Bis(sulfonyl)ethylenes as Effective Michael Acceptors for Asymmetric Catalysis: Application to the Enantioselective Synthesis of Quaternary Hydantoins.

The catalytic, enantio- and diastereoselective addition of hydantoin surrogates II to "rigidified" vinylidene bis(sulfone) reagents is developed, thus overcoming the inability of commonly employed ß-substituted vinylic sulfones to react. Adducts are transformed in enantioenriched 5,5-disubstituted hydantoins through hydrolysis and reductive desulfonylation processes providing new structures for eventual bioassays. Density functional theory studies that rationalize the observed reactivity and stereoselectivity trends are also provided.

Apoptosis and autophagy-related gene transcription during ovarian follicular atresia in European hake (Merluccius merluccius).

Follicular atresia is an energy-saving oocyte resorption process that can allow the survival of female fish when environmental conditions are unfavourable and at the expense of fecundity. This study investigated the transcription levels of apoptosis and autophagy-related genes during atresia in the European hake that can show episodes of increased follicular atresia throughout the reproductive cycle. 169 female individuals were collected from the Bay of Biscay, and the ovaries were analysed using histological and molecular methods. Different levels of atresia were histologically detected in 73.7% of the ovaries analysed and the TUNEL assay identified apoptotic nuclei in follicles from both previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages. Transcripts of beclin-1 and ptenb were up-regulated in the ovaries containing atretic follicles, whereas p53, caspase-3, cathepsin D and dapk1 were up-regulated only in ovaries presenting vitellogenic atretic follicles. Our results indicate different implications of apoptotic vs autophagic processes leading to atresia during oocyte development, vitellogenesis being the moment of maximal apoptotic and autophagic activity in atretic hakes. The analysed genes could provide early warning biomarkers to identify follicular atresia in fish and evaluate fecundity in fish stocks.

Accessing Chiral Pyrrolodiketopiperazines under Organocatalytic Conditions.

The production of chiral pyrrolodiketopiperazines under organocatalytic conditions demonstrates the capacity of bicyclic acylpyrrol lactims to perform as pronucleophiles in direct carbon-carbon bond forming reactions. The good performance of ureidoaminal-derived Brønsted bases in the Michael addition to nitroolefins affords these heterocyclic scaffolds with high skeleton diversity.

A Practical Bioinformatics Workflow for Routine Analysis of Bacterial WGS Data.

The use of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for bacterial characterisation has increased substantially in the last decade. Its high throughput and decreasing cost have led to significant changes in outbreak investigations and surveillance of a wide variety of microbial pathogens. Despite the innumerable advantages of WGS, several drawbacks concerning data analysis and management, as well as a general lack of standardisation, hinder its integration in routine use. In this work, a bioinformatics workflow for (Illumina) WGS data is presented for bacterial characterisation including genome annotation, species identification, serotype prediction, antimicrobial resistance prediction, virulence-related genes and plasmid replicon detection, core-genome-based or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogenetic clustering and sequence typing. Workflow was tested using a collection of 22 in-house sequences of Salmonella enterica isolates belonging to a local outbreak, coupled with a collection of 182 Salmonella genomes publicly available. No errors were reported during the execution period, and all genomes were analysed. The bioinformatics workflow can be tailored to other pathogens of interest and is freely available for academic and non-profit use as an uploadable file to the Galaxy platform.

The Latest FDA-Approved Pharmaceuticals Containing Fragments of Tailor-Made Amino Acids and Fluorine.

Nowadays, the selective introduction of fluorine into bioactive compounds is a mature strategy in the design of drugs allowing to increase efficiency, biological half-life and bio-absorption. On the other hand, amino acids (AAs) represent one of the most ubiquitious classes of naturally occurring organic compounds, which are found in over 40% of newly marked small-molecule pharmaceutical drugs and medical formulations. The primary goal of this work is to underscore two major trends in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. The first is dealing with the unique structural characteristics provided by the structure of amino acids featuring an abundance of functionality and the presence of a stereogenic center, all of which bodes well for the successful development of targeted bioactivity. The second is related to fine-tuning the desired activity and pharmacokinetics by selective introduction of fluorine. Historically, both trends were developed separately as innovative and prolific approaches in modern drug design. However, in recent decades, these approaches are clearly converging leading to an ever-increasing number of newly approved pharmaceuticals containing both structural features of amino acids and fluorine.

Asymmetric Michael Addition in Synthesis of ß-Substituted GABA Derivatives.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) represents one of the most prolific structural units widely used in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. For example, ß-substituted GABA derivatives are found in numerous neurological drugs, such as baclofen, phenibut, tolibut, pregabalin, phenylpiracetam, brivaracetam, and rolipram, to mention just a few. In this review, we critically discuss the literature data reported on the preparation of substituted GABA derivatives using the Michael addition reaction as a key synthetic transformation. Special attention is paid to asymmetric methods featuring synthetically useful stereochemical outcomes and operational simplicity.

DoE-Driven Development of an Organocatalytic Enantioselective Addition of Acetaldehyde to Nitrostyrenes in Water.

The development of an enantioselective enamine-catalysed addition of masked acetaldehyde to nitroalkenes via a rational approach helped to move away from the use of chloroform. The presented research allows the use of water as a reaction medium, therefore improving the industrial relevance of a protocol to access very important pharmaceutical intermediates. Critical to the success is the use of chemometrics-assisted 'Design of Experiments' (DoE) optimisation during the development of the presented new synthetic approach, which allows to investigate the chemical space in a rational way.

Genotyping Study of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- Monophasic Variant of Serovar Typhimurium and Characterization of the Second-Phase Flagellar Deletion by Whole Genome Sequencing.

After Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, S. 4,[5],12:i:- is the most reported serovar in human clinical cases. During the past 20 years, many tools have been used for its typing and second-phase flagellar deletion characterization. Currently, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and different bioinformatic programs have shown the potential to be more accurate than earlier tools. To assess this potential, we analyzed by WGS and in silico typing a selection of 42 isolates of S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium with different in vitro characteristics. Comparative analysis showed that SeqSero2 does not differentiate fljB-positive S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains from those of serovar Typhimurium. Our results proved that the strains selected for this work were non-clonal S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains circulating in Spain. Using WGS data, we identified 13 different deletion types of the second-phase flagellar genomic region. Most of the deletions were generated by IS26 insertions, showing orientation-dependent conserved deletion ends. In addition, we detected S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains of the American clonal line that would give rise to the Southern European clone in Spain. Our results suggest that new S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains are continuously emerging from different S. Typhimurium strains via different genetic events, at least in swine products.

Asymmetric Synthesis of Adjacent Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Carbon Stereocenters: Organocatalytic Aldol Reaction of an Hydantoin Surrogate with Azaarene 2-Carbaldehydes.

A bifunctional amine/squaramide catalyst promoted direct aldol addition of an hydantoin surrogate to pyridine 2-carbaldehyde N-oxides to afford adducts bearing two vicinal tertiary/quaternary carbons in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity (d.r. up to >20:1; ee up to 98 %) is reported. Acid hydrolysis of adducts followed by reduction of the N-oxide group yields enantiopure carbinol-tethered quaternary hydantoin-azaarene conjugates with densely functionalized skeletons. DFT studies of the potential energy surface (B3LYP/6-31+G(d)+CPCM (dichloromethane)) of the reaction correlate the activity of different catalysts and support an intramolecular hydrogen-bond-assisted activation of the squaramide moiety in the transition state of the catalytic reaction.

Enantioselective Synthesis of 5,5-Disubstituted Hydantoins by Brønsted Base/H-Bond Catalyst Assisted Michael Reactions of a Design Template.

A new method for the enantioselective synthesis of 5,5-disubstituted (quaternary) hydantoins was developed on the basis of an organocatalytic Michael reaction approach involving the use of 2-benzylthio-3,5-dihydroimidazol-4-ones as key hydantoin surrogates. The method is general with respect to the substitution pattern at the hydantoin N1 (alkyl, aryl, acyl), N3 (aryl), and C5 (linear/branched alkyl, aryl) positions and affords essentially single diastereomeric products with enantioselectivities higher than 95 % ee in most cases. Among the bifunctional Brønsted base/H-bond catalysts examined, a known squaramide-tertiary amine catalyst and a newly prepared squaramide-tertiary amine catalyst provide the highest selectivity so far with either nitroolefins or vinyl ketones as the acceptor components. Kinetic measurements support a first-order rate dependence on both reaction partners, the donor template and the Michael acceptor, whereas competitive 1 H NMR spectroscopy experiments reveal the high ability of the template for catalyst binding.

Base-Catalyzed Asymmetric α-Functionalization of 2-(Cyanomethyl)azaarene N-Oxides Leading to Quaternary Stereocenters.

A simple, new strategy for the direct asymmetric α-functionalization of 2-alkyl azaarenes is described. Specifically, a Brønsted base catalyzed conjugate addition of substituted 2-cyanomethylpyridine (and pyrazine) N-oxides to acrylate equivalents to afford hitherto elusive 2-tert-alkyl azaaryl adducts with high enantioselectivity (up to 94% ee) is realized. Extension of the method to the α-amination reaction by using azodicarboxylate esters as electrophiles is also demonstrated. Key for success is the N-oxide functionality of substrates that acts as a removable activating and stereodirecting group. A bifunctional Brønsted base catalyst bearing a squaramide with an attached bulky silyl group is also disclosed.

Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of N,C(α),C(α)-Trisubstituted α-Amino Acid Derivatives Using 1H-Imidazol-4(5H)-ones as Key Templates.

1H-Imidazol-4(5H)-ones are introduced as novel nucleophilic α-amino acid equivalents in asymmetric synthesis. These compounds not only allow highly efficient construction of tetrasubstituted stereogenic centers, but unlike hitherto known templates, provide direct access to N-substituted (alkyl, allyl, aryl) α-amino acid derivatives.

Enantio- and diastereoselective organocatalytic α-alkylation of aldehydes with 3-substituted 2-(bromomethyl)acrylates.

The catalytic direct α-alkylation of aldehydes with 2-(bromomethyl)acrylates has been accomplished, giving rise to α-branched and functionalized aldehydes of high diastereo- and enantiopurity. The influence of the nature of the ester group of the acrylates in reaction stereoselectivity and especially in reactivity is investigated. Optimum conditions implicate the use of phenyl acrylates in conjunction with organocatalyst 8. Application of thus obtained adducts in synthesis is illustrated with a concise stereocontrolled preparation of trisubstituted cyclopentenes.

Catalytic conjugate additions of geminal bis(sulfone)s: expanding the chemistry of sulfones as simple alkyl anion equivalents.

The value of cyclic gem-bis(sulfone) 4 as a simple alkyl nucleophile equivalent in catalytic C-C bond-forming reactions is demonstrated. The 1,4-type nucleophilic additions of bis(sulfone) 4 to alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones take place by assistance of catalytic guanidine base. On the other hand, pyrrolidines are able to catalyze the conjugate addition of 4 to both enones and enals, likely by means of iminium ion activation. Upon exploration of the best chiral pyrrolidine catalyst, it has been found that the addition of 4 to enals catalyzed by diphenylprolinol silyl ether 10 proceeds with very high enantioselectivity (beta-aryl-substituted enals >95% ee; beta-alkyl substituted enals up to 94% ee; ee = enantiomeric excess). Further reductive desulfonation of adducts gives rise to the corresponding beta-methyl aldehydes, as well as the derived alcohols, acetals, and methyl esters after simple (Mg, MeOH) well-established protocols. Application of the procedure to the synthesis of biologically relevant phenethyl building blocks is shown. Most interestingly, alpha-alkylation of initially obtained bis(sulfone) adducts can be done even with less reactive alkylating reagents, such as long linear-chain or branched-chain alkyl halides. Accordingly, upon the desulfonation process, a general, experimentally simple and highly enantioselective access to beta-branched aldehydes, alcohols, or esters is possible. Further exploration of the method includes the use of chiral alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes derived from citronellal as the Michael acceptor partners. In these instances, the sense of the conjugate addition of 4 is controlled by the chirality of the pyrrolidine catalyst, thus allowing for a stereochemically predictable access to 1,3-dimethyl arrays, such as those present in deoxygenated polyketide-type natural products. The intramolecular variation of this technology by using doubly unsaturated aldehyde-ester 22 illustrated the site selectivity of the procedure and its potential for tandem processes leading to highly substituted polycyclic systems, such as 24.

Highly enantioselective conjugate additions of aldehydes to vinyl sulfones.

Joined together, organocatalysts aldehydes and sulfones: A diaryl prolinol silyl ether was found to catalyse efficiently and enantioselectively the conjugate addition of aldehydes to vinyl sulfones (see scheme). The ample synthetic utility of the resulting adducts is illustrated.

Charge transport through a cardan-joint molecule.

The charge transport through a single ruthenium atom clamped by two terpyridine hinges is investigated, both experimentally and theoretically. The metal-bis(terpyridyl) core is equipped with rigid, conjugated linkers of para-acetyl-mercapto phenylacetylene to establish electrical contact in a two-terminal configuration using Au electrodes. The structure of the [Ru(II)(L)(2)](PF(6))(2) molecule is determined using single-crystal X-ray crystallography, which yields good agreement with calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). By means of the mechanically controllable break-junction technique, current-voltage (I-V), characteristics of [Ru(II)(L)(2)](PF(6))(2) are acquired on a single-molecule level under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions at various temperatures. These results are compared to ab initio transport calculations based on DFT. The simulations show that the cardan-joint structural element of the molecule controls the magnitude of the current. Moreover, the fluctuations in the cardan angle leave the positions of steps in the I-V curve largely invariant. As a consequence, the experimental I-V characteristics exhibit lowest-unoccupied-molecular-orbit-based conductance peaks at particular voltages, which are also found to be temperature independent.