[How trustworthy is artificial intelligence? : A model for the conflict between objectivity and subjectivity]. / Wie vertrauenswürdig ist künstliche Intelligenz? : Ein Modell für das Spannungsfeld zwischen Objektivität und Subjektivität.

For the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) systems into medical processes it is decisive to address both the trustworthiness of these systems and the trust that physicians and patients have in those systems. Too much trust can result in physicians uncritically relying on this technology, while too little trust may result in physicians not taking advantage of the full potential of AI-based technology in making decisions. To strike a balance between these extremes it is crucial to correctly assess the trustworthiness of a system. Only in this way is it possible to decide whether or the system can be trusted or not. This article describes these relationships for the medical context. We show why trustworthiness and trust are important in the use of AI-based systems and how individuals can come to an accurate assessment of the trustworthiness of AI-based systems.

Vocal-Stress Diary: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Association of Everyday Work Stressors and Human Voice Features.

The human voice conveys plenty of information about the speaker. A prevalent assumption is that stress-related changes in the human body affect speech production, thus affecting voice features. This suggests that voice data may be an easy-to-capture measure of everyday stress levels and can thus serve as a warning signal of stress-related health consequences. However, previous research is limited (i.e., has induced stress only through artificial tasks or has investigated only short-term or extreme stressors), leaving it open whether everyday work stressors are associated with voice features. Thus, our participants (111 adult working individuals) took part in a 1-week diary study (Sunday until Sunday), in which they provided voice messages and self-report data on daily work stressors. Results showed that work stressors were associated with voice features such as increased speech rate and voice intensity. We discuss theoretical, practical, and ethical implications regarding the voice as an indicator of psychological states.

Introducing and Testing the Creepiness of Situation Scale (CRoSS).

When people interact with novel technologies (e.g., robots, novel technological tools), the word "creepy" regularly pops up. We define creepy situations as eliciting uneasy feelings and involving ambiguity (e.g., on how the behave or how to judge the situation). A common metric for creepiness would help evaluating creepiness of situations and developing adequate interventions against creepiness. Following psychometrical guidelines, we developed the Creepiness of Situation Scale (CRoSS) across four studies with a total of N = 882 American and German participants. In Studies 1-3, participants watched a video of a creepy situation involving technology. Study 1 used exploratory factor analysis in an American sample and showed that creepiness consists of emotional creepiness and creepy ambiguity. In a German sample, Study 2 confirmed these subdimensions. Study 3 supported validity of the CRoSS as creepiness correlated positively with privacy concerns and computer anxiety, but negatively with controllability and transparency. Study 4 used the scale in a 2 (male vs. female experimenter) × 2 (male vs. female participant) × 2 (day vs. night) field study to demonstrate its usefulness for non-technological settings and its sensitivity to theory-based predictions. Results indicate that participants contacted by an experimenter at night-time reported higher feelings of creepiness. Overall, these studies suggest that the CRoSS is a psychometrically sound measure for research and practice.

Giant frictional dissipation peaks and charge-density-wave slips at the NbSe2 surface.

Understanding nanoscale friction and dissipation is central to nanotechnology. The recent detection of the electronic-friction drop caused by the onset of superconductivity in Nb by means of an ultrasensitive non-contact pendulum atomic force microscope (AFM) raised hopes that a wider variety of mechanical-dissipation mechanisms become accessible. Here, we report a multiplet of AFM dissipation peaks arising a few nanometres above the surface of NbSe2--a layered compound exhibiting an incommensurate charge-density wave (CDW). Each peak appears at a well-defined tip-surface interaction force of the order of a nanonewton, and persists up to 70 K, where the short-range order of CDWs is known to disappear. Comparison of the measurements with a theoretical model suggests that the peaks are associated with local, tip-induced 2π phase slips of the CDW, and that dissipation maxima arise from hysteretic behaviour of the CDW phase as the tip oscillates at specific distances where sharp local slips occur.

Mechanism of the positive contractile effect of nitric oxide on rat ventricular cardiomyocytes with positive force/frequency relationship.

The positive contractile effect of nitric oxide (NO) donors was studied on isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes within a range of a positive force/frequency relationship. We determined whether the observed effect depended on cGMP. The NO donors S-nitroso-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP) and N-[4-[1-(3-aminopropyl)-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazino]butyl]-1,3-propanediamine (spermine-NONO) increased contractile responsiveness transiently in a concentration- and frequency-dependent manner. The influence of NO donors on cGMP levels was enhanced under beating conditions. The positive contractile effect of NO donors was inhibited by adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate Rp diastereomer (Rp-cAMPS), but not by bisindolylmaleimide. Inhibition of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) by 1 H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole-[4,3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) inhibited the positive contractile effect of NO donors. Direct activation of sGC by 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole (YC1) or addition of 8-bromo cGMP increased cell contractility comparably to NO donors. Inhibition of G(alphas) proteins by NF441 inhibited the positive contractile effect of NO donors. In contrast, NO donors did not potentiate the positive contractile effect of forskolin. These results demonstrate that the positive contractile effect of NO donors on rat ventricular cardiomyocytes working in a range of a positive force/frequency relationships is enhanced. It is mediated by NO-dependent stimulation of the sGC interacting with G(alphas) proteins.