A 3-year follow-up after anterior colporrhaphy compared with collagen-coated transvaginal mesh for anterior vaginal wall prolapse: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the 1-year (previously published) and 3-year objective and subjective cure rates, and complications, related to the use of a collagen-coated transvaginal mesh for anterior vaginal wall prolapse against a conventional anterior repair. DESIGN: Randomised controlled study. SETTING: Six departments of obstetrics and gynaecology in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. POPULATION: A total of 138 women, of 55 years of age or older, admitted for stage ≥2 anterior vaginal wall prolapse. METHODS: The women scheduled for primary anterior vaginal wall prolapse surgery were randomised between conventional anterior colporrhaphy and surgery with a collagen-coated prolene mesh. All patients were evaluated using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) assessment before and after surgery. Symptoms related to pelvic organ prolapse were evaluated using the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ-7) and the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Objective cure, defined as POP-Q stage <2 prolapse at the 1- and 3-year follow-ups. Furthermore, mesh exposure and dyspareunia were also recorded. RESULTS: In total, 138 patients (70 from the mesh group versus 68 from the conventional anterior colporrhaphy group) out of 160 (86.3%) participated in the 3-year follow-up. POP-Q revealed an objective anatomic cure for 88.1 and 91.4%, respectively, in the mesh group at the 1- and 3-year follow-ups, compared with 39.9 and 41.2% in the colporrhaphy group. No difference between the groups was observed regarding PFIQ-7, PFDI-20, and Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12) scores. The number of mesh exposures did not change during the study period and all exposures were minor. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that although the objective outcome was superior in the mesh group, the use of mesh had no impact on the subjective outcome. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: POP-Q deteriorates after anterior prolapse surgery but remains stable in women with mesh implantation.

Relationship between the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system (POP-Q), the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ-7), and the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20) before and after anterior vaginal wall prolapse surgery.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of correlation between the Pelvic Organ Quantification system (POP-Q) measurements and symptom questionnaire scores before and after surgery. This was a part of a randomized controlled study comparing conventional colporrhaphy with mesh repair surgery. METHODS: The correlation between POP-Q measurements and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ-7) and Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20) scores was investigated in 164 women 55 years or older scheduled for primary anterior vaginal wall prolapse surgery at baseline and the correlation between the change in point Ba and scores following surgery. Statistical analyses used McNemar's and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, Spearman's rank-order correlation, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Surgery significantly improved POP-Q, PFIQ-7, and PFDI-20 scores, including subscales. We observed weak correlations between POP-Q and PFIQ-7, including subscales (r 0.173-0.324, p < 0.05), and PFDI-20, including the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (POPDI) subscale (r 0.180-0.211, p < 0.05). Regression analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between point Ba and PFIQ-7 (p = 0.001) and PFDI-20 (p = 0.04), respectively. Furthermore, we observed a significant relationship between the change in point Ba (following surgery) and change in scores; point Ba following surgery was significantly correlated with symptoms of bulging (r = 0.303, p < 0.01) and bladder-emptying problems (r = 0.213, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The weak correlation between POP-Q and urogenital symptoms based on questionnaire scores suggests that neither scoring system is optimal.

Anterior colporrhaphy compared with collagen-coated transvaginal mesh for anterior vaginal wall prolapse: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anatomical cure rate and complications related to collagen-coated mesh for cystocele, compared with a conventional anterior colporrhaphy. DESIGN: A randomised controlled study. SETTING: Six departments of obstetrics and gynaecology in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. POPULATION: Women aged 55 years or older, referred for surgery with a prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall of stage 2 or higher. METHODS: Women scheduled for primary cystocoele surgery were randomised to either anterior colporrhaphy or a collagen-coated Prolene mesh. Power analysis indicated that 130 patients had to be randomised. All patients were evaluated using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse-Quantification (POP-Q) measurement. Quality of life, symptoms, and sexual function were evaluated using the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire, the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory, and the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was objective cure, defined as prolapse below POP-Q stage 2 at the 12-months follow-up. Secondary outcomes were quality of life, symptoms, and presence (or not) of complications. RESULTS: In total, 161 women were randomised to either anterior colporrhaphy or mesh (participant ages 64.9 ± 6.4 years versus 64.7 ± 6.6 years, respectively; mean ± SD). The objective cure rate was 39.8% (95% CI 28.6-50.9%) in the anterior colporrhaphy group, compared with 88.1% (95% CI 80.7-95.6%) in the mesh group (P < 0.001). Vaginal mesh exposure occurred in ten women (13.3%) and dyspareunia occurred in two women (2.7%, not significant) in the mesh group at the 12-months follow-up. Questionnaires revealed no difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates a significantly improved objective cure rate associated with a high exposure rate among women with mesh surgery as opposed to conventional surgery.

A nationwide analysis of transvaginal tape release for urinary retention after tension-free vaginal tape procedure.

The role of transvaginal release procedure (TRP) for the treatment of urinary retention after TVT operation in Finland by the end of the year 2002 was evaluated. Questionnaires regarding the TVTs and the TRPs were sent to 56 hospitals. A retrospective review of the records of 48 women undergoing the TRP was available for analysis. TVT was performed on 9040 patients under local (94%), spinal (4%) or general (2%) anesthesia. TRP was made under local (48%), light (48%) or spinal (4%) anesthesia. The number of TRPs was 50/9040 (0.6%) in the whole country. Forty-nine percent of the patients were completely cured of their retention and remained continent after TRP by subjective report and by stress test. The retention following a TVT did not resolve in four patients (12%) who underwent TRP. This nationwide analysis proved that half of the patients remained continent after TRP, which is in our opinion an important information for all proceduralists.

The Rosti sling: a new, minimally invasive, tension-free technique for the surgical treatment of female urinary incontinence-the first 217 patients.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the outcome of a new, innovative, inexpensive tension-free technique, the Rosti sling (RS), for female urinary incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RS was performed in 217 patients under local (45%), spinal (52%) or general (3%) anesthesia. A 1.5 x 33 cm strip of polypropylene mesh was inserted under the mid urethra from above through small suprapubic stabs down and out through a 1.5 cm midline vaginal incision using the Stamey needle. Of the women 76% had stress urinary incontinence and 24% had mixed incontinence. Patient age was 24 to 90 years (mean 56) and parity was 0 to 6 (mean 2). The diagnosis of incontinence was based on history and physical examinations with a cough stress test. Mean followup was 23 months. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 25 minutes (range 15 to 45) and mean hospital stay was 3 days (range 1 to 12). Perioperative complications were bladder and urethral perforations in 2 and 1 cases, respectively (1.4%), and hematoma in 3 (1.4%). There was postoperative retention with a variable duration in 49 patients (23%), of whom 41 underwent Hegar dilation. Altogether 186 of 215 patients (86.5%) were cured of incontinence. Two patients were lost to followup and 14 (16.3%) had de novo urge incontinence. The cure rates were 87% for stress urinary incontinence and 91% for mixed incontinence. The cure rate in patients treated under local and spinal anesthesia were 82% and 91%, respectively (p = 0.1084). The rates for RS with recurrent vs primary incontinence were 84% vs 87% (p = 0.5800) and for RS with vs without Hegar dilation 80% vs 88% (p = 0.2094). CONCLUSIONS: The technique described is simple, safe and inexpensive. The cure rates are comparable to those of tension-free vaginal tape. However, because of the relatively high rate of postoperative voiding difficulties compared to tension-free vaginal tape, this technique can be criticized. To avoid these problems special attention should be focused on applying the mesh without tension and with precision.

Effect of hypothermia on blood-flow responses in pedicled groin flaps in rats.

Cooling is widely used for preserving tissues such as kidneys before transplantation and for preserving extremities before replantation. Hypothermia has also been shown to be effective in the temporary storage of free flaps. However, in the intact living body, cooling can be damaging to tissue and the body system. We used a custom-designed clamping method (after flap elevation, occlusion and release of the flap-feeding artery) and continuous laser Doppler flowmetry to investigate the effects of hypothermia on blood flow and postocclusive reactive hyperaemia in the flaps. The animal model used was the partially elevated epigastric flap of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. In the hypothermia group (n=12), the core temperature and the flap temperature were allowed to fall during anaesthesia. At core temperatures of 34.58 degrees C and 338 degrees C and after rewarming of the rat, the feeding artery was occluded for 30 s and 120 s to observe the changes in blood flow and postocclusive reactive hyperaemia in the flap. In the control group (n=12), the core temperature was maintained at more than 378 degrees C throughout the experiment. To compare the flap blood-flow responses to occlusion of the femoral artery in the hypothermia group and the control group, the postocclusive reactive hyperaemia periods (i.e. blood flow above baseline after clamp release) were analysed. Statistical analysis of the responses showed that the magnitude (P=0.024), duration (P<0.001) and amplitude (i.e. peak flow) (P=0.037) of postocclusive reactive hyperaemia were significantly decreased in the hypothermia group. Our results suggest that hypothermia significantly decreases blood flow and postocclusive reactive hyperaemia in the rat epigastric flap. This may increase the risk of ischaemic flap complications unless rewarming is performed.

A follow-up study of patients suffering from sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (S-SNHL) is a common problem with a high recovery rate. However, little is known of the long-term prognosis of affected patients. The purpose of this follow-up study was to evaluate the long-term hearing results of S-SNHL patients. The sample consisted of 168 patients with S-SNHL treated with carbogen inhalation and/or anticoagulant therapy during the period 1982-89. A questionnaire was sent to these patients, and audiological investigations were carried out in a selection of these patients in 1997. Comparison of the different treatment methods showed that the difference observed in improvement of hearing was statistically significant between the carbogen inhalation and anticoagulant treatment groups. The hearing improvement achieved was stable for, on average, 8 years of follow-up. During the follow-up period, Ménière's disease was diagnosed in only 1 of the 116 patients who answered the questionnaire and no cases of acoustic neurinoma were diagnosed, indicating that establishment of a careful patient history and clinical and audiological investigations are sufficient for the diagnosis of S-SNHL. In general, the hearing improvement achieved in S-SNHL patients is stable during long-term follow-up.

The effect of promontorial bone on laser light transmission in measuring capillary blood flow in vivo.

Use of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to assess cochlear blood flow (CBF) in experimental animals has elucidated the complex mechanisms in CBF regulation. Some attempts have been made to measure CBF in humans, although earlier studies produced confusing data about the physical possibility of LDF penetrating the human tympanic cavity promontory. In this study, we used LDF in an attempt to observe capillary blood flow in vivo through the intact human promontory in order to develop a method for measuring CBF in human patients. Temporal bones from six human cadavers were removed and the promontory overlying the basal turn of the cochlea was drilled off and fixed in 10% formalin. Perpendicular bone thickness was measured at the site of the stria vascularis. Seven young rats were anesthetized and the carotid artery was cannulated for blood pressure recording. Capillary flow was registered with LDF from two sites, the kidney and the plantar area of a hind limb, using a custom-designed probe with 632.8 nm and 780 nm wavelengths. Intravenous epinephrine was used to evoke blood flow changes. The same measurements were repeated through the promontorial bone. The light attenuation induced by the promontorial bone was 79+/-28% for the 632.8 nm wavelength, and 22+/-15 to 65+/-13% for the 780 nm wavelength, depending on the thickness of the bone. The sensitivity in detecting minute changes was 78% and 91-96%, respectively, for the 632.8 nm and 780 nm wavelengths. This study indicates that it is possible to detect minute changes in capillary blood flow through the intact human promontory at the site of the stria vascularis.

Changes in blood flow in the partially elevated epigastric pedicled flap in response to occlusion of the femoral artery in rats.

In this study, the authors used a custom-designed clamping method and laser Doppler flowmetry to investigate the short-term autoregulatory patterns of blood flow (BF) in partially elevated pedicled epigastric flaps in rats (n=11). The femoral artery was clamped for 30, 60, 120 and 180 sec directly after flap elevation and 40 to 80 min after flap elevation. Changes during and after clamping indicate the functioning of autoregulatory factors in the vessels of the epigastric partially elevated flap. The longer the clamp ischemia is in a flap, the greater (p < 0.0001) is the need for a compensatory increase in BF and for a longer time (p < 0.0001) in the flap after clamp release. They compared the responses of BF directly after flap elevation with those 40 to 80 min after flap elevation. The results suggest a significant increase in the autoregulatory capacity of the pedicled partially elevated flap in measurements performed 40 to 80 min after flap elevation (p = 0.043). They conclude that the novel clamping method seems to be reliable when studying the short-term autoregulatory patterns of the epigastric partially elevated pedicled flap.

Botulinum toxin in the treatment of cricopharyngeal dysphagia.

Dysphagia is a common symptom in various neurological disorders affecting pharyngeal functions. Cricopharyngeal dysfunction is one of the major findings in these patients. The most effective treatment for restoring normal swallowing function in persistent cricopharyngeal dysfunction is cricopharyngeal myotomy, especially when mechanical obstruction or a well-localized neuromuscular dysfunction, such as a cricopharyngeal muscle spasm, is present. However, when there is a more diffuse neurological disorder present the results of surgery are more disappointing. In unclear cases, or in patients with temporary problems, no good method other than swallowing training, bougienage, and tube feeding are available. During the past decade, botulinum toxin has been found to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders associated with inappropriate muscular contractions such as torticollis and spasmodic dysphonia. Recently, injections of botulinum toxin in patients with cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction have been reported to result in marked relief of dysphagia. In this article we describe our experiences with botulinum toxin injections to treat four patients suffering from deglutition problems and cricopharyngeal dysphagia of different origins. Botulinum toxin was injected into the cricopharyngeus muscle that was identified by endoscopy under general anesthesia. In this study, no major side effects were observed. Three patients obtained a significant improvement of esophageal symptoms after the first injection. The treatment had limited effect in one patient who had reflux disease and only slight cricopharyngeus dysfunction.

Ultrasound and antral lavage in the examination of maxillary sinuses.

Two hundred and ninety maxillary sinuses in 206 patients, suspected of having acute or prolonged maxillary sinusitis, were examined using ultrasound (US) and then irrigated with isotonic saline. The results of the antral lavage and the US were compared and various US recording variables were analyzed. The sensitivity of US examination to find maxillary sinus secretion was 77% and the specificity 49%. The distance from the initial echo to the back wall echo (BWE) and the ratio of the echo-free area to the distance from the initial echo to the BWE were sensitive indicators of the presence of maxillary sinus secretion. The results suggest that US is a relatively sensitive method also in the diagnosis of prolonged maxillary sinus inflammations. However, its low specificity weakens its value in clinical work. The usability of US in the diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis can be increased by intermittently controlling US findings by sinus puncture. This is of particular importance for general practitioners, but also for specialists.

Long-term results of tracheostomy for severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS) is most often accompanied by metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes and coronary disease. In its most severe form, it is a life-threatening condition, requiring active and immediate help. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most efficient nonsurgical treatment for patients with OSAS. However, for anatomical, disease-related and subjective reasons, many patients cannot accept this treatment. A permanent tracheostomy may be one alternative in such patients who, in addition, often suffer from extreme obesity and severe heart disease. In this paper, we describe the long-term follow-up results of 7 patients suffering from OSAS and treated with permanent tracheostomy. All the patients (5 men, 2 women) were diagnosed using the static charge sensitive bed method and night-time oximetry for sleep analysis. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the patients ranged from 34 to 60 and the age from 41 to 64 years. All the patients had severe OSAS and long periods of low oxygen saturation (SaO2) levels. Six patients had a CPAP trial before tracheostomy. Only 2 patients tolerated the trial but, despite the continuous use of CPAP, they were nonresponders. Permanent tracheostomy was done according to normal routine in each patient. After primary healing of 2 days, they used silver cannulae, which also allowed them to speak. The patients were evaluated every year after the tracheostomy. After some practical difficulties including proper maintenance of the cannula, all the patients quickly learned the correct management. In postoperative sleep studies, nadir SaO2 levels had improved significantly, obstructive apneas had disappeared and the subjective quality of life had improved. No marked changes in BMI were found.

Radical meatoplasty in the treatment of severe chronic external otitis.

In the beginning, external otitis is an inflammation of the skin of the external ear canal. Partial or total obliteration of the meatus causes cleaning problems, which worsen the obliteration, and hence, the infection. Immunosuppressive medication or illness, certain dermatological problems or frequent infections may lead to irreversible changes and to the malignant form of external otitis with life-threatening sequelae. Conservative treatments in the beginning are aimed at regaining the normal skin functions by helping the cleaning process and curing the acute infection with repeated irrigation, proper antibacterial medication and corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory analgesics. In rare prolonged cases, surgical procedures are needed to help the cleaning process by removing the irreversibly thickened skin and bone affections, and using grafts. On the basis of our experience, even the removal of the diseased skin and enlarging of the external ear canal are insufficient procedures in the most difficult cases. In the present paper, we describe a new surgical method that we have performed to treat chronic bilateral obliterative external otitis in 2 patients, with favorable results.

Audiovestibular findings and location of an acoustic neuroma.

Forty-one patients with unilateral acoustic neuroma (AN) were diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between 1992 and 1997. All cases were analyzed with respect to tumor location and the results of audiometric examinations, auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing, and electronystagmography (ENG). Tumor location was determined by MRI and cases were divided into intracanalicular and extracanalicular sites. Intracanalicular tumors were significantly smaller than the extracanalicular ones The pure-tone hearing thresholds were better in ears with intracanalicular lesions than in those with extracanalicular ones. Respectively, speech reception thresholds were 33 dB and 45 dB, and speech discrimination scores 79% and 65%. ABR was abnormal in 98% of ANs, but was insufficient for determining tumor location. The ENG pursuit test was more frequently normal and the caloric side difference was smaller in ears with intracanalicular than extracanalicular AN. These findings show that the results of pure-tone and speech audiometry and ENG are better in ears with intracanalicular AN, while ABR results are similar regardless of tumor location.

Betahistine effects on cochlear blood flow: from the laboratory to the clinic.

The development of laser Doppler flowmetry techniques has contributed greatly to the study of cochlear blood flow (CBF). In animal models, intravenous betahistine dihydrochloride clearly increased CBF in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was greater in the cochlear vasculature than in the systemic vascular bed. The effects of betahistine were blocked by the alpha 2-antagonist idazoxan, thus suggesting an interaction between histaminergic and presynaptic adrenergic receptors. This was further supported by studies investigating the effects of electrical stimulation on CBF. Local (round window membrane) application of betahistine did not affect CBF, but had a non-specific effect on cochlear electrophysiology. This indicates that the receptors for betahistine vascular effects in the inner ear are most likely located in the modiolar artery. More recently, laser Doppler flowmetry techniques have been applied to human subjects. It has been shown that intratympanic application of adrenaline affects CBF and that this blood flow is under vigorous sympathetic control. Electrical stimulation has also been used to obtain measures of dynamic responsiveness in human subjects. This results in an increase in CBF, which is dependent on the intensity of the stimulation. Preliminary evidence indicates that this procedure can provide a standardized measure of the dynamic properties of CBF and may provide a means to differentially identify patients with compromised vasculature.

Cochleovestibular symptoms related to the site of vestibular schwannoma.

The purpose of the investigation was to study the symptoms that may provide clues to the early diagnosis of vestibular schwannoma (VS). The symptoms associated with VS in 41 patients were compared with the tumour locations detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There were 9 (22%) mainly intracanalicular and 32 (78%) mainly extracanalicular tumours. MRI visualized the enhancement of the intracanalicular nerve in 27 of 32 extracanalicular schwannomas. Hearing impairment was found as an initial symptom equally frequently in patients with intra- or extracanalicular VS. Tinnitus was reported as the first symptom more often in patients with extracanalicular VS and dizziness more often in patients with intracanalicular tumours. At the time of diagnosis, unilateral hearing loss was present in 98% of patients, independent of tumour location. Likewise, dizziness was found equally frequently in both patient groups. Instead, tinnitus was found almost significantly more frequently in patients with intracanalicular VS (p = 0.07). Although statistically insignificantly so, neurological symptoms were more common in patients with extracanalicular VS (p = 0.45).

Electronystagmographic findings in patients with acute cerebral vascular disease and vertigo.

A neurootologist examined 233 successive cases of acute disabling vertigo from the Clinic of Neurology of Turku University Central Hospital. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 24 patients had evidence of acute cerebral or cerebellar brain infarction. The examination scheme included a case history analysis, clinical neurootological examination and electronystagmography (ENG). The audiological examination included pure-tone thresholds and speech audiometry. The ENG analyses were done by two neurootologists who had no information about the aetiology of the diseases. A central disturbance in ENG was observed in 59% (10/17) of the patients with cerebral brain infarction and 71% (5/7) of the patients with cerebellar brain infarction. ENG is not valid as a screening method for the central aetiology of vertigo; imaging of the central nervous system is needed.

Treatment of severe tinnitus.

In 1995-96 we selected a group of 26 patients who were suffering from severe invalidating idiopathic tinnitus (IT) in order to evaluate the efficacy of rehabilitation and some alternative therapies. All patients were assessed thoroughly by means of audiology and radiology regarding any objective cause for the symptom. In order to help patients control their symptom by increasing knowledge and adding supportive elements, they were given basic education (presentations of the anatomy and physiology of the ear and hearing system, psychological and social aspects of IT, guided and non-guided group discussions, relaxation therapy, physiotherapy, music therapy) for 4 months, comprising one 2-h session bi-weekly. This type of group therapy was found to be extremely helpful, although no objective evaluation revealed effects on IT sensation (VAS) or psychometric measures (SLC-90). In a second limb of the study, the same patients attended a 6-day intensive course in a spa. The purpose was to evaluate the possible usefulness of the widely recommended alternative therapies for IT. All patients had an opportunity to sample the treatments. Six months later only a few had tried any of these treatments, but all reported that the lessons were the most helpful in association with supportive group discussions. The results indicated that none of these therapies can be recommended, based on rational medical practise.

Transtympanic versus tympanic membrane electrocochleography in examining cochleovestibular disorders.

The use of electrocochleography (EcoG) is considered to be of clinical value in otological diagnosis. Non-invasive ear canal (EC) and tympanic membrane (TM) EcoG recording techniques, and invasive transtympanic (TT) technique are the methods used for objective assessment of cochlear function. In this study, eight adults (16 ears) with suspected Meniere's disease were examined using a newly designed, disposable tympanic electrode and a traditional, thin transtympanic needle. The amplitudes of the TT electrode responses were 4-6-fold larger than those produced by the TM electrode. The morphology of the waveforms for the two recording techniques was nearly identical. The mean amplitudes of the action potential (AP) obtained with the TM electrode were 2.39-3.73 microV, and with the TT electrode 14.08-19.60 microV, depending on the stimulus intensity. For the summating potential (SP), the TM and TT electrodes had mean amplitudes of 0.82-1.60 microV and 3.53-5.81 microV respectively. The SP/AP ratios were larger with the TM electrode than with the TT electrode. They were inconsistent in four ears (25%) when measured with the TM and TT electrodes. All patients were more satisfied with the TT examination, since it was quite painless, unlike the TM examination. The authors recommend the use of the TT recording technique as a painless examination in which the electrode is close to the inner ear, allowing a good signal-to-noise ratio and large amplitudes. Diagnostic interpretations are easier and more reliable with the TT electrode than with the TM electrode.