ABSTRACT
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the circulation and risk factors associated with West Nile virus (WNV) exposure in equine and wild bird populations following the largest epidemic outbreak ever reported in Spain. A total of 305 equids and 171 wild birds were sampled between November 2020 and June 2021. IgG antibodies against flaviviruses were detected by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) in 44.9% (109/243) and 87.1% (54/62) of unvaccinated and vaccinated equids, respectively. The individual seroprevalence in unvaccinated individuals (calculated on animals seropositive by both bELISA and virus microneutralization test [VNT]) was 38.3% (95%CI: 33.1-43.4). No IgM antibodies were detected in animals tested (0/243; 0.0%; 95%CI: 0.0-1.5) by capture-ELISA. The main risk factors associated with WNV exposure in equids were age (adult and geriatric), breed (crossbred) and the absence of a disinsection programme on the facilities. In wild birds, IgG antibodies against flaviviruses were found in 32.7% (56/171; 95%CI: 26.8-38.6) using bELISA, giving an individual WNV seroprevalence of 19.3% (95%CI: 14.3-24.3) after VNT. Seropositivity was found in 37.8% of the 37 species analysed. Species group (raptors), age (>1-year old) and size (large) were the main risk factors related to WNV seropositivity in wild birds. Our results indicate high exposure and widespread distribution of WNV in equid and wild bird populations in Spain after the epidemic outbreak in 2020. The present study highlights the need to continue and improve active surveillance programmes for the detection of WNV in Spain, particularly in those areas at greatest risk of virus circulation.
Subject(s)
Flavivirus , Horse Diseases , West Nile Fever , West Nile virus , Animals , Horses , West Nile Fever/epidemiology , West Nile Fever/veterinary , Spain/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Animals, Wild , Birds , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Immunoglobulin G , Antibodies, Viral , Horse Diseases/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the frequency of mycobacterium infection in an HIV-positive population and its influence on medium-term survival, along with clinical and epidemiological factors associated with co-infection. METHODS: Several clinical specimens were studied for mycobacteria in a sample of 92 HIV+ patients at the San Juan de Dios teaching-hospital in Bogota, Colombia, during 1996. Factors associated with infection were measured using a prevalence ratio (PR), CI=95%, and logistic regression was used in the multivariable models. The likelihood of survival for three months was measured using Kaplan-Meir curves and factors associated with survival were assessed using Rate ratios and Cox's model. RESULTS: Eight percent of the patients had tuberculosis and 6% of them were found to be infected with atypical mycobacterium. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was the most frequent species, followed by M. fortuitum and M. chelonae. Mixed infections with M. tuberculosis and MAC were diagnosed in one patient and two different species of atypical mycobacterium were isolated in other two cases. Patients suffering from tuberculosis and stages III or IV HIV infection had a 16% survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis-HIV/AIDS frequency and atypical Mycobacterium-HIV/AIDS' association were very similar. The most frequently isolated atypical mycobacterium specie in this study was MAC. Survival rate was lower for patients infected by M. tuberculosis and even lower when a multi-resistant strain was involved. The most important clinical factor associated with M. tuberculosis was the presence of fever and loss of weight with mycobacterial infection. Blood provided the best samples for isolating mycobacteria.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Mycobacterium Infections/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Colombia , Female , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Hospitals, Teaching , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mycobacterium Infections/complications , Survival Rate , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Objetivo El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la frecuencia de infecciones micobacterianas en pacientes infectados por el VIH y su repercusión en la sobreviva de los pacientes a mediano plazo, además los factores clínicos y epidemiológicos asociados a la coinfección. Métodos La frecuencia de infección micobacteriana se determinó en una cohorte de 92 pacientes VIH positivos en el Hospital San Juan de Dios en Bogotá (Colombia), en 1996, mediante el empleo de métodos bacteriológicos estandarizados a partir de diferentes muestras clínicas. Los factores asociados con la enfermedad fueron medidos utilizando las razones de prevalencia RP IC= 95 por ciento y la regresión logística como método multivariado. La probabilidad de sobrevivir a tres meses fue evaluada usando las curvas de Kaplan Meir y se midieron los factores asociados con la sobrevida usando razones de tasas de incidencia y el modelo de Cox Resultados El 8 por ciento de los pacientes tenían tuberculosis y el 8,6 por ciento estaba infectado con micobacterias atípicas, siendo el complejo Mycobacterium avium (CMA), el más frecuente, seguido por M. fortuitum y M. chelonae. En un paciente se encontró M. tuberculosis y CMA y en otros dos se encontraron dos especies diferentes de micobacterias atípicas. Pacientes con tuberculosis, en estadios III y IV de enfermedad VIH tenían una sobreviva del 16 por ciento. Conclusiones La frecuencia de la asociación Tuberculosis/VIH-SIDA y Micobacteriosis/VIH-SIDA fue similar. La micobacteria atípica aislada con mayor frecuencia fue CMA. La sobrevida disminuyó en los pacientes con tuberculosis siendo menor si la cepa era multirresistente. El hallazgo clínico mas frecuentemente asociado a la tuberculosis fue la fiebre y la pérdida de peso se asoció a la presencia de micobacteriosis. La sangre fue la mejor muestra para el aislamiento de micobacterias.
Objective Evaluating the frequency of mycobacterium infection in an HIV-positive population and its influence on medium-term survival, along with clinical and epidemiological factors associated with co-infection. Methods Several clinical specimens were studied for mycobacteria in a sample of 92 HIV+ patients at the San Juan de Dios teaching-hospital in Bogota, Colombia, during 1996. Factors associated with infection were measured using a prevalence ratio (PR), CI=95 percent, and logistic regression was used in the multivariable models. The likelihood of survival for three months was measured using Kaplan-Meir curves and factors associated with survival were assessed using Rate ratios and Cox's model. Results Eight percent of the patients had tuberculosis and 6 percent of them were found to be infected with atypical mycobacterium. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was the most frequent species, followed by M. fortuitum and M. chelonae. Mixed infections with M. tuberculosis and MAC were diagnosed in one patient and two different species of atypical mycobacterium were isolated in other two cases. Patients suffering from tuberculosis and stages III or IV HIV infection had a 16 percent survival rate. Conclusions Tuberculosis-HIV/AIDS frequency and atypical Mycobacterium-HIV/AIDS' association were very similar. The most frequently isolated atypical mycobacterium specie in this study was MAC. Survival rate was lower for patients infected by M. tuberculosis and even lower when a multi-resistant strain was involved. The most important clinical factor associated with M. tuberculosis was the presence of fever and loss of weight with mycobacterial infection. Blood provided the best samples for isolating mycobacteria.
