Potential Nosocomial Infections by the Zika and Chikungunya Viruses in Public Health Facilities in the Metropolitan Area of Recife, Brazil.

Since 2015, the Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses gained notoriety for their impact in public health in many parts of the globe, including Brazil. In Recife, the capital of Pernambuco State, the introduction of ZIKV impacted human population tremendously, owing to the increase in the number of neurological cases, such as the Guillain−Barré and congenital Zika disorders. Later, Recife was considered to be the epicenter for ZIKV epidemics in Brazil. For arboviral diseases, there are some risk factors, such as climate changes, low socioeconomic conditions, and the high densities of vectors populations, that favor the broad and rapid dispersion of these three viruses in the city. Therefore, continuous arbovirus surveillance provides an important tool for detecting these arboviruses and predicting new outbreaks. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the circulation of DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV by RT-qPCR in mosquitoes collected in health care units from the metropolitan area of Recife (MAR), during 2018. A total of 2321 female mosquitoes (357 pools) belonging to two species, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, were collected from 18 different healthcare units, distributed in five cities from the MAR. Twenty-three pools were positive for ZIKV, out of which, seventeen were of C. quinquefasciatus and six were of A. aegypti. Positive pools were collected in 11/18 health care units screened, with Cq values ranging from 30.0 to 37.4 and viral loads varying from 1.88 × 107 to 2.14 × 109 RNA copies/mL. Nosocomial Aedes- and Culex-borne transmission of arbovirus are widely ignored by surveillance and vector control programs, even though healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are considered a serious threat to patient safety worldwide. Although the results presented here concern only the epidemiological scenario from 2018 in MAR, the potential of hospital-acquired transmission through mosquito bites is being overlooked by public health authorities. It is, therefore, of the ultimate importance to establish specific control programs for these locations.

Zika virus detection, isolation and genome sequencing through Culicidae sampling during the epidemic in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) has been isolated from many mosquito species in nature, but it is believed that the main vectors in urban environments are species of the genus Aedes. Here, we detected and isolated ZIKV in samples from Aedes aegypti, Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus, collected during the Zika epidemic in Vitória, southeast Brazil. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, ZIKV detection was performed in mosquito samples collected from February to April 2016. RESULTS: Overall, six pools of mosquitoes were positive for ZIKV: four of Cx. quinquefasciatus, one of Ae. aegypti and one of Ae. taeniorhynchus. Their genomes were sequenced. CONCLUSIONS: These results support and strengthen the hypothesis that other mosquito species can also be involved in ZIKV transmission.

Sensitivity of RT-PCR method in samples shown to be positive for Zika virus by RT-qPCR in vector competence studies

Abstract Tissue samples from mosquitoes artificially infected with Zika virus and shown to be positive by RT-qPCR were reexamined by RT-PCR. Using these samples we compared the two methods employed in virus RNA detection for vector competence studies. Results demonstrated that, albeit useful, RT-PCR gave false negatives with low viral loads (< 106 RNA copies/ml).

Sensitivity of RT-PCR method in samples shown to be positive for Zika virus by RT-qPCR in vector competence studies.

Tissue samples from mosquitoes artificially infected with Zika virus and shown to be positive by RT-qPCR were reexamined by RT-PCR. Using these samples we compared the two methods employed in virus RNA detection for vector competence studies. Results demonstrated that, albeit useful, RT-PCR gave false negatives with low viral loads (< 106 RNA copies/ml).

Synthesis of the racemate of (Z)-exo-alpha-bergamotenal, a pheromone component of the white-spotted spined bug, Eysarcoris parvus Uhler.

The racemate of (Z)-exo-alpha-bergamotenal, a sex pheromone component of the white-spotted spined bug, was synthesized from racemic exo-alpha-bergamotene by a five-step sequence involving regioselective epoxidation and (Z)-selective Wittig olefination reactions. The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of the synthetic sample were identical with those of the natural material.

Unisex pheromone detectors and pheromone-binding proteins in scarab beetles.

Olfaction was studied in two species of scarab beetle, Anomala octiescostata and Anomala cuprea (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae), which are temporarily isolated and use the same sex pheromone compounds, (R)-buibuilactone and (R)-japonilure. Single sensillum recordings in A. octiescostata revealed highly sensitive olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) (threshold <1 pg) that were tuned to the detection of the green leaf volatile compound (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. As opposed to similar ORNs in another scarab species, Phyllopertha diversa, in A. octiescostata a diazo analogue elicited much lower neuronal responses than the natural ligand. Detectors for other floral and leaf compounds were also characterized. Extremely stereoselective ORNs tuned to sex pheromone were identified in male and female antennae. Biochemical investigations showed that, in A. octiescostata and A. cuprea, the pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) isolated from male antennae were identical to PBPs obtained from female antennae. AoctPBP and AcupPBP had seven different amino acid residues. Binding of AoctPBP to (R)-japonilure is shown. PdivOBP1, which is also known to bind to (R)-japonilure, differed from AcupPBP in only two amino acid residues, one at the N-terminus and the other near the C-terminus. The structural features of the Bombyx mori PBP are compared with the sequences of eight known scarab odorant-binding proteins.

Conformational isomers of insect odorant-binding proteins.

We have identified and cloned the cDNAs encoding odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) from the large black chafer, Holotrichia parallela, and the yellowish elongate chafer, Heptophylla picea. Each species possess two OBPs, the proteins migrating faster in native gels (OBP1) showed high amino acid identity (>88%) to previously identified pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) from scarab beetles. HparOBP1 and HpicOBP1 have 116 amino acids and six highly conserved cysteine residues. In contrast to OBP1 that gave a single band, both HparOBP2 and HpicOBP2 separated each into two bands in native gels (15%). The N-terminal amino acid sequences for the two bands from each species were indistinguishable, and they had the same molecular masses. Although we sequenced several clones from each species, they all encode only one protein for each species, indicating they are different conformational isomers of the same protein. HparOBP2 and HpicOBP2 have 133 amino acids and cysteine residues are conserved in proteins of the same family.