The Significance of Digital Citizenship and Gender in the Relationship between Social Media Usage Time and Self-Esteem among Adolescents: A Secondary Analysis.

This study examined the significance of digital citizenship and gender in the relationship between social media usage time and self-esteem among adolescents. This cross-sectional study was a secondary analysis using national data on 506 Korean adolescents acquired from the 2020 Korea Media Panel Survey. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and SPSS PROCESS macro. We found that the moderated moderating effects of digital citizenship and gender on the relationship between social media usage time and self-esteem were significant. Both boys and girls had higher self-esteem in groups with higher digital citizenship than in groups with lower digital citizenship. The relationship between social media usage time and self-esteem for boys was positive in the high digital citizenship group and negative in the low digital citizenship group. Conversely, for girls, the relationship between social media usage time and self-esteem was positive in the low digital citizenship group and negative in the high digital citizenship group. It is important to take a differentiated approach that considers the relationship between digital citizenship and gender to promote healthy digital media use and positive self-esteem.

Digital Citizenship and Life Satisfaction in South Korean Adolescents: The Moderated Mediation Effect of Poverty.

This study examined the moderated mediation effect of poverty on the paths between enactive mastery experience in digital life and life satisfaction mediated by digital citizenship and digital life among Korean adolescents using structural equation modelling. This cross-sectional study involved a secondary data analysis of 2020 national data in The Report on the Digital Divide provided by the National Information Society Agency (NIA) of Korea. Data from 1084 Korean adolescents were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 and SPSS PROCESS macro. The results demonstrated a significant moderated mediation effect of poverty. Enactive mastery experience, which encompasses the self-knowledge, perceived task difficulty, and contextual factors of adolescents living in poverty, was associated with digital life and life satisfaction through the mediation of digital citizenship. For adolescents living in poverty, in contrast to their non-poor counterparts, enactive mastery experience in digital life and digital citizenship are two critical factors in life satisfaction. Therefore, institutional support enabling adolescents and their communities to forge partnerships is necessary to foster these two factors.

Association Among Workplace Spirituality, Spiritual Well-Being, and Spiritual Care in Practice With Multiple Mediators for Clinical Nurses.

BACKGROUND: Spiritual care helps individuals encounter the transcendent meaning of their crises. However, nurses report various barriers to providing spiritual care in clinical settings. To facilitate spiritual care among nurses, a more comprehensive understanding of this field is needed. This study was conducted to establish a path model for multiple factors predicting spiritual care among nurses working in hospitals. METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. The participants were 370 nurses with more than 6 months of experience working in general hospitals in South Korea. The measures used in this study were nursing workplace spirituality, a spiritual well-being scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel, a scale for compassionate care, a general self-efficacy scale, and spiritual care in practice. Path analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 24.0, and SPSS Amos, version 20.0. RESULTS: Workplace spirituality and spiritual well-being predicted higher spiritual care in practice by sequentially mediating burnout and compassionate care. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that nurses' spiritual care can be increased via the development of specific strategies focused on enhancing the nursing work-place spirituality of hospital organizations, promoting individual spiritual well-being and compassionate behavior, and reducing burnout among nurses. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2023;54(2):89-96.].

Moderating Effects of Digital Citizenship on Problematic Digital Media Use and Children's Happiness: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the high prevalence of problematic digital media use among youth has become a public concern. Therefore, this study investigated digital citizenship's moderating effects on a supportive school environment, parental pressure to achieve, academic stress, problematic digital media use, and happiness in school-aged children. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved secondary data analysis of national data from the 11th Panel Study on Korean Children 2018 on 1342 families of fourth-grade students. Structural equation modeling assessed the relations among variables. RESULTS: A multigroup analysis verified that digital citizenship significantly moderated the paths from supportive school environment to problematic digital media use, supportive school environment to happiness, and problematic digital media use to happiness. Specifically, problematic digital media use had a significant positive effect on happiness in the low-digital citizenship group and a significant negative effect in the high-digital-citizenship group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that digital citizenship as a competency should be fostered to prevent problematic digital media use.

Maternal predictors of children's mental health in low-income families: A structural equation model.

Low-income populations are particularly susceptible to mental health problems, and the susceptibilities of family members may be interconnected. In particular, maternal factors are known to be linked to their children's outcomes. This study aims to investigate how maternal cognition, depression, and the mother-child relationship, as well as children's cognition, predict the mental health of children in low-income families. Pairs of mothers and children from families receiving governmental assistance were surveyed between January 2018 and March 2019. Korean versions of the following instruments were used: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (children's mental health problems), Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children (children's cognition), Kerns' Security Scale (mother-child relationship), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (maternal depression), and Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Negative (maternal cognition). A structural equation model was used to examine how maternal cognition, depression, the mother-child relationship, and children's cognition predict children's mental health. Maternal negative cognition and depression mediated by the children's relationships with their mothers negatively predicted their cognition and mental health problems. Enhancing maternal mental health and a mother-child relationship can help improve positive cognition and mental health of children from low-income families.

Character Strength and Mental Health Problems among Children from Low-Income Families in South Korea.

This study was conducted to understand the association between character strength and mental health problems among children in early adolescence from low-income families in South Korea. This study used a cross-sectional and descriptive study design with 214 fifth- and sixth-grade elementary school children from low-income families enrolled in 20 community centers and receiving government financial assistance. A bivariate probit model was used to examine the association between character strength and mental health problems in the children. We found that character strength lowers the likelihood of developing hyperactivity-inattention and emotional symptoms among children from low-income families. Additionally, adverse life events were associated with increased mental health problems, whereas adverse life events were not significantly correlated with character strength in the current study. Specific interventions should be developed to cultivate character strength among children in early adolescence from low-income families who are at a high risk of mental health problems under cumulative adverse life events.

Association between chronotype, tobacco use or alcohol use, and high-risk drinking by age group: The Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (VII: 2016-2017).

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the association between chronotype, tobacco use or alcohol use, and high-risk drinking by age group and examine the differences across groups. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted. Data from 12,189 participants aged ≥ 12 years from 2016 to 2017, excluding shift workers, were gathered from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency's Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A general linear model was used to determine the aforementioned associations and differences across age groups. Chronotype was measured using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. It was divided into quintiles. We used current tobacco use, monthly alcohol use, and high-risk drinking as indexes of tobacco use and alcohol use. These data were extracted from the national representative data. RESULTS: Among adolescents and adults, both tobacco use and alcohol use showed a linear increasing trend, although it was greatest among adolescents. In older adults, tobacco use showed a linear increasing trend with delayed chronotype. When the chronotypes of all age groups were aggregated, high-risk drinking was higher in both extreme types, Quintiles 1 and 5. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco use and alcohol use were mostly associated with delayed chronotype. Therefore, interventions to address delayed chronotype at all ages are needed. As the trend of increase in tobacco use and alcohol use in adolescents was higher than in other age groups, a special strategy is required aimed at this population. Moreover, both extreme chronotypes should be considered risk factors for high-risk drinking.

Effectiveness of International Hospice and Palliative Care Training for Health Care Professionals in Countries of the Western Pacific Region.

As hospice and palliative care is a holistic service grounded in spirituality, training in spiritual care is essential. This study aimed to describe an international workforce training program for hospice and palliative care that emphasized spiritual care and evaluate the effectiveness of the training implementation. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 28 health care professionals from 4 countries in the Western Pacific Region, who attended the international workforce trainings on hospice and palliative care. Data were collected before and after the trainings using a self-reported survey questionnaire. The participants' palliative care knowledge, spiritual well-being, perceived stress, and compassion competency were analyzed to evaluate the training program. Whereas the participants' knowledge of hospice and palliative care ( P < .001) and compassion competency increased ( P = .004), their perceived stress decreased post training ( P = .002). This study provided an extensive description of an international workforce training program of hospice and palliative care for potential replication of the training in other regions of the world. Because training in hospice and palliative care positively influenced health care professionals' spiritual care competency, future training and studies should consider spiritual care factors, along with intellectual aspects.

The significant mediators between depression and mental health recovery among community-dwelling people with a diagnosed mental disorder.

To investigate the mediating roles of community integration and positive thinking on the relationship between depression and mental health recovery among community dwelling people with mental disorders in South Korea. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was utilized. Data were collected from 167 community-dwelling people with mental disorders who did not use the day program at community mental health centers. Data were collected from November 20, 2018, to February 15, 2019. Both community integration and positive thinking were found to mediate the effects of depression on mental health recovery. The mediating effect of positive thinking was significantly greater than that of community integration. This study added evidence for a significant multiple mediating effect of community integration and positive thinking on the relationship between depression and mental health recovery in community-dwelling people with mental disorders. Although the consumer-centered recovery paradigm of people with mental health difficulties is of global importance, little research has been conducted on mental health recovery among community-dwelling people with mental disorders who do not use the day program at community mental health centers. It was found that community integration and positive thinking mediated the effects of depression on mental health recovery, with positive thinking mediating this relationship the most. Thus, these results suggest a specific direction of community mental health services to promote mental health recovery for people with mental disorders who do not have access to community mental health services.

Correction to: Violence Victimization Among Adolescents from Culturally or Ethnically Diverse South Korean Families.

The original version of the article unfortunately contained a typo in corresponding author name. The corresponding author name is Gyungjoo Lee instead it was published incorrectly as Gyungoo Lee.

Effects of Holy Name Meditation on the Quality of Life of Hospital Middle Manager Nurses in Korea: A 6-Month Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND: Nurses experience poor quality of life due to workload and role stress. In this study, a spirituality-based intervention was administered to nurse managers. METHOD: A total of 45 nurse managers participated in the study; 24 were assigned to the experimental group, and 21 were assigned to a control group. The Holy Name Meditation Program was provided solely to the experimental group. Pretest, posttest 1 (5 weeks after the intervention), posttest 2 (12 weeks after the intervention), and posttest 3 (24 weeks after the intervention) data were gathered on seven variables, including spiritual well-being, spiritual needs, job satisfaction, leadership, burnout, depression, and self-efficacy. RESULTS: The experimental group showed significant improvement in spiritual well-being (p < .001), spiritual needs (p = .029), and job satisfaction (p = .005) until the 24-week follow-up. Burnout (p < .001), depression and anxiety (p = .034), and self-efficacy (p = .024) showed significant improvement until the 12-week follow-up. Depression and anxiety (p = .053) showed decreasing tendency until the 24-week follow-up. CONCLUSION: Evidence suggests this program promotes spiritual and psychosocial well-being of nurse managers. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2020;51(5):215-224.].

Correlations between the Status of the Umbilical Cord and Neonatal Health Status.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify correlations between the status of the umbilical cord and neonatal health status. METHODS: In total, 172 newborns were enrolled who were admitted to the newborn nursery with a gestational age of 35 weeks or older and a body weight of 2 kg or above. Data were collected on the basic personal information of the newborns, the diameter and soft tissue status of the umbilical cord, and neonatal health status after birth. Analyses were performed using t-test, analysis of variance, x 2 test, and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Umbilical cord diameter exhibited a statistically significant difference by sex (t=2.71, p=.007). A thin umbilical cord diameter was associated with a 1-minute Apgar score less than 8 points (t=2.47, p=.015) and with being transferred to the intensive care unit (t=2.45, p=.015). Poor soft tissue status of the umbilical cord was associated with a 1-minute Apgar score of less than 8 points (x 2=16.68, p<.001) and with oxygen being supplied (x 2=4.81, p=.028). CONCLUSION: Assessing the umbilical cord diameter and status in newborns is an important tool for evaluating neonatal health status after birth, and this point also underscores the importance of professionals' careful observations in the newborn nursery.

Violence Victimization Among Adolescents from Culturally or Ethnically Diverse South Korean Families.

This study compared the prevalence of violence victimization requiring hospital treatment among adolescents that are culturally or ethnically diverse and those that are South Korean living in South Korea. This study used a nationally representative data set of 63,376 adolescents obtained from the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey conducted in 2015 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was conducted to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for violence victimization in each group of culturally diverse adolescents compared to that of adolescents with South Korean parents. The analysis showed that adolescents whose parents are both culturally or ethnically diverse had ORs of 18.64 (95% CI 11.28-30.81) for violent experience. To decrease the violent victimization of culturally diverse adolescents with a culturally or ethnically diverse parent, specific government policies and school strategies are needed.

Association between sleep duration and menstrual cycle irregularity in Korean female adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The association between sleep and the menstrual cycle in the adolescent population has been scarcely studied. This study aimed to investigate the association between sleep duration and menstrual cycle irregularity among female adolescents using nationwide representative data from the South Korean population. METHODS: This population-based, cross-sectional study used the data collected from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012, and the data from 801 female adolescents were analyzed. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk of menstrual cycle irregularity in relation to sleep duration. RESULTS: Subjects with menstrual cycle irregularity accounted for 15% (N = 120). The mean sleep duration in subjects with menstrual cycle irregularity was significantly shorter than that in those without (p = 0.003). Menstrual cycle irregularity prevalence tended to decrease as sleep duration increased (p for trend = 0.004), which was significantly different based on sleep duration and presence of depressive mood (p = 0.011). Sleep duration ≤5 h per day was significantly associated with increased risk of menstrual cycle irregularity compared with that in the subjects whose sleep duration is ≥8 h per day even after adjusting for confounding variables. The odds ratios of menstrual cycle irregularity tended to increase for shorter sleep duration in all adjusted models. CONCLUSION: This study found a significant inverse association between sleep duration and menstrual cycle irregularity among Korean female adolescents. Increasing sleep duration is required to improve the reproductive health of female adolescents.

Comparing anger, anger expression, life stress and social support between Korean female nursing and general university students.

AIMS: To compare anger, anger expression, life stress and social support among female students at a nursing university and a general university and to examine factors affecting anger in each group. BACKGROUND: University students typically experience constant stress resulting from factors like academic requirements, personal relationships and career decisions; this tends to promote anger. Particularly, nursing students' anger can negatively affect the quality of care that they provide, and also their mental health. Therefore, anger management of nursing students is very important in the training and development of future nurses. Nursing education needs to confirm factors associated with anger of nursing students compared with general university students to develop specific intervention programs for decreasing their anger levels. DESIGN: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. METHODS: Participants were 286 female students (146 from a nursing university and 140 from a general university); they completed self-report surveys examining anger, anger expression, life stress and social support. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was done to identify factors affecting anger. Data were collected from 15 May-10 June 2016. RESULTS/FINDINGS: In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, we entered three anger expression factors, eight life stress factors and social support as explanatory variables; factors affecting anger among nursing students were anger-out and same-sex peer relationship stress. In general university students, anger-out, anger-control and anger-in were identified as factors affecting anger. CONCLUSION: Becoming proficient in beneficial anger expression techniques and reducing stress from same-sex peer relationships will reduce anger among female nursing students.

Risk of mental health problems in adolescents skipping meals: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010 to 2012.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents frequently skip meals, doing so even more than once per day. This is associated with more mental health problems. PURPOSE: This study identified mental health problems' associations with skipping meals and the frequency thereof among adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional population-based study used a data set of 1,413 adolescents from the 2010 to 2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine the risk of mental health problems, including stress, depressive mood, and suicidal ideation in relation to skipping meals and the frequency thereof per day. FINDINGS: Breakfast skipping significantly increased the risks of stress and depressive mood. Stress, depressive mood, and suicidal ideation were significantly prevalent as the daily frequency of skipping meals increased. CONCLUSION: Specific strategies should be developed at government or school level to decrease the frequency of skipping meals per day, associated with serious mental health problems in adolescents.

The role of ego-resiliency in the relationship between social anxiety and problem solving ability among South Korean nursing students.

BACKGROUND: Problem-solving is a core ability that nursing students should develop during their education. There is a need to better understand the importance of problem-solving and the factors related to it among nursing students. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the role of ego-resiliency in the relationship between social anxiety and problem-solving ability in Korean nursing students. METHODS: Data were collected from a total of 329 nursing students who were enrolled in three nursing programs in South Korea, using a self-administrated questionnaire. Data were mainly analyzed by Baron and Kenny's three-step regression analysis and the Sobel test. RESULTS: Ego-resiliency played a partial mediating role in the relationship between social anxiety and problem-solving ability. Further, the Sobel test suggested a mediating effect of ego-resiliency on the relationship between social anxiety and problem-solving (Z=-9.079, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: To enhance problem-solving ability in nursing students, nursing educators should establish educational strategies that decrease social anxiety and improve ego-resiliency.

The mediating role of spirituality on professional values and self-efficacy: a study of senior nursing students.

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify the significance of spirituality in enhancing self-efficacy related to professional values in senior nursing students. BACKGROUND: Self-efficacy can predict job satisfaction and performance as professional nurses in clinical settings. Senior nursing students should have the level of self-efficacy that enables them to perform professional roles based on professional values, because they will enter clinical settings immediately after graduation. Spirituality may help senior nursing students during the transition to professional life to reflect on their skills, knowledge and situations to enhance self-efficacy based on professional values. DESIGN: An exploratory, cross-sectional design was used in this study. METHODS: A total of 194 senior nursing students in South Korea were recruited in 2014. They completed self-reported questionnaires consisting of demographic questions, Spiritual Assessment Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale and Nursing Professional Values inventory. A Sobel test was done to determine the mediating effect of spirituality on the relationship between nursing professional values and self-efficacy. RESULTS: The findings showed a positive correlation between professional values, spirituality and self-efficacy in nursing students. According to the Sobel test, spirituality had a mediating effect on the relationship between professional values and self-efficacy in senior nursing students. CONCLUSION: Spirituality can be a foundation that provides senior nursing students with higher self-efficacy so that they are able to perform their professional roles based on their professional values. The findings can guide nursing educators to include spiritual development of nursing students to enhance the self-efficacy of senior nursing students, the future of the nursing profession.