When Should I Get My Next COVID Vaccine? Data from the SUrveillance of responses to COVID-19 vaCcines in systEmic immunE mediated inflammatory Diseases (SUCCEED)study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how serologic responses to COVID vaccination/infection in immunemediated inflammatory disease (IMID) are affected by time since last vaccination and other factors. METHODS: Post-COVID-19 vaccination, data and dried blood spots/sera were collected from adults with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus, ankylosing spondylitis/spondylarthritis and psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis. First sample was at enrolment and then 2-4 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months after latest vaccine dose. Multivariate generalized estimating equation regressions (including medications, demographics, and vaccination history) evaluated serologic response, based on log-transformed anti-RBD IgG titres; we also measured anti-nucleocapsid IgG. RESULTS: Positive associations for log-transformed anti-RBD titres were seen with female sex, number of doses, and self-reported COVID infections in 2021-2023. Negative associations were seen with prednisone, anti-TNF agents, and rituximab.Over 2021-2023, most (94%) of anti-nucleocapsid positivity was associated with a self-reported infection in the 3 months prior. From March 2021 to Feb 2022, anti-nucleocapsid positivity was present in 5-15% of samples and was highest in the post-Omicron era, with anti-nucleocapsid positivity trending to 30-35% or higher as of March 2023. Anti-nucleocapsid positivity in IMID remained lower than Canada's general population seroprevalence (>50% in 2022 and >75% in 2023).Time since last vaccination was negatively associated with log-transformed anti-RBD titres, particularly after 210 days. CONCLUSION: Ours is the first pan-Canadian IMID assessment of how vaccine history and other factors affect serologic COVID-19 vaccine responses. These findings may help individuals personalize vaccination decisions, including consideration of additional vaccination when >6 months has elapsed since last COVID vaccination/infection.

The Impact of a Workforce Mental Health Program on Employer Medical Plan Spend: An Application of Cost Efficiency Measurement for Mental Health Care.

Mental health issues often result in significant impairment and financial challenges, both at home and in the workplace. Solutions vary widely in their usage and cost-effectiveness. This study presents an analysis of medical and prescription drug spending and utilization data for the employees of 4 companies who were eligible for an evidence-based workforce mental health program (WMHP). A variation of coarsened exact matching paired WMHP users to nonusers, based on demographics, location, and medical factors. Individuals included 2791 pairs of members whose medical claims were incurred in 2018 and 3883 pairs with claims in 2019. Using a cost efficiency measurement process, mean cost and utilization per person per year (PPPY) were compared. WMHP users had lower medical (-$2295 in 2018; -$2304 in 2019) and prescription drug spending (-$295 in 2018; -$312 in 2019). Over half of the cost reduction (-$1252 in 2018; -$1211 in 2019) resulted from shifting therapy services from the medical benefit to WMHP. WMHP users attended about 12 sessions PPPY, whereas the comparison group of nonusers attended about 7 mental health office visits PPPY under the medical benefit. WMHP users had more mental health-related visits in both years, but had fewer visits on the medical plan, and fewer emergency department visits for mental health than comparison group members. These results provide evidence that high-quality, evidence-based mental health services can reduce total expenditures and change utilization patterns. Evidence-based WMHP may represent a prudent investment for employers in providing mental health care to employees.

Outcomes of a Live Messaging, Blended Care Coaching Program Among Adults With Symptoms of Anxiety: Pragmatic Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are common and can be debilitating. In addition, various barriers exist that can hinder access to adequate care. Coaching that is grounded in evidence-based interventions and delivered via synchronous (ie, live) text-based messaging could potentially increase the reach of mental health services among populations who select this modality instead of other services (eg, face-to-face coaching and psychotherapy). In addition, the delivery of live messaging coaching within a blended care model has the potential to combine the benefits of coaching with those of evidence-based digital mental health tools. OBJECTIVE: This real-world study evaluates the anxiety and satisfaction outcomes of live messaging coaching blended with digital tools (ie, digital exercises and activities). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 121 adults with moderate levels of anxiety symptoms at the beginning of coaching (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7] scores: range 8-14). Participants received an employer-offered blended messaging coaching (BMC) program, and those who opted to receive all live coaching sessions via text-based messaging were included. Anxiety symptom severity was regularly measured by using the GAD-7 scale. Using growth curve models, the change in GAD-7 scores over the course of BMC was evaluated, as were the effects of text-based coaching sessions on GAD-7 scores. The proportion of participants that had a reliable improvement in anxiety symptom severity (GAD-7 score reduction of ≥4) or subclinical symptom severity (GAD-7 score of <8) at the end of care was also estimated. Participants also self-reported their likelihood of recommending their live messaging coach to someone with similar needs. RESULTS: At baseline, the average GAD-7 score was 9.88 (SD 1.80). Anxiety symptom severity significantly decreased with each week in the BMC program (week: b=-1.04; P<.001), and the rate of decline in anxiety symptom severity decreased over time (week2: b=0.06; P<.001). Each live messaging coaching session was associated with significantly lower anxiety symptom severity during the week of the coaching session (b=-1.56; P<.001) and the week immediately following the session (b=-1.03; P<.001). Overall, 86% (104/121) of participants had subclinical symptom severity or a reliable reduction in anxiety symptom severity by the end of care. Further, 33.1% (40/121) of participants reported coaching satisfaction levels; of the 40 participants in this subset, 37 (92.5%) were likely or extremely likely to recommend their live messaging coach. CONCLUSIONS: BMC that provides coaching sessions via live messaging can be beneficial for adults with moderate symptoms of anxiety who qualify for and self-select this care modality. Large-scale studies with longer follow-ups are needed.

Influence of Digital Intervention Messaging on Influenza Vaccination Rates Among Adults With Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: Decentralized Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Seasonal influenza affects 5% to 15% of Americans annually, resulting in preventable deaths and substantial economic impact. Influenza infection is particularly dangerous for people with cardiovascular disease, who therefore represent a priority group for vaccination campaigns. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the effects of digital intervention messaging on self-reported rates of seasonal influenza vaccination. METHODS: This was a randomized, controlled, single-blind, and decentralized trial conducted at individual locations throughout the United States over the 2020-2021 influenza season. Adults with self-reported cardiovascular disease who were members of the Achievement mobile platform were randomized to receive or not receive a series of 6 patient-centered digital intervention messages promoting influenza vaccination. The primary end point was the between-group difference in self-reported vaccination rates at 6 months after randomization. Secondary outcomes included the levels of engagement with the messages and the relationship between vaccination rates and engagement with the messages. Subgroup analyses examined variation in intervention effects by race. Controlling for randomization group, we examined the impact of other predictors of vaccination status, including cardiovascular condition type, vaccine drivers or barriers, and vaccine knowledge. RESULTS: Of the 49,138 randomized participants, responses on the primary end point were available for 11,237 (22.87%; 5575 in the intervention group and 5662 in the control group) participants. The vaccination rate was significantly higher in the intervention group (3418/5575, 61.31%) than the control group (3355/5662, 59.25%; relative risk 1.03, 95% CI 1.004-1.066; P=.03). Participants who were older, more educated, and White or Asian were more likely to report being vaccinated. The intervention was effective among White participants (P=.004) but not among people of color (P=.42). The vaccination rate was 13 percentage points higher among participants who completed all 6 intervention messages versus none, and at least 2 completed messages appeared to be needed for effectiveness. Participants who reported a diagnosis of COVID-19 were more likely to be vaccinated for influenza regardless of treatment assignment. CONCLUSIONS: This personalized, evidence-based digital intervention was effective in increasing vaccination rates in this population of high-risk people with cardiovascular disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04584645; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04584645.

Recommendations for the surveillance of mental health problems in childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors: a report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group.

Survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult (diagnosed when <25 years of age) cancer are at risk of mental health problems. The aim of this clinical practice guideline is to harmonise international recommendations for mental health surveillance in survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer. This guideline was developed by a multidisciplinary panel of experts under the sponsorship of the International Guideline Harmonization Group. We evaluated concordance among existing survivorship clinical practice guidelines and conducted a systematic review following evidence-based methods. Of 7249 studies identified, 76 articles from 12 countries met the inclusion criteria. Recommendations were formulated on the basis of identified evidence in combination with clinical considerations. This international clinical practice guideline strongly recommends mental health surveillance for all survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers at every follow-up visit and prompt referral to mental health specialists when problems are identified. Overall, the recommendations reflect the necessity of mental health surveillance as part of comprehensive survivor-focused health care.

Psychosocial Functioning Among Caregivers of Childhood Cancer Survivors Following Treatment Completion.

OBJECTIVE: To inform efforts to better support caregivers of children with cancer during the transition from treatment to survivorship, this study sought to characterize caregiver mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and anxiety, and examine the influence of family psychosocial risk and caregiver problem-solving on these outcomes. METHOD: Participants included 124 caregivers (child age M = 10.05 years; SD = 4.78), 12-19 months from the conclusion of cancer-directed treatment. Participants' self-reported mental HRQOL, anxiety, and problem-solving were compared with community norms using t-tests. Correlations and hierarchical multiple regressions examined the influence of psychosocial risk and problem-solving on caregiver mental HRQOL and anxiety. RESULTS: Overall, caregivers reported HRQOL and anxiety within normal limits. Caregivers also reported more adaptive patterns of problem-solving than community norms. Subsets of caregivers reported clinical levels of psychosocial risk (11%) and at-risk levels of mental HRQOL (2.5%) and anxiety (5.7%). Females reported greater anxiety than males. Psychosocial risk and negative problem orientation (NPO) were both related to poorer mental HRQOL and greater anxiety (r = .40-.51, p's < .001). Positive problem orientation related to better mental HRQOL and lower anxiety (r = .18-.21, p's < .05). Impulsivity/carelessness and avoidance were associated with greater anxiety (r = .19-.25, p's < .05). Only NPO accounted for additional variance in mental HRQOL and anxiety, over and above psychosocial risk and demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of caregivers appear to be resilient and experience limited distress during the off therapy period. Targeting negative cognitive appraisals (NPO) through cognitive-behavioral therapy or problem-solving skills training may further improve caregiver psychosocial functioning.

Caregiver-reported outcomes of pediatric transplantation: Changes and predictors at 6 months post-transplant.

BACKGROUND: It is widely assumed that pediatric solid organ transplantation results in better caregiver-reported outcomes, including reduced caregiver psychological distress and increased child health-related quality of life (HRQOL), yet little empirical evidence of this expectation exists. The current investigation aims to fill this gap and identify key clinical course factors predictive of caregiver-reported outcomes. METHODS: Forty-nine caregivers of children (Mage  = 10.30 years, SD = 5.43) presenting for kidney, liver, or heart transplant evaluation reported on their psychological distress levels (anxiety, depression, somatization, and global psychological stress) and their children's HRQOL at children's pretransplant evaluations and 6 months post-transplant. Clinical course factors were abstracted via medical chart review. RESULTS: Caregivers did not report significant changes in their psychological distress from pre- to post-transplant but reported significantly improved child HRQOL across most domains (ds = -.45 to -.54). Higher post-transplant caregiver global psychological distress was predicted by older child age, shorter time since diagnosis, and lower pretransplant caregiver-reported child HRQOL even after controlling for pretransplant caregiver psychological distress. Lower post-transplant child total HRQOL was predicted by more post-transplant hospitalizations even after controlling for pretransplant child total HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results indicate pediatric solid organ transplantation was associated with some improved caregiver-reported outcomes, specifically children's HRQOL, but not caregivers' psychological distress. Linear regression models identify several clinical course and pretransplant factors associated with transplantation outcomes. Characterizing how caregivers view their psychological distress levels and children's HRQOL across the transplantation process could inform family-centered holistic care and support caregiver adaptation to transplantation.

Neural integration underlying naturalistic prediction flexibly adapts to varying sensory input rate.

Prediction of future sensory input based on past sensory information is essential for organisms to effectively adapt their behavior in dynamic environments. Humans successfully predict future stimuli in various natural settings. Yet, it remains elusive how the brain achieves effective prediction despite enormous variations in sensory input rate, which directly affect how fast sensory information can accumulate. We presented participants with acoustic sequences capturing temporal statistical regularities prevalent in nature and investigated neural mechanisms underlying predictive computation using MEG. By parametrically manipulating sequence presentation speed, we tested two hypotheses: neural prediction relies on integrating past sensory information over fixed time periods or fixed amounts of information. We demonstrate that across halved and doubled presentation speeds, predictive information in neural activity stems from integration over fixed amounts of information. Our findings reveal the neural mechanisms enabling humans to robustly predict dynamic stimuli in natural environments despite large sensory input rate variations.

The comfort ability program for adolescents with sickle cell pain: Evaluating feasibility and acceptability of an inpatient group-based clinical implementation.

BACKGROUND: Integration of nonpharmacological therapies, such as cognitive and behavioral pain management strategies, is recommended to support comprehensive disease and pain management among children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD). The Comfort Ability Program for Sickle Cell Pain (CAP for SCP) introduces psychological and biobehavioral pain management strategies to children and adolescents with SCD. This study aimed to pilot the implementation of the CAP for SCP in a group setting to children and adolescents hospitalized for SCD pain examining feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness on improving pain knowledge and coping efficacy. METHOD: Adaptation of CAP for SCP into a three-session group format was guided by four phases of the Dynamic Adaptation Process model: Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment. Youth with SCD (n = 57) hospitalized for pain participated in at least one session and completed self-report of knowledge of pain management skills, pain coping efficacy, and treatment acceptance. Completion rates of sessions and qualitative feedback were gathered to evaluate feasibility and acceptability. RESULTS: Feasibility of conducting inpatient group sessions was suboptimal; however, patients and medical providers reported moderate to high levels of treatment acceptance. Patients also reported significant improvements in knowledge of pain management skills following session 1. CONCLUSIONS: CAP for SCP is a patient-centered first-line psychoeducational intervention that can be integrated into clinical practice settings to introduce youth to cognitive and behavioral pain management strategies to support SCD pain management.

Stressful life events, depression, and the moderating role of psychophysiological reactivity in patients with pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: The development of depressive symptoms in youth with IBD is a concerning disease complication, as higher levels of depressive symptoms have been associated with poorer quality of life and lower medication adherence. Previous research has examined the association between disease activity and depression, but few studies have examined individual differences in experience of stressful life events in relation to depressive symptoms. The purpose of the current study is to examine the relation between stressful life events and depression within pediatric IBD and to determine whether individual differences in stress response moderates this association. METHODS: 56 youth ages 8-17 years old diagnosed with IBD completed questionnaires about their depressive symptoms and history of stressful life events. We assessed skin conductance reactivity (SCR) to a stressful task as an index of psychophysiological reactivity. RESULTS: Stressful life events (r = 0.36, p = .007) were positively related to depressive symptoms. Youth who demonstrated a greater maximum SC level during the IBD-specific stress trial compared to baseline (n = 32) reported greater depressive symptoms. For these same participants, the relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms depended on SCR F(3, 28) = 4.23, p = .01, such that at moderate and high levels of SCR, a positive relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms in youth with IBD may depend on individual differences in processing stress, such that risk may increase with greater psychophysiological reactivity.

Caregivers' Barriers to Facilitating Medication Adherence in Adolescents/Young Adults With Solid Organ Transplants: Measure Development and Validation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factor structure, validity, and reliability of the Caregiver Medication Barriers to Adherence Scale (CMBAS), which assesses caregivers' barriers to facilitating medication adherence in adolescent and young adults (AYAs) with solid organ transplants. METHODS: The sample included 93 caregivers of AYAs ages 12-22 years who received a liver, kidney, or heart transplant. Caregivers completed the CMBAS and surveys to assess its validity, including internalizing symptoms, personality traits (i.e., neuroticism, conscientiousness), and AYAs' nonadherence to immunosuppressant medications. AYA nonadherence to tacrolimus was objectively assessed via the Medication Level Variability Index (MLVI). RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses of the CMBAS revealed a two-factor model: Caregiver Emotional Distress and Caregiver Cognitive Burden/Responsibility. Higher CMBAS scores were related to higher levels of caregiver internalizing symptoms (rs = .28 to .30), neuroticism (r = .27), and caregiver proxy-reported immunosuppressant nonadherence (r = .27), as well as lower levels of caregiver conscientiousness (rs = -.25 to -.26). The CMBAS was not associated with the MLVI (rs = -.13 to -.16). CONCLUSIONS: The CMBAS demonstrated reliability and validity for caregivers of AYAs with solid organ transplants. Findings support the use of the CMBAS as a brief clinical screening tool to identify caregivers' barriers to facilitating AYA medication adherence.

Adherence Barriers for Adolescent and Young Adult Transplant Recipients: Relations to Personality.

OBJECTIVE: Much of the extant literature on adherence barriers has focused on modifiable factors (e.g., knowledge, social support); however, less is known about how barriers may be associated with relatively stable constructs, such as personality traits. The current study examines associations between personality (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism) and adherence barriers in a group of adolescent and young adult (AYA) solid organ transplant recipients. Demonstrating associations between barriers and personality may help in understanding why barriers are stable over time. Additionally, different personality traits may relate to different types of barriers. METHODS: The sample included 90 AYAs (Mage = 17.31; SD = 2.05; 58% male) who received a kidney (n = 36), liver (n = 29), or heart (n = 25) transplant at least 1 year prior to study enrollment. AYAs completed the Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism scales from the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and the Adolescent Medication Barriers Scale (AMBS). RESULTS: Lower levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness and higher levels of neuroticism were related to higher self-reported barrier scores (AMBS; r's = .31- .53, p's < .001). The relations differed by personality factor and barrier type. CONCLUSION: Adherence barriers showed medium to large associations with personality traits that are known to be relatively stable. Our findings indicate that the temporal stability of barriers to adherence may be due in part to their association with relatively enduring personality characteristics.

Preliminary evaluation of the clinical implementation of cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain management in pediatric sickle cell disease.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the implementation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for chronic pain in a clinical setting by comparing youth with sickle cell disease (SCD) who initiated or did not initiate CBT. DESIGN: Youth with SCD (ages 6-18; n = 101) referred for CBT for chronic pain were compared based on therapy attendance: Established Care; Early Termination; or Comparison (i.e., did not initiate CBT). SETTING: Outpatient pediatric psychology and comprehensive SCD clinics in 3 locations at a southeastern children's hospital. INTERVENTIONS: CBT delivery was standardized. Treatment plans were tailored to meet individualized needs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Healthcare utilization included pain-related inpatient admissions, total inpatient days, and emergency department reliance (EDR) at 12-months pre-post CBT. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) included typical pain intensity, functional disability, and coping efficacy pre-post treatment. RESULTS: Adjusting for age, genotype, and hydroxyurea, early terminators of CBT had increased rates of admissions and hospital days over time relative to comparisons; those who established care had faster reduction in admissions and hospital days over time relative to comparisons. EDR decreased by 0.08 over time for Established Care and reduced by 0.01 for every 1 completed session. Patients who completed pre- and post-treatment PROs reported decreases in typical pain intensity, functional disability, and improved coping efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Establishing CBT care may support reductions in admissions for pain, length of stay, and EDR for youth with chronic SCD pain, which may be partially supported by patient-reported improvements in functioning, coping, and lower pain intensity following CBT. Enhancing clinical implementation of multidisciplinary treatments may optimize the health of these youth.

Looking beyond the individual: How family demands and capabilities affect family adjustment following pediatric solid organ transplant.

INTRODUCTION: Better family adjustment following pediatric solid organ transplantation has been associated with a number of beneficial medical and psychosocial outcomes. Yet few studies have examined which pretransplant variables are associated with posttransplant family adjustment. This information can aid in identifying families that may need support going into the transplantation process and those who are at lower risk of worse posttransplant adjustment. METHOD: The sample included 66 parents of children with solid organ transplants and 22 children with solid organ transplants. Information regarding demographic factors, parent and child emotional functioning, and child social support was collected during the child's pretransplant evaluation and information on family adjustment was collected 6 months after transplantation. RESULTS: Results indicated that pretransplant demands such as worse parent and child emotional functioning were related to worse family adjustment 6 months after transplantation. Pretransplant capabilities (i.e., higher family income, parent education level, parent marital status, child social support) were not associated with posttransplant family adjustment. DISCUSSION: Pretransplant family demands such as parent and child emotional functioning, as opposed to family capabilities, should be assessed by family health care team members prior to transplantation because they may be related to worse family adjustment after the transplant. We offer recommendations for ways to assess and, if indicated, intervene upon pretransplant family demands in an effort to decrease the risk of worse posttransplant family adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Knowledge of Late Effects Risks and Healthcare Responsibility in Adolescents and Young Adults Treated for Childhood Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the level and predictors of knowledge of late effects risks from childhood cancer treatment in adolescent and young adult (AYA) survivors. METHODS: Seventy-three AYAs, aged 14-21, completed measures of knowledge of late effect risks, executive functioning, and responsibility for health self-management. Sixty-seven parents of these AYA survivors (91.7%) also participated. RESULTS: Survivors demonstrated poor knowledge of their unique risks for treatment-related late effects, with a mean accurate knowledge score of 54.29% (SD = 24.19%). The number of late effects for which survivors were at risk was negatively correlated with risk knowledge (r = -.34, p < .01). Survivors' executive functioning was not related to risk knowledge. In regression analyses, survivor age positively predicted accurate knowledge of late effects risks, and the number of late effects risk was a negative predictor. In separate models, survivor self-report of AYA responsibility for health self-management did not predict knowledge (R2 = .39, F = 10.86, p < .01), but parent proxy-report was a significant positive predictor (R2 = .38, F = 9.62, p < .01). Parental involvement was not a significant predictor in either model. CONCLUSION: There are significant knowledge gaps among AYA survivors of childhood cancer, which appear to be related to younger AYA age and lower levels of AYA responsibility for health self-management. Additional intervention is critical to increase AYA knowledge of their risk for late effects in order to promote continued engagement in long-term follow-up care and surveillance across the lifespan.

Evidence for increased surveillance of executive functioning in adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer.

Comprehensive long-term follow-up (LTFU) for survivors of childhood cancer is critical for reducing morbidity and mortality. Current standards recommend screening all survivors for psychological and academic problems and certain survivors for neurocognitive problems based upon treatment exposures. This study aimed to determine if differences exist in executive functioning (EF) based on treatment exposures and characterize relationships between EF, treatment exposure, and internalizing problems. Participants included adolescent and young adult (AYA) survivors (N = 70) of non-central nervous system cancer, aged 14-21 presenting for LTFU. Patient-reported data were obtained on survivors' EF, internalizing symptoms, academic performance, and educational supports. Children's Oncology Group's LTFU Guidelines classified survivors as at risk or not at risk for neurocognitive deficits based on treatment exposures. Group differences, relationships, and moderation by risk group were examined. No differences were found in EF, internalizing symptoms, academic performance, or educational supports between survivors who were at risk versus those not at risk for neurocognitive deficits. Problems with EF predicted internalizing symptoms, an effect that was moderated by risk group (R2= .64 for AYA self-report; R2 = .38 for parent-proxy report). Survivors with poorer EF experienced higher levels of internalizing symptoms. These data indicate that current screening practices may not identify survivors who are not at risk for neurocognitive deficits, yet struggle with EF. Survivor care providers should consider universal screening for EF problems in AYAs, regardless of treatment exposure history. Clinical assessment of internalizing problems in survivors with EF problems is also recommended.

Chemotherapy Acute Infusion Reactions: A Qualitative Report of the Perspectives of Patients With Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: A growing number of cancer antineoplastic agents can cause life-threatening acute infusion reactions. Because previous studies have not studied these reactions from the perspective of patients, this study was undertaken with that objective in mind. METHODS: Patients who had an acute infusion reaction were interviewed based on the Leventhal model. Once saturation of content was achieved, interviews were transcribed and analyzed with qualitative methodology. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were enrolled. Most were women (n = 15); the median age was 58 years, and paclitaxel was the most common inciting agent. Three themes emerged. First, these reactions are frightening; patients made remarks such as "I was just thinking oh my God, I am dying." Second, prior education about these reactions seemed to mitigate this fear, "Basically everything the nurses told me potentially could happen, like happened. So, I was prepared." Third, when health-care providers were prompt and attentive during the reaction, patients described less fear with future chemotherapy, "So no, I'm really not fearful about going in tomorrow because I know they'll be there and they'll be watching me." CONCLUSION: These reactions evoke fear which can be mitigated with education prior to and with prompt responsiveness during the acute infusion reaction.

Multimethod Assessment of Medication Nonadherence and Barriers in Adolescents and Young Adults With Solid Organ Transplants.

Objective: To (a) examine levels of medication nonadherence in adolescent and young adult (AYA) solid organ transplant recipients based on AYA- and caregiver proxy-reported nonadherence to different medication types and the medication-level variability index (MLVI) for tacrolimus, and (b) examine associations of adherence barriers and AYA and caregiver emotional distress symptoms with reported nonadherence and the MLVI. Method: The sample included 47 AYAs (M age = 16.67 years, SD = 1.74; transplant types: 25% kidney, 47% liver, 28% heart) and their caregivers (94 total participants). AYAs and caregivers reported on AYAs' adherence barriers and their own emotional functioning. Nonadherence was measured with AYA self- and caregiver proxy-report and the MLVI for tacrolimus. Results: The majority of AYAs and caregivers denied nonadherence, with lower rates of nonadherence reported for antirejection medications. In contrast, 40% of AYAs' MLVI values indicated nonadherence to tacrolimus. AYAs and caregivers who verbally acknowledged nonadherence had more AYA barriers and greater caregiver emotional distress symptoms compared with those who denied nonadherence. AYAs with MLVIs indicating nonadherence had more barriers than AYAs with MLVIs indicating adherence. Conclusions: Multimethod nonadherence evaluations for AYA transplant recipients should assess objective nonadherence using the MLVI, particularly in light of low reported nonadherence rates for antirejection medications. Assessments should include adherence barriers measures, given associations with the MLVI, and potentially prioritize assessing barriers over gauging nonadherence via self- or proxy-reports. Caregiver emotional distress symptoms may also be considered to provide insight into family or environmental barriers to adherence.

Neural Integration of Stimulus History Underlies Prediction for Naturalistically Evolving Sequences.

Forming valid predictions about the environment is crucial to survival. However, whether humans are able to form valid predictions about natural stimuli based on their temporal statistical regularities remains unknown. Here, we presented subjects with tone sequences with pitch fluctuations that, over time, capture long-range temporal dependence structures prevalent in natural stimuli. We found that subjects were able to exploit such naturalistic statistical regularities to make valid predictions about upcoming items in a sequence. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings revealed that slow, arrhythmic cortical dynamics tracked the evolving pitch sequence over time such that neural activity at a given moment was influenced by the pitch of up to seven previous tones. Importantly, such history integration contained in neural activity predicted the expected pitch of the upcoming tone, providing a concrete computational mechanism for prediction. These results establish humans' ability to make valid predictions based on temporal regularities inherent in naturalistic stimuli and further reveal the neural mechanisms underlying such predictive computation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A fundamental question in neuroscience is how the brain predicts upcoming events in the environment. To date, this question has primarily been addressed in experiments using relatively simple stimulus sequences. Here, we studied predictive processing in the human brain using auditory tone sequences that exhibit temporal statistical regularities similar to those found in natural stimuli. We observed that humans are able to form valid predictions based on such complex temporal statistical regularities. We further show that neural response to a given tone in the sequence reflects integration over the preceding tone sequence and that this history dependence forms the foundation for prediction. These findings deepen our understanding of how humans form predictions in an ecologically valid environment.

Poor Adherence Is Associated with More Infections after Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant.

We prospectively examined rates of outpatient oral medication adherence in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (post-HSCT). For 6 months after first discharge post-HSCT, 50 patients (aged 0 to 16 years) and their primary caregivers agreed to store 1 oral medication in an electronic pill bottle that date and time stamps each bottle opening. Demographics, disease, donor type, and prescribed post-HSCT medication regimen were collected via chart review. For each patient percent adherence was calculated by dividing the number of doses taken as indicated by the electronic pill bottle by the number of doses prescribed for the same time period. Average percent adherence ranged from 63% at 1 month after discharge to 57% at 6 months after discharge. For patients who received an allogeneic transplant, lower adherence was associated (P < .005) with higher infection rates, after controlling for age and time since transplant. No such relationship was observed for patients who received an autologous transplant. This study demonstrates that poor oral medication adherence is prevalent, persistent, and, for patients receiving an allogeneic transplant, associated with increased incidence of infections during the outpatient treatment period. This study highlights the need for further research examining factors that hinder medication adherence as well as monitoring, promoting, and intervening to maximize medication adherence throughout the HSCT course.