ABSTRACT
In replicative senescence, cells with critically-short telomeres activate a DNA-damage response leading to cell-cycle arrest, while those without telomere dysfunction would be expected to cycle normally. However, population growth declines more gradually than such a simple binary switch between cycling and non-cycling states would predict. We show here that late-passage cultures of human fibroblasts are not a simple mixture of cycling and non-cycling cells. Rather, although some cells had short cycle times comparable to those of younger cells, others continued to divide but with greatly extended cycle times, indicating a more-gradual approach to permanent arrest. Remarkably, in late passage cells, the majority showed prominent DNA-damage foci positive for 53BP1, yet many continued to divide. Evidently, the DNA-damage-response elicited by critically-short telomeres is not initially strong enough for complete cell-cycle arrest. A similar continuation of the cell cycle in the face of an active DNA-damage response was also seen in cells treated with a low dose of doxorubicin sufficient to produce multiple 53BP1 foci in all nuclei. Cell cycle checkpoint engagement in response to DNA damage is thus weaker than generally supposed, explaining why an accumulation of dysfunctional telomeres is needed before marked cell cycle elongation or permanent arrest is achieved.