Cost-effectiveness analysis of primary human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening: Results from the HPV FOCAL Trial.

The Human Papillomavirus FOr CervicAL cancer (HPV FOCAL) trial is a large randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of primary HPV testing to cytology among women in the population-based Cervix Screening Program in British Columbia, Canada. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the HPV FOCAL trial to estimate the incremental cost per detected high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse lesions (CIN2+). A total of 19,009 women aged 25 to 65 were randomized to one of two study groups. Women in the intervention group received primary HPV testing with reflex liquid-based cytology (LBC) upon a positive finding with a screening interval of 48 months. Women in the control group received primary LBC testing, and those negative returned at 24 months for LBC and again at 48 months for exit screening. Both groups received HPV and LBC co-testing at the 48-month exit. Incremental costs during the course of the trial were comparable between the intervention and control groups. The intervention group had lower overall costs and detected a larger number of CIN2+ lesions, resulting in a lower mean cost per CIN2+ detected ($7551) than the control group ($8325), a difference of -$773 [all costs in 2018 USD]. Cost per detected lesion was sensitive to the costs of sample collection, HPV testing, and LBC testing. The HPV FOCAL Trial results suggest that primary HPV testing every 4 years produces similar outcomes to LBC-based testing every 2 years for cervical cancer screening at a lower cost.

Outcomes of Conservative Management of High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in Young Women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine regression rates of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 and 3 in women younger than 24 years, followed conservatively for up to 24 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review of colposcopy patients in clinic database based on the following: (1) younger than 24 years at first visit; (2) first visit January 1, 2010, to May 31, 2013, and at least 1 follow-up visit after diagnosis; (3) histologic diagnosis of CIN2+; and (4) optimal conservative management (observation for up to 24 months or to 24 years, whichever occurred first). Patient information and clinical/pathologic data were extracted from charts to examine patient characteristics and treatment outcomes, CIN2+ regression rates, median times to regression for CIN2 versus CIN3 (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis), and predictors of regression (multivariate logistic regression analysis). RESULTS: A total of 154 women met criteria. The most severe histological diagnoses were CIN2 in 99 (64.3%), CIN3 in 51 (33.1%), and adenocarcinoma in situ in 4 (2.6%). Adenocarcinoma in situ was immediately treated. In follow-up, CIN2 regressed to CIN1 or negative in 74 women (74.7%)-median time to regression, 10.8 months. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 regressed in 11 women (21.6%)-median time to regression not reached (last follow-up censored at 52.7 months). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 on biopsy, low grade referral Pap, and younger age predicted regression. Overall, 49 women (31.8%) were treated. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative management should continue to be recommended to young women with CIN2. Rigorous retention mechanisms are required to ensure that these women return for follow-up.

Preoperative radiotherapy for inoperable stage II endometrial cancer: insights into improving treatment and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To review recurrence patterns and survival outcomes of women receiving preoperative radiotherapy for clinical stage II endometrial cancer in British Columbia. METHODS: We performed a retrospective population-based cohort study of all patients with clinical stage II endometrial cancer who were referred to the British Columbia Cancer Agency from 2000 to 2008, deemed ineligible for primary surgery, and therefore offered preoperative radiotherapy followed by surgery. Patient demographics, uterine risk factors, timing and details of treatments, and timing and sites of recurrence were obtained from patient records. Primary outcome measures were the sites and rates of recurrence and recurrence-free survival. RESULTS: We identified 29 patients with a mean age of 61 years (range 41 to 83) and median follow-up of 3.1 years (range 0.3 to 5.3). Three-year overall survival was 79%, and median recurrence-free survival was 2.5 years. Eight patients had recurrence of disease (27.6%), with a median time to recurrence of 1.3 years, (range 0.4 to 2.7). Six of these eight women had two or more high-risk uterine factors (deep myometrial invasion, grade 3 tumour), ovarian involvement, or adverse histological type (carcinosarcoma), compared with only one of 21 patients without recurrence. Seven of eight women had recurrence outside the radiated volume of tissue. Median survival after recurrence was 1.0 years (range 0.4 to 2.2). CONCLUSIONS: Women with clinical stage II endometrial cancer had a significant risk of recurrence when treated with preoperative radiotherapy followed by surgery. They were more likely to have distant recurrences, implying the need for an alternate treatment paradigm.

Objectif : Passer en revue les profils de récurrence et les issues en matière de survie, en ce qui concerne les femmes qui reçoivent une radiothérapie préopératoire en raison de la présence d'un cancer de l'endomètre de stade clinique II en Colombie-Britannique. Méthodes : Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte rétrospective en population générale qui portait sur toutes les patientes présentant un cancer de l'endomètre de stade clinique II qui ont été orientées vers la British Columbia Cancer Agency entre 2000 et 2008, qui étaient estimées comme étant inadmissibles à la chirurgie primaire et qui, donc, se sont vu offrir une radiothérapie préopératoire suivie d'une chirurgie. Les caractéristiques démographiques des patientes, les facteurs de risque utérins, la chronologie et les détails des traitements, et la chronologie et les sites des récurrences ont été tirés des dossiers des patientes. La survie sans récurrence et les sites et les taux de récurrence constituaient les critères d'évaluation primaires. Résultats : Nous avons identifié 29 patientes dont l'âge moyen était de 61 ans (plage de 41 à 83) et dont le suivi médian était de 3,1 ans (plage de 0,3 à 5,3). Le taux global de survie à trois ans était de 79 % et la survie médiane sans récurrence était de 2,5 ans. Huit patientes ont connu une récurrence de la maladie (27,6 %), le délai médian avant l'apparition de la récurrence étant de 1,3 an (plage de 0,4 à 2,7). Six de ces huit femmes présentaient deux facteurs de risque utérins élevés ou plus (envahissement myométrial profond, tumeur de grade 3), un envahissement ovarien ou un type histologique indésirable (carcinosarcome), par comparaison avec seulement une des 21 patientes n'ayant pas connu de récurrence. Sept des huit femmes ont connu une récurrence au-delà du volume de tissu irradié. La survie médiane à la suite de la récurrence était de 1,0 an (plage de 0,4 à 2,2). Conclusions : Les femmes présentant un cancer de l'endomètre de stade clinique II étaient exposées à un risque significatif de récurrence lorsqu'elles ont été traitées au moyen d'une radiothérapie préopératoire suivie d'une chirurgie. Elles étaient plus susceptibles de présenter des récurrences distantes, ce qui sous-entend la nécessité de formuler un autre paradigme de traitement.