The prevalence and moderating factors of sleep disturbances in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the prevalence of self-reported sleep disturbances in people living with HIV considering the effects of age, depression, anxiety, CD4 cell counts, time since HIV diagnosis, study region, and the instruments used to measure sleep disturbances. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE to include eligible articles. In this meta-analysis of 43 studies, the pooled prevalence of self-reported sleep disturbances was 52.29% (95% confidence interval 47.69-56.87). The subgroup analyses revealed that variations in the sleep measurements and study region significantly contributed to the observed heterogeneity. In the meta-regression analyses, higher proportions of participants with depression or anxiety and longer times since HIV diagnosis were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of self-reported sleep disturbances after adjusting for mean age. Our findings emphasise the substantial burden of sleep disturbances in people living with HIV and identified comorbid depression and anxiety and the time since HIV diagnosis as significant moderators. These results underscore the importance of considering these factors when designing tailored screening programmes for high-risk patients and implementing early interventions to prevent and mitigate sleep disturbances in people living with HIV.

Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Despite research into the development of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (dCBT-I), research into the outcomes of dCBT-I on insomnia and the associated clinical conditions of depression and anxiety have been limited. The PubMed, PsycINFO (Ovid), Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on adult patients with insomnia also having reported measures of depressive or anxiety symptoms. In total, 2504 articles were identified after duplicate removal, and 22 RCTs were included in the final meta-analysis. At the post-treatment assessment, the dCBT-I group had a small to moderate effect in alleviating depressive (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.42; 95% CI: -0.56, -0.28; p < 0.001; k = 21) and anxiety symptoms (SMD = -0.29; 95% CI: -0.40, -0.19; p < 0.001; k = 18), but had a large effect on sleep outcome measures (SMD = -0.76; 95% CI: -0.95, -0.57; p < 0.001; k = 22). When considering treatment adherence, the treatment effects of those in the high adherent groups identified a more robust outcome, showing greater effect sizes than those in the low adherent groups for depression, anxiety, and sleep outcomes. Furthermore, additional subgroup analysis on studies that have used the fully automated dCBT-I treatment without the support of human therapists reported significant treatment effects for depression, anxiety, and sleep outcomes. The results demonstrated that digital intervention for insomnia yielded significant effects on alleviating depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as insomnia symptoms. Specifically, the study demonstrated significant effects on the above symptoms when considering treatment adherence and implementing fully automated dCBT-I.

Theory of mind and hair cortisol in healthy young adults: the moderating effects of childhood trauma.

Background: Experiences of negative social interactions and childhood trauma (CT) can lead to aberrant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functions. Poor theory of mind (ToM) ability is related to increased social stress levels; however, studies on the relationship between ToM and cortisol remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between ToM and the hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in healthy young adults considering the moderating role of CT. Method: A total of 206 healthy young adults were divided into two groups based on an experience of moderate-to-severe childhood trauma (CT+ and CT-). To determine whether CT moderated the relationship between ToM and HCC, moderation analysis was conducted controlling for age, sex, years of education, and scores of perceived stress, depression, and anxiety. Results: CT+ individuals reported higher subjective stress perception and depressive symptoms than CT- individuals, whereas anxiety-related symptoms, ToM, and HCC were not different between the groups. The experience of CT significantly moderated the relationship between ToM and HCC. The association between poorer ToM ability and higher HCC was significant only in CT+ group. Conclusion: CT is a moderator of the association between ToM and HCC, indicating the importance of CT in social cognition and the stress response.

Antecedentes: Las experiencias de interacciones sociales negativas y el trauma infantil (CT por sus siglas en inglés) pueden conducir a funciones hipotalámicas-pituitarias-adrenales aberrantes. La pobre capacidad de teoría de la mente (ToM por sus siglas en inglés) está relacionada con mayores niveles de estrés social; sin embargo, los estudios sobre la relación entre ToM y cortisol siguen siendo escasos.Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la relación entre ToM y concentración de cortisol en el cabello (HCC por sus siglas en inglés) en adultos jóvenes sanos considerando el papel moderador del CT.Método: Un total de 206 adultos jóvenes sanos se dividieron en dos grupos en función de una experiencia de trauma infantil de moderada a severa (CT+ y CT­). Para determinar si el CT moderaba la relación entre ToM y HCC, se realizó un análisis de moderación controlando la edad, sexo, años de educación y las puntuaciones de estrés percibido, depresión y ansiedad.Resultados: Individuos CT+ informaron una mayor percepción subjetiva de estrés y síntomas depresivos que los individuos CT­, mientras que los síntomas relacionados con ansiedad, ToM y HCC no fueron diferentes entre los grupos. La experiencia de CT moderó significativamente la relación entre ToM y HCC. La asociación entre una capacidad de ToM más pobre y un HCC más alto fue significativa solo en el grupo CT+.Conclusión: CT es un moderador de la asociación entre ToM y HCC, lo que indica la importancia del CT en la cognición social y la respuesta al estrés.