ABSTRACT
Background: Individuals with chronic viral hepatitis are at increased risk of experiencing poor sleep quality and sleep disturbances. However, it remains unclear whether the sleep disorders associated with viral hepatitis are secondary to the comorbidities related to viral hepatitis or the direct effect of hepatitis viruses on sleep. This study investigated the direct impact of viral hepatitis B and C on sleep quality. Methods: Individuals with viral hepatitis B or C and their healthy counterparts were recruited for the present study, and they were evaluated with the Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale-2, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in the absence of common comorbidities associated with viral hepatitis. Results: Neither hepatitis B nor hepatitis C was found to cause significant differences in insomnia symptoms or excessive daytime sleepiness. However, individuals with hepatitis C, but not hepatitis B, tended to be less likely to experience restlessness of the legs or arms at night. Conclusions: This study suggests that hepatitis viruses B and C may not cause a significant impact on sleep quality and related disorders directly. Sleep disturbances in individuals with chronic viral hepatitis may instead be attributable to hepatic decompensation or the comorbid factors associated with viral hepatitis.
ABSTRACT
AIMS: Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is an important self-care activity for patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to achieve glycaemic control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of providing SMBG supplies on self-care among patients with uncontrolled T2DM. METHODS: This was a six-month, prospective study conducted in two primary care institutions. Patients ≥21â¯years old with uncontrolled T2DM (HbA1câ¯>â¯7.0%) and polypharmacy (≥5 chronic medications) were included. All participants were given a free blood glucometer, test strips, and lancets, and were invited to consult pharmacists to learn about SMBG. The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities questionnaire was administered at baseline and at six months. RESULTS: A total of 167 patients were recruited and 150 (89.8%) completed the study. At six months, significant improvements from baseline were observed for overall self-care (+0.58, pâ¯=â¯0.008), glycemic control (-0.41%, pâ¯<â¯0.001) and all specific self-care activities. The mean change in the SMBG score in all the participants was found to have a strong positive correlation with the mean change in the overall self-care score (rsâ¯=â¯0.580, pâ¯=â¯0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Provision of SMBG supplies was effective in improving self-care among patients with uncontrolled T2DM, including non-insulin-treated patients.
