The economic dimensions of integrating flood management and agri-environment through washland creation: a case from Somerset, England.

In many river floodplains in the UK, there has been a long history of flood defence, land reclamation and water regime management for farming. In recent years, however, changing European and national policies with respect to farming, environment and flood management are encouraging a re-appraisal of land use in rural areas. In particular, there is scope to develop, through the use of appropriate promotional mechanisms, washland areas, which will simultaneously accommodate winter inundation, support extensive farming methods, deliver environmental benefits, and do this in a way which can underpin the rural economy. This paper explores the likely economic impacts of the development of flood storage and washland creation. In doing so, consideration is given to feasibility of this type of development, the environmental implications for a variety of habitats and species, and the financial and institutional mechanisms required to achieve implementation.

Treatment of dirty water from dairy farms using a soil-based batch recirculation system.

"Dirty water", a wastewater produced on dairy farms, is typically disposed of by application to land with no prior treatment. Pollution can occur if the dirty water reaches a watercourse following an inadequate period of retention in the soil. This paper describes experiments using a novel, soil-based batch recirculation system for pre-treating dirty water prior to land application. Three polythene-lined, vegetated soil-based treatment planes (23 m long, 1 m wide, 0.25 m deep) were constructed. Each treatment plane was supplied with approximately 1 m3 of dirty water which was recirculated until a clear treatment pattern had emerged. Five batches were treated over a six-month period. The soil-based treatment system could typically be expected to achieve a 90% removal of key pollutants in approximately two weeks for BODs and NH4-N, and three weeks for MRP and total solids. An exponential trendline gave a good fit to the treatment curves for BOD5, NH4-N and MRP after the first day or two of batch treatment. The data for total solids removal were more variable. Treatment rates were sustained throughout the five runs for BOD5 and NH4-N, indicating no apparent effect of seasonal weather on the treatment process. The apparent progressive slowing of the MRP removal rate throughout the treatment of the five batches may have implications for the sustainable use of this technology for phosphorus control.

Removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from landfill leachate by irrigation onto vegetated treatment planes.

Leachate is a contaminated liquor resulting from the disposal of solid and liquid wastes at landfill sites that must be treated before discharge. Vegetated leachate treatment planes have been used at landfill sites in the UK but have received little scientific attention. This paper describes studies of model leachate treatment planes with a focus on the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N). Small-scale and field-scale experimental treatment planes were constructed. filled with clay loam soil and vegetated with grass (Agrostis stolonifera). Landfill leachate was applied at hydraulic loading rates ranging from 17-217l/m2/d. An exponential relationship was used to characterise the pattern of NH3-N removal. No relationship was observed between the hydraulic loading rate and the NH3-N removal rate constants (R2 = 0.0039). The daily specific NH3-N mass removal rate was found to be linearly related to the NH3-N concentration at the start of that day of treatment (R2 = 0.35). Possible causes of variation in the rate of NH3-N removal between experiments are discussed. A simple inorganic nitrogen balance indicated that the mass of N-H3-N and NO2-N removed was not accounted for by NO3-N production. Explanations for this apparent nitrogen deficit are discussed.