Dual inhibition of αvß6 and αvß1 reduces fibrogenesis in lung tissue explants from patients with IPF.

RATIONALE: αv integrins, key regulators of transforming growth factor-ß activation and fibrogenesis in in vivo models of pulmonary fibrosis, are expressed on abnormal epithelial cells (αvß6) and fibroblasts (αvß1) in fibrotic lungs. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated multiple αv integrin inhibition strategies to assess which most effectively reduced fibrogenesis in explanted lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS: Selective αvß6 and αvß1, dual αvß6/αvß1, and multi-αv integrin inhibitors were characterized for potency, selectivity, and functional activity by ligand binding, cell adhesion, and transforming growth factor-ß cell activation assays. Precision-cut lung slices generated from lung explants from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or bleomycin-challenged mouse lungs were treated with integrin inhibitors or standard-of-care drugs (nintedanib or pirfenidone) and analyzed for changes in fibrotic gene expression or TGF-ß signaling. Bleomycin-challenged mice treated with dual αvß6/αvß1 integrin inhibitor, PLN-74809, were assessed for changes in pulmonary collagen deposition and Smad3 phosphorylation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Inhibition of integrins αvß6 and αvß1 was additive in reducing type I collagen gene expression in explanted lung tissue slices from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. These data were replicated in fibrotic mouse lung tissue, with no added benefit observed from inhibition of additional αv integrins. Antifibrotic efficacy of dual αvß6/αvß1 integrin inhibitor PLN-74809 was confirmed in vivo, where dose-dependent inhibition of pulmonary Smad3 phosphorylation and collagen deposition was observed. PLN-74809 also, more potently, reduced collagen gene expression in fibrotic human and mouse lung slices than clinically relevant concentrations of nintedanib or pirfenidone. CONCLUSIONS: In the fibrotic lung, dual inhibition of integrins αvß6 and αvß1 offers the optimal approach for blocking fibrogenesis resulting from integrin-mediated activation of transforming growth factor-ß.

Comparison of ADAPT, FIB-4 and APRI as non-invasive predictors of liver fibrosis and NASH within the CENTAUR screening population.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The development of accurate non-invasive tests to detect and measure the extent of fibrosis and disease activity in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) - the progressive phenotype of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - is of great clinical importance. Herein, we aimed to validate the performance of PRO-C3 and ADAPT for the detection of moderate/severe fibrosis within the CENTAUR screening population. METHODS: PRO-C3 was assessed in plasma from the screening population of the phase IIb CENTAUR study (NCT02217475) in adults with NASH and liver fibrosis. The relation between PRO-C3 and histologic features of NASH was evaluated, as well as the demographics of patients with high and low levels of PRO-C3. The diagnostic ability of PRO-C3, as a standalone marker or incorporated into ADAPT, to identify patients with F≥2 and NASH was estimated using receiver-operating characteristic analysis and logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 517 individuals with matched biopsy and PRO-C3 measurements were included. Patients with PRO-C3 levels ≥20.2 ng/ml showed increased levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, and platelet count compared to patients with low PRO-C3 (p <0.05). PRO-C3 increased stepwise with increasing liver fibrosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, steatosis, and NAFLD activity score (p <0.05), and could distinguish between NAFL and NASH (p <0.0001). PRO-C3 was independently associated with fibrosis and NASH when adjusted for clinical confounders. ADAPT outperformed Fibrosis-4, AST-to-platelet ratio index, and AST/ALT ratio as a predictor of advanced fibrosis and NASH (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: PRO-C3 was associated with NAFLD activity score and fibrosis. ADAPT outperformed other non-invasive scores for detecting NASH. These data support the use of PRO-C3 and ADAPT as diagnostic tools to identify patients with NASH eligible for inclusion in clinical trials. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT02217475 LAY SUMMARY: PRO-C3 is a serological biomarker associated with liver disease activity and fibrosis. Its performance for the detection of disease activity and fibrosis is improved when it is incorporated into the ADAPT score. Herein, we showed that ADAPT was better at selecting patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis for inclusion in clinical trials than other non-invasive scores.

Antarctic surface temperature and elevation during the Last Glacial Maximum.

Water-stable isotopes in polar ice cores are a widely used temperature proxy in paleoclimate reconstruction, yet calibration remains challenging in East Antarctica. Here, we reconstruct the magnitude and spatial pattern of Last Glacial Maximum surface cooling in Antarctica using borehole thermometry and firn properties in seven ice cores. West Antarctic sites cooled ~10°C relative to the preindustrial period. East Antarctic sites show a range from ~4° to ~7°C cooling, which is consistent with the results of global climate models when the effects of topographic changes indicated with ice core air-content data are included, but less than those indicated with the use of water-stable isotopes calibrated against modern spatial gradients. An altered Antarctic temperature inversion during the glacial reconciles our estimates with water-isotope observations.

Efficacy and Safety of Cenicriviroc in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: PERSEUS Study.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic disease with no approved treatments. C-C chemokine receptor types 2 and 5 (CCR2/CCR5) play an important role in inflammation and fibrosis and are potential therapeutic targets for PSC. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual antagonist of CCR2 and CCR5, for the treatment of PSC. This was a single-arm, open-label, exploratory study of CVC in adults with a clinical diagnosis of PSC, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≥1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), with or without inflammatory bowel disease, across eight sites in the United States and Canada. The primary endpoint was percent change in ALP over 24 weeks; key secondary efficacy endpoints were proportion of participants who achieved ALP normalization and overall response (decrease to <1.5 times the ULN or 50% decrease). Of the 24 participants, 20 completed the study. The mean age was 43 years, 50% were female, and the mean body mass index was 25 kg/m2. From a median ALP baseline of 369 U/L (range: 173, 1,377 U/L), a median absolute reduction of 49.5 U/L (range: -460, 416 U/L) was achieved at week 24, corresponding to a median reduction of 18.0% (range: -46%, 89%). No participant achieved ALP normalization or a 50% decrease; 2 participants (10%) achieved a reduction in ALP to < 1.5 times the ULN, and 4 had ≥25% increase. Twenty participants (83.3%) reported at least one adverse event; most were mild to moderate in severity. The most frequent events were rash, fatigue, and dizziness. Conclusion: After 24 weeks of CVC treatment, adults with PSC achieved a modest reduction (median 18%) in the surrogate endpoint of ALP. CVC was well tolerated, and no new safety signals were observed. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02653625.

Chronic alcohol-induced neuroinflammation involves CCR2/5-dependent peripheral macrophage infiltration and microglia alterations.

BACKGROUND: Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and behavioral alterations including addiction. Alcohol-induced neuroinflammation is characterized by increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (including TNFα, IL-1ß, and CCL2) and microglial activation. We hypothesized chronic alcohol consumption results in peripheral immune cell infiltration to the CNS. Since chemotaxis through the CCL2-CCR2 signaling axis is critical for macrophage recruitment peripherally and centrally, we further hypothesized that blockade of CCL2 signaling using the dual CCR2/5 inhibitor cenicriviroc (CVC) would prevent alcohol-induced CNS infiltration of peripheral macrophages and alter the neuroinflammatory state in the brain after chronic alcohol consumption. METHODS: C57BL/6J female mice were fed an isocaloric or 5% (v/v) ethanol Lieber DeCarli diet for 6 weeks. Some mice received daily injections of CVC. Microglia and infiltrating macrophages were characterized and quantified by flow cytometry and visualized using CX3CR1eGFP/+ CCR2RFP/+ reporter mice. The effect of ethanol and CVC treatment on the expression of inflammatory genes was evaluated in various regions of the brain, using a Nanostring nCounter inflammation panel. Microglia activation was analyzed by immunofluorescence. CVC-treated and untreated mice were presented with the two-bottle choice test. RESULTS: Chronic alcohol consumption induced microglia activation and peripheral macrophage infiltration in the CNS, particularly in the hippocampus. Treatment with CVC abrogated ethanol-induced recruitment of peripheral macrophages and partially reversed microglia activation. Furthermore, the expression of proinflammatory markers was upregulated by chronic alcohol consumption in various regions of the brain, including the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Inhibition of CCR2/5 decreased alcohol-mediated expression of inflammatory markers. Finally, microglia function was impaired by chronic alcohol consumption and restored by CVC treatment. CVC treatment did not change the ethanol consumption or preference of mice in the two-bottle choice test. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our data establish that chronic alcohol consumption promotes the recruitment of peripheral macrophages into the CNS and microglia alterations through the CCR2/5 axis. Therefore, further exploration of the CCR2/5 axis as a modulator of neuroinflammation may offer a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of alcohol-associated neuroinflammation.

Low Cost and Compact FMCW 24 GHz Radar Applications for Snowpack and Ice Thickness Measurements.

Monitoring the evolution of snow on the ground and lake ice-two of the most important components of the changing northern environment-is essential. In this paper, we describe a lightweight, compact and autonomous 24 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system for freshwater ice thickness and snow mass (snow water equivalent, SWE) measurements. Although FMCW radars have a long-established history, the novelty of this research lies in that we take advantage the availability of a new generation of low cost and low power requirement units that facilitates the monitoring of snow and ice at remote locations. Test performance (accuracy and limitations) is presented for five different applications, all using an automatic operating mode with improved signal processing: (1) In situ lake ice thickness measurements giving 2 cm accuracy up to ≈1 m ice thickness and a radar resolution of 4 cm; (2) remotely piloted aircraft-based lake ice thickness from low-altitude flight at 5 m; (3) in situ dry SWE measurements based on known snow depth, giving 13% accuracy (RMSE 20%) over boreal forest, subarctic taiga and Arctic tundra, with a measurement capability of up to 3 m in snowpack thickness; (4) continuous monitoring of surface snow density under particular Antarctic conditions; (5) continuous SWE monitoring through the winter with a synchronized and collocated snow depth sensor (ultrasonic or LiDAR sensor), giving 13.5% bias and 25 mm root mean square difference (RMSD) (10%) for dry snow. The need for detection processing for wet snow, which strongly absorbs radar signals, is discussed. An appendix provides 24 GHz simulated effective refractive index and penetration depth as a function of a wide range of density, temperature and wetness for ice and snow.

Rates of and Factors Associated With Placebo Response in Trials of Pharmacotherapies for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: It is important to know the extent of the placebo effect in designing randomized controlled trials for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to accurately calculate sample size and define treatment endpoints. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the placebo groups from randomized controlled trials of adults with NASH that provided histologic and/or magnetic resonance image-based assessments. We identified trials through a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus, from each database's inception through January 2, 2018. RESULTS: We identified 39 randomized controlled trials, comprising 1463 patients who received placebo. Histologic assessment data (the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores, NAS) were available from 956 patients; magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were available from 295 patients and magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction measurements from 61 patients. Overall, 25% of patients given placebo had an improvement in NAS by 2 or more points (95% CI, 21%-29%) with a small amount of heterogeneity (I2 = 27%). There were improvements by at least 1 point in steatosis scores of 33% ± 3% of patients, in hepatocyte ballooning scores of 30% ± 3% of patients, in lobular inflammation scores of 32% ± 3% of patients, and in fibrosis scores of 21% ± 3% of patients, with a moderate amount of heterogeneity among trials (I2 range, 51%-63%). Patients given placebo had a statistically significant improvement in NAS (by 0.72 ± 0.19), with a large amount of heterogeneity (I2 = 96%). Univariate and multivariate meta-regression showed that trials with a higher baseline NAS, those conducted in South America, and those in which patients had a decrease in body mass index, were associated with greater improvements in NAS among patients given placebo. Patients given placebo had significant reductions in intrahepatic triglyceride, measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (by 1.45% ± 0.54%) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 40%), and in magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction (by 2.43 ± 0.89), without heterogeneity (I2 = 0). Mean serum levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases decreased significantly (by 11.7 ± 3.8 U/L and 5.9 ± 2.1 U/L, respectively; P < .01 for both). CONCLUSIONS: In a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of NASH, patients given placebo have significant histologic, radiologic, and biochemical responses. The placebo response should be considered in designing trials of agents for treatment of NASH.

Pharmacological Inhibition of CCR2/5 Signaling Prevents and Reverses Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage, Steatosis, and Inflammation in Mice.

Kupffer cell and macrophage (MØ) activation contributes to steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We found increased frequency of MØ, T cells, and expression of C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (Ccr2) and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (Ccr5) in the livers of patients with ALD, and increased circulating chemokines, C-C chemokine ligand types 2 (CCL2), and C-C chemokine ligand types 5 (CCL5) in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. We hypothesized that inhibition of CCL2 signaling with the dual CCR2/5 inhibitor, cenicriviroc (CVC), would attenuate ALD. In a mouse model of ALD, liver injury (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and steatosis were prevented by CVC whether administered as "prevention" throughout the alcohol feeding or as "treatment" started after the development of ALD. Alcohol-induced increases in early liver fibrosis markers (sirius red, hydroxyproline, and collagen-1) were normalized by both modes of CVC administration. We found that prevention and treatment with CVC reversed alcohol-related increases in liver mRNA and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and CCL2. CVC administration regimens prevented the increase in infiltrating MØ (F4/80lo CD11bhi ) and reduced proinflammatory Ly6Chi MØ in livers of alcohol-fed mice. CVC increased liver T-cell numbers and attenuated Il-2 expression without an effect on CD69+ or CD25+ T-cell expression. In vitro, CVC inhibited CCL2-induced increases in hepatocyte fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and adipose differentiation-related protein (Adrp), whereas it augmented acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (Acox-1), proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator alpha (Pgc1α) and uncoupling protein 2 expression, suggesting mechanisms for attenuated hepatocyte steatosis. We found that CCL2 and CCL5 sensitized hepatocytes to lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury (TNF-α, ALT, and lactate dehydrogenase release). Alcohol feeding induced apoptosis (poly ADP-ribose polymerase [PARP] and caspase-3 [CASP-3] cleavage) and pyroptosis (gasdermin D [GSDMD] cleavage) in livers, and CVC prevented both of these forms of cell death. Conclusion: Together, our data demonstrate preclinical evidence for CCR2/CCR5 inhibition with CVC as a potent intervention to ameliorate alcohol-induced steatohepatitis and liver damage.

The Critical Role of Chemokine (C-C Motif) Receptor 2-Positive Monocytes in Autoimmune Cholangitis.

The therapy of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) has lagged behind other autoimmune diseases despite significant improvements in our understanding of both immunological and molecular events that lead to loss of tolerance to the E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase, the immunodominant autoepitope of PBC. It is well known that Ly6Chi monocytes are innate immune cells infiltrating inflammatory sites that are dependent on the expression of C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) for emigration from bone marrow. Importantly, humans with PBC have a circulating monocyte pro-inflammatory phenotype with macrophage accumulation in portal tracts. We have taken advantage of an inducible chemical xenobiotic model of PBC and recapitulated the massive infiltration of monocytes to portal areas. To determine the clinical significance, we immunized both CCR2-deficient mice and controls with 2OA-BSA and noted that CCR2 deficiency is protective for the development of autoimmune cholangitis. Importantly, because of the therapeutic potential, we focused on inhibiting monocyte infiltration through the use of cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual chemokine receptor CCR2/CCR5 antagonist shown to be safe in human trials. Importantly, treatment with CVC resulted in amelioration of all aspects of disease severity including serum total bile acids, histological severity score, and fibrosis stage. In conclusion, our results indicate a major role for Ly6Chi monocytes and for CCR2 in PBC pathogenesis and suggest that inhibition of this axis by CVC should be explored in humans through the use of clinical trials.

APOBEC3G/3A Expression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals Following Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Containing Cenicriviroc or Efavirenz.

Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) family members are cytidine deaminases that play crucial roles in innate responses to retrovirus infection. The mechanisms by which some of these enzymes restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication have been extensively investigated in vitro. However, little is known regarding how APOBEC3 proteins affect the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection in vivo and how antiretroviral therapy influences their expression. In this work, a longitudinal analysis was performed to evaluate APOBEC3G/3A expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected individuals treated with cenicriviroc (CVC) or efavirenz (EFV) at baseline and 4, 12, 24, and 48 weeks post-treatment follow-up. While APOBEC3G expression was unaffected by therapy, APOBEC3A levels increased in CVC but not EFV arm at week 48 of treatment. APOBEC3G expression correlated directly with CD4+ cell count and CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio, whereas APOBEC3A levels inversely correlated with plasma soluble CD14. These findings suggest that higher APOBEC3G/3A levels may be associated with protective effects against HIV-1 disease progression and chronic inflammation and warrant further studies.

Cenicriviroc inhibits trans-endothelial passage of monocytes and is associated with impaired E-selectin expression.

Incidences of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are high among virologically suppressed HIV-infected individuals. Monocyte activation and trafficking are key mechanisms in the evolution of CVD. We studied the ability of cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) and CCR5 antagonist, to influence the migration of monocytes from HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Monocytes were derived from 23 ART-suppressed HIV-infected and 16 HIV-uninfected donors. In a trans-endothelial migration model, monocytes, and human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) were exposed to cenicriviroc and migrated monocytes, quantified. Expression of CCR2 and CCR5 on monocytes and adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, PECAM-1, and CD99) on HAoECs were measured. The single antagonists, BMS-22 (CCR2), and maraviroc (CCR5), served as controls. When both HAoECs and monocytes together were exposed to the antagonists, cenicriviroc led to a greater decrease in monocyte migration compared to BMS-22 or vehicle in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected groups (P < 0.05), with maraviroc having no inhibitory effect. Cenicriviroc treatment of HAoECs alone decreased monocyte migration in the HIV-infected group when compared to vehicle (P < 0.01). Inhibition of migration was not evident when monocytes alone were exposed to cenicriviroc, BMS-22 or maraviroc. Incubation of HAoECs with cenicriviroc decreased E-selectin expression (P = 0.045) but had limited effects on the other adhesion molecules. Cenicriviroc inhibits monocyte trans-endothelial migration more effectively than single chemokine receptor blockade, which may be mediated via disruption of monocyte-endothelial tethering through reduced E-selectin expression. Cenicriviroc should be considered as a therapeutic intervention to reduce detrimental monocyte trafficking.

Prolonged cenicriviroc therapy reduces hepatic fibrosis despite steatohepatitis in a diet-induced mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver disease projected to become the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver transplantation in the next decade. Cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual chemokine receptor 2 and 5 antagonist, prevents macrophage trafficking and is under clinical investigation for the treatment of human NASH fibrosis. We assessed the efficacy and durability of short and prolonged CVC therapy in a diet-induced mouse model of NASH, the choline deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) model. C57BL/6 mice received 4 or 14 weeks of standard chow or the CDAHFD. CVC (10 mg/kg/day and 30 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks and 20 mg/kg/day and 30 mg/kg/day for 14 weeks) was initiated simultaneously with the CDAHFD. At 4 and 14 weeks, livers were harvested for histology and flow cytometric analyses of intrahepatic immune cells. High-dose CVC (30 mg/kg/day) therapy in CDAHFD mice for 4 or 14 weeks inhibited intrahepatic accumulation of Ly6Chigh bone marrow-derived macrophages. Prolonged CVC therapy (14 weeks) yielded no significant differences in the total intrahepatic macrophage populations among treatment groups but increased the frequency of intrahepatic anti-inflammatory macrophages in the high-dose CVC group. Despite ongoing steatohepatitis, there was significantly less fibrosis in CDAHFD mice receiving high-dose CVC for 14 weeks based on histologic and molecular markers, mirroring observations in human NASH CVC trials. CVC also directly inhibited the profibrotic gene signature of transforming growth factor-ß-stimulated primary mouse hepatic stellate cells in vitro. Conclusion: CVC is a novel therapeutic agent that is associated with reduced fibrosis despite ongoing steatohepatitis. Its ability to alter intrahepatic macrophage populations and inhibit profibrogenic genes in hepatic stellate cells in NASH livers may contribute to its observed antifibrotic effect. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:529-545).

Improved Cognitive Performance and Reduced Monocyte Activation in Virally Suppressed Chronic HIV After Dual CCR2 and CCR5 Antagonism.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in neuropsychological (NP) performance and in plasma and cell surface markers of peripheral monocyte activation/migration after treatment with cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) and type 5 (CCR5) antagonist, in treatment-experienced, HIV-infected individuals. SETTING: Single-arm, 24-week, open-label clinical trial. METHODS: HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy ≥1 year with plasma HIV RNA ≤50 copies per milliliter and below-normal cognitive performance [defined as age-, sex-, and education-adjusted NP performance (NPZ) <-0.5 in a single cognitive domain or in global performance] were enrolled. Changes over 24 weeks were assessed for global and domain-specific NPZ scores, plasma markers of monocyte/macrophage activation [neopterin, soluble (s)CD14, and sCD163] quantified by ELISA, and CCR2 and CCR5 expression on monocytes, and T cells measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Seventeen of 20 enrolled participants completed the study. Improvements over 24 weeks were observed in global NPZ [median change (Δ) = 0.24; P = 0.008], and in cognitive domains of attention (Δ0.23; P = 0.011) and working memory (Δ0.44; P = 0.017). Plasma levels of sCD163, sCD14 and neopterin decreased significantly (P's < 0.01). CCR2 and CCR5 monocyte expression remained unchanged; however, CCR5 levels on CD4 and CD8 T cells and CCR2 expression on CD4 T cells increased (P's < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CVC given over 24 weeks was associated with improved NP test performance and decreased plasma markers of monocyte immune activation in virally suppressed, HIV-infected participants. These data potentially link changes in monocyte activation to cognitive performance. Further study of CVC for HIV cognitive impairment in a randomized controlled study is warranted.

Therapeutic inhibition of inflammatory monocyte recruitment reduces steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis.

Macrophages are key regulators of liver fibrosis progression and regression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Liver macrophages comprise resident phagocytes, Kupffer cells, and monocyte-derived cells, which are recruited through the chemokine receptor C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). We aimed at elucidating the therapeutic effects of inhibiting monocyte infiltration in NASH models by using cenicriviroc (CVC), an oral dual chemokine receptor CCR2/CCR5 antagonist that is under clinical evaluation. Human liver tissues from NASH patients were analyzed for CCR2+ macrophages, and administration of CVC was tested in mouse models of steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis progression, and fibrosis regression. In human livers from 17 patients and 4 controls, CCR2+ macrophages increased parallel to NASH severity and fibrosis stage, with a concomitant inflammatory polarization of these cluster of differentiation 68+ , portal monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMF). Similar to human disease, we observed a massive increase of hepatic MoMF in experimental models of steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Therapeutic treatment with CVC significantly reduced the recruitment of hepatic Ly-6C+ MoMF in all models. In experimental steatohepatitis with obesity, therapeutic CVC application significantly improved insulin resistance and hepatic triglyceride levels. In fibrotic steatohepatitis, CVC treatment ameliorated histological NASH activity and hepatic fibrosis. CVC inhibited the infiltration of Ly-6C+ monocytes, without direct effects on macrophage polarization, hepatocyte fatty acid metabolism, or stellate cell activation. Importantly, CVC did not delay fibrosis resolution after injury cessation. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that MoMF, but not Kupffer cells, specifically up-regulate multiple growth factors and cytokines associated with fibrosis progression, while Kupffer cells activated pathways related to inflammation initiation and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION: Pharmacological inhibition of CCR2+ monocyte recruitment efficiently ameliorates insulin resistance, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis, corroborating the therapeutic potential of CVC in patients with NASH. (Hepatology 2018;67:1270-1283).

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cenicriviroc for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual antagonist of CC chemokine receptor types 2 and 5, for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver fibrosis (LF). A randomized, double-blind, multinational phase 2b study enrolled subjects with NASH, a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) ≥4, and LF (stages 1-3, NASH Clinical Research Network) at 81 clinical sites. Subjects (N = 289) were randomly assigned CVC 150 mg or placebo. Primary outcome was ≥2-point improvement in NAS and no worsening of fibrosis at year 1. Key secondary outcomes were: resolution of steatohepatitis (SH) and no worsening of fibrosis; improvement in fibrosis by ≥1 stage and no worsening of SH. Biomarkers of inflammation and adverse events were assessed. Full study recruitment was achieved. The primary endpoint of NAS improvement in the intent-to-treat population and resolution of SH was achieved in a similar proportion of subjects on CVC (N = 145) and placebo (N = 144; 16% vs. 19%, P = 0.52 and 8% vs. 6%, P = 0.49, respectively). However, the fibrosis endpoint was met in significantly more subjects on CVC than placebo (20% vs. 10%; P = 0.02). Treatment benefits were greater in those with higher disease activity and fibrosis stage at baseline. Biomarkers of systemic inflammation were reduced with CVC. Safety and tolerability of CVC were comparable to placebo. CONCLUSION: After 1 year of CVC treatment, twice as many subjects achieved improvement in fibrosis and no worsening of SH compared with placebo. Given the urgent need to develop antifibrotic therapies in NASH, these findings warrant phase 3 evaluation. (Hepatology 2018;67:1754-1767).

Differential impact of the dual CCR2/CCR5 inhibitor cenicriviroc on migration of monocyte and lymphocyte subsets in acute liver injury.

A hallmark of acute hepatic injury is the recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) or T cells, towards areas of inflammation. The recruitment of leukocytes from their reservoirs bone marrow or spleen into the liver is directed by chemokines such as CCL2 (for monocytes) and CCL5 (for lymphocytes). We herein elucidated the impact of chemokine receptor inhibition by the dual CCR2 and CCR5 inhibitor cenicriviroc (CVC) on the composition of myeloid and lymphoid immune cell populations in acute liver injury. CVC treatment effectively inhibited the migration of bone marrow monocytes and splenic lymphocytes (NK, CD4 T-cells) towards CCL2 or CCL5 in vitro. When liver injury was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice, followed by repetitive oral application of CVC, flow cytometric and unbiased t-SNE analysis of intrahepatic leukocytes demonstrated that dual CCR2/CCR5 inhibition in vivo significantly decreased numbers of monocyte derived macrophages in acutely injured livers. CVC also reduced numbers of Kupffer cells (KC) or monocyte derived macrophages with a KC-like phenotype, respectively, after injury. In contrast to the inhibitory effects in vitro, CVC had no impact on the composition of hepatic lymphoid cell populations in vivo. Effective inhibition of monocyte recruitment was associated with reduced inflammatory macrophage markers and moderately ameliorated hepatic necroses at 36h after CCl4. In conclusion, dual CCR2/CCR5 inhibition primarily translates into reduced monocyte recruitment in acute liver injury in vivo, suggesting that this strategy will be effective in reducing inflammatory macrophages in conditions of liver disease.

Availability of Advance Care Planning Documentation for Older Emergency Department Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Increasing advance care planning (ACP) among older adults is a national priority. Documentation of ACP in the electronic health record (EHR) is particularly important during emergency care. OBJECTIVE: We sought to characterize completion and availability of ACP among a subset of older patients at an academic emergency department (ED) with an integrated EHR. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, patients were eligible if aged ≥80 years or aged 65-79 with ≥1 indicator of high risk for short-term mortality. Patient-reported completion of ACP and availability of ACP documentation in the EHR were assessed. RESULTS: Among study patients (n = 104), 59% reported completing some form of ACP: living will 52%, heathcare power of attorney 54%, do not resuscitate 38%, and medical orders for scope of treatment or physician orders for life-sustaining treatment 6%. Whites were more likely to report having some form of ACP than minorities (66% vs. 37%, p < 0.01), as were patients aged ≥80 years than those aged 65-79 (79% vs. 44%, p < 0.01). Only 13% of all patients had either a current code status or any other current ACP documentation in the EHR. Among patients whose primary care provider uses the same EHR system as the study ED, only 19% had a current code status or any other ACP documentation in the EHR. CONCLUSION: In a sample of older ED patients likely to benefit from ACP, few patients had documented end-of-life care preferences in the EHR.

Shared Decision Making to Support the Provision of Palliative and End-of-Life Care in the Emergency Department: A Consensus Statement and Research Agenda.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the optimal use of shared decision making (SDM) to guide palliative and end-of-life decisions in the emergency department (ED). OBJECTIVE: The objective was to convene a working group to develop a set of research questions that, when answered, will substantially advance the ability of clinicians to use SDM to guide palliative and end-of-life care decisions in the ED. METHODS: Participants were identified based on expertise in emergency, palliative, or geriatrics care; policy or patient-advocacy; and spanned physician, nursing, social work, legal, and patient perspectives. Input from the group was elicited using a time-staggered Delphi process including three teleconferences, an open platform for asynchronous input, and an in-person meeting to obtain a final round of input from all members and to identify and resolve or describe areas of disagreement. CONCLUSION: Key research questions identified by the group related to which ED patients are likely to benefit from palliative care (PC), what interventions can most effectively promote PC in the ED, what outcomes are most appropriate to assess the impact of these interventions, what is the potential for initiating advance care planning in the ED to help patients define long-term goals of care, and what policies influence palliative and end-of-life care decision making in the ED. Answers to these questions have the potential to substantially improve the quality of care for ED patients with advanced illness.

Antifibrotic Effects of the Dual CCR2/CCR5 Antagonist Cenicriviroc in Animal Models of Liver and Kidney Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Interactions between C-C chemokine receptor types 2 (CCR2) and 5 (CCR5) and their ligands, including CCL2 and CCL5, mediate fibrogenesis by promoting monocyte/macrophage recruitment and tissue infiltration, as well as hepatic stellate cell activation. Cenicriviroc (CVC) is an oral, dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonist with nanomolar potency against both receptors. CVC's anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects were evaluated in a range of preclinical models of inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS: Monocyte/macrophage recruitment was assessed in vivo in a mouse model of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis. CCL2-induced chemotaxis was evaluated ex vivo on mouse monocytes. CVC's antifibrotic effects were evaluated in a thioacetamide-induced rat model of liver fibrosis and mouse models of diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and renal fibrosis. Study assessments included body and liver/kidney weight, liver function test, liver/kidney morphology and collagen deposition, fibrogenic gene and protein expression, and pharmacokinetic analyses. RESULTS: CVC significantly reduced monocyte/macrophage recruitment in vivo at doses ≥20 mg/kg/day (p < 0.05). At these doses, CVC showed antifibrotic effects, with significant reductions in collagen deposition (p < 0.05), and collagen type 1 protein and mRNA expression across the three animal models of fibrosis. In the NASH model, CVC significantly reduced the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (p < 0.05 vs. controls). CVC treatment had no notable effect on body or liver/kidney weight. CONCLUSIONS: CVC displayed potent anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity in a range of animal fibrosis models, supporting human testing for fibrotic diseases. Further experimental studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of CVC's antifibrotic effects. A Phase 2b study in adults with NASH and liver fibrosis is fully enrolled (CENTAUR Study 652-2-203; NCT02217475).