Dynamic Lone Pairs and Fluoride-Ion Disorder in Cubic-BaSnF4.

Introducing compositional or structural disorder within crystalline solid electrolytes is a common strategy for increasing their ionic conductivity. (M,Sn)F2 fluorites have previously been proposed to exhibit two forms of disorder within their cationic host frameworks: occupational disorder from randomly distributed M and Sn cations and orientational disorder from Sn(II) stereoactive lone pairs. Here, we characterize the structure and fluoride-ion dynamics of cubic BaSnF4, using a combination of experimental and computational techniques. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data confirms an average fluorite structure with {Ba,Sn} cation disorder, and the 119Sn Mössbauer spectrum demonstrates the presence of stereoactive Sn(II) lone pairs. X-ray total-scattering PDF analysis and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal a complex local structure with a high degree of intrinsic fluoride-ion disorder, where 1/3 of fluoride ions occupy octahedral "interstitial" sites: this fluoride-ion disorder is a consequence of repulsion between Sn lone pairs and fluoride ions that destabilizes Sn-coordinated tetrahedral fluoride-ion sites. Variable-temperature 19F NMR experiments and analysis of our molecular dynamics simulations reveal highly inhomogeneous fluoride-ion dynamics, with fluoride ions in Sn-rich local environments significantly more mobile than those in Ba-rich environments. Our simulations also reveal dynamical reorientation of the Sn lone pairs that is biased by the local cation configuration and coupled to the local fluoride-ion dynamics. We end by discussing the effect of host-framework disorder on long-range diffusion pathways in cubic BaSnF4.

Structural Modeling of O/F Correlated Disorder in TaOF3 and NbOF3-x(OH)x by Coupling Solid-State NMR and DFT Calculations.

The structure of MOF3 (M = Nb, Ta) compounds was precisely modeled by combining powder X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and semiempirical dispersion-corrected DFT calculations. It consists of stacked ∞(MOF3) layers along the c⃗ direction formed by heteroleptic corner-connected MX6 (X = O, F) octahedra. 19F NMR resonance assignments and occupancy rates of the anionic crystallographic sites have been revised. The bridging site is shared equally by the anions, and the terminal site is occupied by F only. An O/F correlated disorder is expected since cis-MO2F4 octahedra are favored, resulting in one-dimensional -F-M-O-M- strings along the <100> and <010> directions. Ten different 2 × 2 × 1 supercells per compound, fulfilling these characteristics, were built. Using DFT calculations and the GIPAW approach, the supercells were relaxed and the 19F isotropic chemical shift values were determined. The agreement between the experimental and calculated 19F spectra is excellent for TaOF3. The 1H and 19F experimental NMR spectra revealed that some of the bridging F atoms are substituted by OH groups, especially in NbOF3. New supercells involving OH groups were generated. Remarkably, the best agreement is obtained for the supercells with the composition closest to that estimated from the 19F NMR spectra, i.e., NbOF2.85(OH)0.15.

Intercalation-exfoliation processes during ionic exchange reactions from sodium lepidocrocite-type titanate toward a proton-based trititanate structure.

Topochemical reactions involving ionic exchange have been used to assess a large number of metastable compositions, particularly in layered metal oxides. This method encompasses complex reactions that are poorly explored, yet are of prime importance to understand and control the materials' properties. In this work, we embark on investigating the reactions involved during the ionic exchange between a layered Na-titanate (lepidocrocite-type structure) and an acidic solution (HCl), leading to a protonic (H3O+) titanate (trititanate structure). The reactions involve an ionic exchange provoking a structural change from the lepidocrocite-type to the trititanate structure as shown by real-space refinements of ex situ pair distribution function data. Mobile Na+ ions are exchanged by hydronium ions inducing high proton mobility in the final structure. Moreover, the reaction was followed by ex situ23Na and 1H solid-state MAS NMR which allowed, among other things, confirming that the Na+ ions are in the interlayer space and specifying their local environment. Strikingly, the ionic exchange reaction induces progressive exfoliation of the Na-titanate particles leading to 2-5 nm thin elongated crystallites. To further understand the different steps associated with the ionic exchange, the evolution of the electrolytic conductivity, using conductimetric titration, has been monitored upon HCl addition, enabling characterization of the intercalation(H+)/de-intercalation(Na+) reactions and assessing kinetic parameters. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that the exfoliation of the particles is due to the accumulation of charges at the particle level in relation to the rapid intercalation of protons. This work provides novel insights into ionic exchange reactions involved in layered oxide compounds.

The Effects of Various Parameters of the Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis on the Specific Surface Area and Catalytic Performance of MgF2 Nanoparticles.

High-specific-surface-area MgF2 was prepared by microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis. The influences of the solvent and the magnesium precursors, and the calcination atmospheres, on the nanoparticle sizes and specific surface areas, estimated by X-Ray Powder Diffraction, N2 sorption and TEM analyses, were investigated. Nanocrystallized (~7 nm) magnesium partially hydroxylated fluorides (MgF2-x(OH)x) with significant specific surface areas between 290 and 330 m2∙g-1 were obtained. After activation under gaseous HF, MgF2-x(OH)x catalysts underwent a large decrease of both their surface area and their hydroxide, rates as shown by their 19F and 1H solid-state NMR spectra. Expect for MgF2 prepared from the acetate precursor, an activity of 30-32 mmol/h∙g was obtained which was about 40% higher compared with that of MgF2 prepared using Trifluoroacetate method (21.6 mmol/h∙g).

Atomic Insights into Aluminium-Ion Insertion in Defective Anatase for Batteries.

Aluminium batteries constitute a safe and sustainable high-energy-density electrochemical energy-storage solution. Viable Al-ion batteries require suitable electrode materials that can readily intercalate high-charge Al3+ ions. Here, we investigate the Al3+ intercalation chemistry of anatase TiO2 and how chemical modifications influence the accommodation of Al3+ ions. We use fluoride- and hydroxide-doping to generate high concentrations of titanium vacancies. The coexistence of these hetero-anions and titanium vacancies leads to a complex insertion mechanism, attributed to three distinct types of host sites: native interstitial sites, single vacancy sites, and paired vacancy sites. We demonstrate that Al3+ induces a strong local distortion within the modified TiO2 structure, which affects the insertion properties of the neighbouring host sites. Overall, specific structural features induced by the intercalation of highly polarising Al3+ ions should be considered when designing new electrode materials for polyvalent batteries.

Red-Shifted Absorptions of Cation-Defective and Surface-Functionalized Anatase with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Properties.

Manipulating the atomic structure of semiconductors is a fine way to tune their properties. The rationalization of their modified properties is, however, particularly challenging as defects locally disrupt the long-range structural ordering, and a deeper effort is required to fully describe their structure. In this work, we investigated the photoelectrochemical properties of an anatase-type structure featuring a high content of titanium vacancies stabilized by dual-oxide substitution by fluoride and hydroxide anions. Such atomic modification induces a slight red-shift band gap energy of 0.08 eV as compared to pure TiO2, which was assigned to changes in titanium-anion ionocovalent bonding. Under illumination, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the formation of TiIII and O2 - radicals which were not detected in defect-free TiO2. Consequently, the modified anatase shows higher ability to oxidize water with lower electron-hole recombination rate. To further increase the photoelectrochemical properties, we subsequently modified the compound by a surface functionalization with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). This treatment further modifies the chemical composition, which results in a red shift of the band gap energy to 3.03 eV. Moreover, the interaction of the NMP electron-donating molecules with the surface induces an absorption band in the visible region with an estimated band gap energy of 2.25-2.50 eV. Under illumination, the resulting core-shell structure produces a high concentration of reduced TiIII and O2 -, suggesting an effective charge carrier separation which is confirmed by high photoelectrochemical properties. This work provides new opportunities to better understand the structural features that affect the photogenerated charge carriers.

Insight into the factors influencing NMR parameters in crystalline materials from the KF-YF3 binary system.

Solid state NMR signals are very sensitive to the local environment of the observed nucleus; however, their interpretation is not straightforward. On the other hand, first-principles DFT calculations of NMR parameters can now be applied to periodic compounds to predict NMR parameters. Thus, ab initio calculations can help to interpret the NMR spectra exhibited by complex materials, to assign NMR lines to structural environments, and even to enlighten the environmental factors influencing the NMR parameters for a given nucleus. Both techniques have been applied to crystalline compounds of the KF-YF3 binary system, γ-K3YF6, K2YF5, KYF4, ß-KY2F7 and α-KY3F10, which present a variety of YFn and KFm polyhedra. First, the structure of K2YF5 was refined in the Pnma space group and, for all compounds, atomic positions were optimized by DFT. The 19F, 89Y and 39K NMR spectra have been recorded and the measured NMR parameters are compared to those calculated from the first-principles DFT method, allowing unambiguous assignments of NMR lines to crystallographic sites. Linear correlations between the experimental δiso and calculated σiso values for the three nuclei are used to predict the theoretical 19F spectra of KYF4 (24 F sites) and ß-KY2F7 (19 F sites) as well as the 39K spectrum of KYF4 (6 K sites). For 89Y and 39K, both computational and experimental results show a decrease of the isotropic chemical shift values when the cation coordination number increases. Above all, 89Y isotropic chemical shift values correlate with the number of K atoms present in the Y second coordination sphere. For 19F, the combination of isotropic chemical shift and chemical shift anisotropy allows for distinguishing four kinds of F environments.

Insight into the Crystalline Structure of ThF4 with the Combined Use of Neutron Diffraction, 19F Magic-Angle Spinning-NMR, and Density Functional Theory Calculations.

Because of its sensitivity to the atomic scale environment, solid-state NMR offers new perspectives in terms of structural characterization, especially when applied jointly with first-principles calculations. Particularly, challenging is the study of actinide-based materials because of the electronic complexity of the actinide cations and to the hazards due to their radioactivity. Consequently, very few studies have been published in this subfield. In the present paper, we report a joint experimental-theoretical analysis of thorium tetrafluoride, ThF4, containing a closed-shell actinide (5f0) cation. Its crystalline structure has been revisited in the present work using powder neutron diffraction experiments. The 19F NMR parameters of the seven F crystallographic sites have been modeled using an empirical superposition model, periodic first-principles calculations, and a cluster-based all-electron approach. On the basis of the atomic position optimized structure, a complete and unambiguous assignment of the 19F NMR resonances to the F sites has been obtained.

Controlled hydroxy-fluorination reaction of anatase to promote Mg2+ mobility in rechargeable magnesium batteries.

In anatase TiO2, substituting oxide anions with singly charged (F,OH) anions allows the controlled formation of cation vacancies, which act as reversible intercalation sites for Mg2+. We show that ion-transport (diffusion coefficients) and intercalation (reversible capacity) properties are controlled by two critical parameters: the vacancy concentration and the local anionic environment. Our results emphasise the complexity of this behaviour, and highlight the potential benefits of chemically controlling cationic-defects in electrode materials for rechargeable multivalent-ion batteries.

Reversible magnesium and aluminium ions insertion in cation-deficient anatase TiO2.

In contrast to monovalent lithium or sodium ions, the reversible insertion of multivalent ions such as Mg2+ and Al3+ into electrode materials remains an elusive goal. Here, we demonstrate a new strategy to achieve reversible Mg2+ and Al3+ insertion in anatase TiO2, achieved through aliovalent doping, to introduce a large number of titanium vacancies that act as intercalation sites. We present a broad range of experimental and theoretical characterizations that show a preferential insertion of multivalent ions into titanium vacancies, allowing a much greater capacity to be obtained compared to pure TiO2. This result highlights the possibility to use the chemistry of defects to unlock the electrochemical activity of known materials, providing a new strategy for the chemical design of materials for practical multivalent batteries.

Preparation-Dependent Composition and O/F Ordering in NbO2F and TaO2F.

Through an analysis combining powder XRD, TGA, and 19F and 1H solid-state NMR, it is confirmed for NbO2F and shown for TaO2F that both contain hydroxyl defects and metal vacancies when prepared by aqueous solution synthesis. The formulations M1-x□xO2-5x(OH,F)1+5x of both the samples are determined. The effects of the usually applied thermal treatments are examined. Obtaining pure NbO2F and TaO2F from these samples, that is, fully removing metal vacancies and hydroxide, while avoiding the formation of M2O5, is not that easy. Since thermal treatments result in dehydroxylation and defluorination, it requires, at least, a larger amount of fluorine than metal initially, which may not be the case. We also confirm that the solid-state synthesis is an efficient method to avoid metal vacancies and hydroxyl defects in NbO2F and then apply it to the synthesis of TaO2F. The local structure of NbO2F and TaO2F is poorly described by an ideal cubic ReO3-type model with O and F randomly distributed over the available anion sites. Since O/F ordering was previously highlighted, NbO2F and TaO2F cubic 3 × 3 × 3 supercells featuring -M-O-M-O-M-F- chains along ⟨100⟩ have been built and geometry optimized. These optimized supercells lead to more realistic structures than the previously proposed models, that is, really disordered structures with angularly and radially distorted MX6 octahedra as expected in disordered compounds. Moreover, the structural modeling of NbO2F and TaO2F by these geometry-optimized supercells is supported by the computed 19F and 93Nb NMR parameters, which give very good agreement with the experimental ones.

The key role of the composition and structural features in fluoride ion conductivity in tysonite Ce1-xSrxF3-x solid solutions.

Pure tysonite-type Ce1-xSrxF3-x solid solutions for 0 ≤ x < 0.15 were prepared by a solid-state route at 900 °C. The cell parameters follow Vegard's laws for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 and the solubility limit is identified (0.10 < xlimit < 0.15). For 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05, the F2-(Ce,Sr) and F3-(Ce,Sr) bond distances into [Ce1-xSrxF](2-x)+ slabs strongly vary with x. This slab buckling is maximum around x = 0.025 and strongly affects the more mobile F1 fluoride ions located between the slabs. The 19F MAS NMR spectra show the occurrence of F1-F2,3 exchange at 64 °C. The fraction of mobile F2,3 atoms deduced from the relative intensity of the NMR resonance is maximum for Ce0.99Sr0.01F2.99 (22% at 64 °C) while this fraction linearly increases with x for La1-xAExF3-x (AE = Ba, Sr). The highest conductivity found for Ce0.975Sr0.025F2.975 (3 × 10-4 S cm-1 at RT, Ea = 0.31 eV) is correlated to the largest dispersion of F2-(Ce,Sr) and F3-(Ce,Sr) distances which induces the maximum sheet buckling. Such a relationship between composition, structural features and fluoride ion conductivity is extended to other tysonite-type fluorides. The key role of the difference between AE2+ and RE3+ ionic radii and of the thickness of the slab buckling is established and could allow designing new ionic conductors.

Structure determination of Ba5AlF13 by coupling electron, synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction, solid-state NMR and ab initio calculations.

The room temperature structure of Ba5AlF13 has been investigated by coupling electron, synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction, solid-state high-resolution NMR (19F and 27Al) and first principles calculations. An initial structural model has been obtained from electron and synchrotron powder diffraction data, and its main features have been confirmed by one- and two-dimensional NMR measurements. However, DFT GIPAW calculations of the 19F isotropic shieldings revealed an inaccurate location of one fluorine site (F3, site 8a), which exhibited unusual long F-Ba distances. The atomic arrangement was reinvestigated using neutron powder diffraction data. Subsequent Fourier maps showed that this fluorine atom occupies a crystallographic site of lower symmetry (32e) with partial occupancy (25%). GIPAW computations of the NMR parameters validate the refined structural model, ruling out the presence of local static disorder and indicating that the partial occupancy of this F site reflects a local motional process. Visualisation of the dynamic process was then obtained from the Rietveld refinement of neutron diffraction data using an anharmonic description of the displacement parameters to account for the thermal motion of the mobile fluorine. The whole ensemble of powder diffraction and NMR data, coupled with first principles calculations, allowed drawing an accurate structural model of Ba5AlF13, including site-specific dynamical disorder in the fluorine sub-network.

Atomic Insights into Nanoparticle Formation of Hydroxyfluorinated Anatase Featuring Titanium Vacancies.

Anatase TiO2 with exposed highly reactive (001) surface is commonly prepared using solution-based synthesis in the presence of a fluorinating agent acting as a structure-directing agent. Recently, the solvothermal reaction of titanium tetraisopropoxide in the presence of aqueous HF has resulted in the stabilization of an oxyhydroxyfluorinated anatase phase featuring cationic vacancies. In the present work, we have studied its formation mechanism, revealing a solid-state transformation of a highly defective anatase phase having a hydroxyfluoride composition that subsequently evolves through an oxolation reaction into an oxyhydroxyfluoride phase. Importantly, this work confirms that titanium alkoxide precursors can react with HF via a fluorolysis process yielding fluorinated molecular precursors, which further condense to produce new composition and structural features deviating from a well-ordered anatase network.

Structural refinement of the RT LaOF phases by coupling powder X-Ray diffraction, (19)F and (139)La solid state NMR and DFT calculations of the NMR parameters.

The structures of the ß- and t-LaOF phases have been refined from XRPD patterns. For both phases, (19)F and (139)La solid-state NMR spectra recorded at high magnetic fields show the presence of a single F and a single La local environment, indicating a full anionic ordering in these oxyfluoride compounds. DFT calculations of the (19)F and (139)La chemical shielding tensors and of the (139)La EFG tensor have been performed for the proposed structural models. The observed good agreement between experimental and calculated NMR parameters for both phases highlights the accuracy of the structural data.

Fluoride solid electrolytes: investigation of the tysonite-type solid solutions La1-xBaxF3-x (x < 0.15).

Pure tysonite La1-xBaxF3-x solid solutions for x < 0.15 were prepared by solid state synthesis in a platinum tube under an azote atmosphere with subsequent quenching for 0.07 ≤x < 0.15. The solid solutions were studied by X-ray, electron and neutron diffractions and by (19)F NMR and impedance spectroscopy. The evolution of the cell parameters obeying Vegard's rule was determined for 0 < x≤ 0.15 and atomic position parameters were accurately refined for x = 0.03, 0.07 and 0.10. The chemical pressure induced by large Ba(2+) cations leads to an increase of the unit cell parameters. Fluorine environment and mobilities are discussed on the basis of the results of neutron diffraction and (19)F solid state NMR. The F1 subnetwork is lacunar; fluorine exchange occurs according to the order: F1-F1 and F1-F2,3. 2D EXSY NMR spectra of La0.97Ba0.03F2.97 reveal, for the first time, a chemical exchange between F2 and F3 sites that requires two successive jumps. The ionic conductivity was evaluated from sintered pellets and different shaping methods were compared. The only structural features which could explain the conductivity maximum are a crossover together with a smaller dispersion of F1-F1,2,3 distances at x = 0.05-0.07.

NMR parameters in column 13 metal fluoride compounds (AlF3, GaF3, InF3 and TlF) from first principle calculations.

The relationship between the experimental (19)F isotropic chemical shift and the (19)F isotropic shielding calculated using the gauge including projector augmented-wave (GIPAW) method with PBE functional is investigated in the case of GaF3, InF3, TlF and several AlF3 polymorphs. It is shown that the linear correlation between experimental and DFT-PBE calculated values previously established on alkali, alkaline earth and rare earth of column 3 basic fluorides (Sadoc et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 18539-18550) remains valid in the case of column 13 metal fluorides, indicating that it allows predicting (19)F solid state NMR spectra of a broad range of crystalline fluorides with a relatively good accuracy. For the isostructural α-AlF3, GaF3 and InF3 phases, PBE-DFT geometry optimization leads to noticeably overbended M-F-M bond angles and underestimated (27)Al, (71)Ga and (115)In calculated quadrupolar coupling constants. For the studied compounds, whose structures are built of corner shared MF6 octahedra, it is shown that the electric field gradient (EFG) tensor at the cationic sites is not related to distortions of the octahedral units, in contrast to what previously observed for isolated AlF6 octahedra in fluoroaluminates.

NMR parameters in alkali, alkaline earth and rare earth fluorides from first principle calculations.

(19)F isotropic chemical shifts for alkali, alkaline earth and rare earth of column 3 basic fluorides are measured and the corresponding isotropic chemical shieldings are calculated using the GIPAW method. When using the PBE exchange-correlation functional for the treatment of the cationic localized empty orbitals of Ca(2+), Sc(3+) (3d) and La(3+) (4f), a correction is needed to accurately calculate (19)F chemical shieldings. We show that the correlation between experimental isotropic chemical shifts and calculated isotropic chemical shieldings established for the studied compounds allows us to predict (19)F NMR spectra of crystalline compounds with a relatively good accuracy. In addition, we experimentally determine the quadrupolar parameters of (25)Mg in MgF(2) and calculate the electric field gradients of (25)Mg in MgF(2) and (139)La in LaF(3) using both PAW and LAPW methods. The orientation of the EFG components in the crystallographic frame, provided by DFT calculations, is analysed in terms of electron densities. It is shown that consideration of the quadrupolar charge deformation is essential for the analysis of slightly distorted environments or highly irregular polyhedra.

Double-quantum 19F-19F dipolar recoupling at ultra-fast magic angle spinning NMR: application to the assignment of 19F NMR spectra of inorganic fluorides.

A broadband dipolar recoupling method robust to chemical shift is introduced to observe (19)F-(19)F proximities in fluoroaluminates in high magnetic field and at ultra-fast magic angle spinning (>60 kHz).

On the assignment of (19)F MAS NMR spectra of fluoroaluminates using through-space spectral edition of (19)F-(27)Al and (19)F-(19)F connectivities.

Advantages and limitations of (19)F-(27)Al and (19)F-(19)F dipolar-based 2D NMR experiments for (19)F MAS spectra assignments of fluoroaluminates are presented. In beta-BaAlF(5), combination of 2D MAS (19)F-(27)Al CP-HETCOR and (19)F-(19)F DQ-SQ NMR correlation experiments allows complete unambiguous assignment of the ten poorly resolved resonances of same relative intensities of the (19)F MAS NMR spectrum. The gain in resolution of the (19)F MAS 2D spectrum compared to a 1D spectrum is evidenced, allowing distinction of the two shared-fluorine resonances of Ba(3)Al(2)F(12). Limitations of the (19)F MAS DQ-SQ NMR experiment are shown for Ba(3)Al(2)F(12) and for alpha-CaAlF(5). For beta-BaAlF(5) and Ba(3)Al(2)F(12), final line assignments question those previously established from (19)F isotropic chemical shift calculations, which demonstrate that such experiments are essential for correct line assignments and assessment of calculation results.