ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Although the majority of rape survivors do not label their experiences as rape (i.e., unacknowledged rape), the literature is mixed in terms of how this affects survivors' psychological functioning. To elucidate the discrepancies, the present study examined the interaction between rape acknowledgement and ambivalent sexism in relation to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. METHOD: The analyzed sample included 128 female rape survivors who were drawn from a larger college sample of 1,595 participants. The participants completed measures of sexual assault experiences, ambivalent sexism, and depression and PTSD symptoms. RESULTS: The results supported a significant interaction between acknowledgement status and benevolent sexism in relation to both depression and PTSD symptoms. Conversely, the present study failed to find support for an interaction between acknowledgment status and hostile sexism. CONCLUSION: The clinical implications suggest that rather than seeing acknowledging rape as essential to the recovery process, clinicians should assess for and take into account other factors that may contribute to psychological functioning. Additionally, the findings support that more complex models of trauma recovery should be investigated with the goal of working toward a more comprehensive understanding of the longitudinal process of rape acknowledgment.
Subject(s)
Denial, Psychological , Rape/psychology , Sexism/psychology , Adult , Crime Victims/psychology , Depression/etiology , Depression/psychology , Female , Humans , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Survivors/psychology , Young AdultABSTRACT
The present research sought to replicate the finding that military sexual trauma (MST) moderates the effect of critical warzone experiences on mental health outcomes in a sample of male veterans. One-hundred eighty-one male veterans completed measures of MST, critical warzone experiences, and mental health symptoms. The hypothesized interaction was not significant, nor was a significant main effect observed for MST. In contrast, both critical warzone experiences and childhood maltreatment had significant main effects.
