ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the types and distribution of blood-sucking insects and arboviruses in Inner Mongolia autonomous region, and provide basic data for the prevention of arbovirus transmitted disease. Methods: Blood-sucking insects were collected by lamp trapping method in nature. Mosquito samples were classified according to morphologic characteristics and then stored at liquid nitrogen. Viruses were isolated in cell culture and characterized, using molecular biological methods. Results: A total of 24 240 mosquitoes and 17 110 aphids were collected from 2 sites of 5 counties (Flags) in Inner Mongolia in 2014 and during 2017-2018. Among them, Japanese encephalitis virus gene was detected in Culex pipiens pallens, and 4 virus strains isolates which could be stably passaged. The isolates were identified as Getah virus and densonucleosis virus by molecular biology identification. Phylogenetic analysis on the E2 gene of the Getah virus (NMDK1813-1) showed that it belonged to the same evolutionary branch of the Gansu isolates (GS10-2) and having six common amino acid variation sites. Conclusions: The emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus and Getah virus from specimen of mosquitoes in Inner Mongolia indicated the new challenges on the prevention and control of arbovirus and related diseases. The results pf this study provided basic data for the prevention and control stretagies of arbovirus transmitted diseases in Inner Mongolia.
Subject(s)
Alphavirus/isolation & purification , Culicidae/virology , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/isolation & purification , Encephalitis, Japanese , Mosquito Vectors/virology , RNA, Viral/genetics , Animals , China , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the types and distribution of Arboviruses in Hainan province. Methods: Blood-sucking insects were collected in Hainan province from 2017 to 2018. After laboratory treatment, BHK-21 cells and C6/36 cells were inoculated with grinding supernatant of all blood-sucking insects to isolate all of involving virus. Arbovirus genes in blood-sucking insects were detected in parallel by RT-PCR method. Results: A total of 15 062 mosquitoes were classified into four genera (Culex, Armigeres, Aedes, Anopheles) and 11 360 midges were collected. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was in the majority and accounted for 92.88% (13 990/15 062) of all the mosquitoes collected. Four strains of virus isolates were notified by tissue culture method. Three strains of viruses belonged to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), with the other one as Getah virus (GETV). Five pools of JEV gene amplification were positive, from Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Results from the phylogenetic analysis showed that they belonged to genotype JEV-â . The minimum infection rate of JEV was 0.57 (8/13 990). A total of 5 pools of Akabane virus (AKV) gene amplification were positive. The minimum infection rate of AKV was 0.44 (5/11 360). Based on the S gene and M gene sequences of the virus, data from the phylogenetic analysis showed that the five AKV strains carried by midges in Hainan province were in a separate evolutionary branch and with formed unique geographical distribution. Conclusions: JEV and GETV had been isolated again from the mosquito specimens in this survey, since the 1980s. AKV was detected from the midge specimens in Hainan province. These results showed the needs of strengthening the programs on detection and monitor of JEV, GETV and AKV that were related to animal and human diseases in order to reduce the risks of related diseases in this area.
Subject(s)
Arboviruses/genetics , Arboviruses/isolation & purification , Culicidae/virology , Alphavirus/genetics , Alphavirus/isolation & purification , Animals , China , Culex/virology , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/isolation & purification , Humans , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the distribution patterns of mosquitoes, midges and related arboviruses in Sichuan province. Methods: Blood-sucking insects were collected from houses and pens, using the ultraviolet lights. Mosquito samples were classified according to morphologic characteristics and then stored at liquid nitrogen. All samples were incubated with BHK-21 and C6/36 cells for virus isolation and then detected for their viral genes. Sequences of the virus were identified and analyzed by molecular biological software, such as BioEdit 7.0.5.3, MEGA 6.0. Results: In total, 17 019 mosquitoes from 3 genera and 4 species and 12 700 midges were collected from the southeast regions of Sichuan province in 2016 and 2017. Among them, 79.4% (13 519/17 019) belonged to Culex tritaeniorhynchus with 11.1% (1 897/17 019) as Armigeres subalbatus, 5.5% (930/17 019) were Anopheles sinensis and 4.0% (673/17 019) were Anopheles sinensis 3 virus strains that isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus were identified as typeâ Japanese encephalitis virus. Seven pools of mosquitoes isolated from Hejiang county were identified Japanese encephalitis virus gene positive through PCR amplification. With 4 pool midges were detected positive for Akabane virus through PCR gene amplification while midges samples didn't have virus isolates. Conclusions: Culex tritaeniorhynchus appeared the predominant species in the southeast regions of Sichuan. Japanese encephalitis virus transmitted by mosquitoes and Akabane virus by midges were prevalent in southeast Sichuan province.
Subject(s)
Arboviruses , Culicidae , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics , Animals , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/isolation & purification , Encephalitis, Japanese/diagnosis , Genes, Viral , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic regulators that are important for the control of various pathophysiological events. We found that HDAC inhibitors completely abolished transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1)-induced apoptosis in AML-12 and primary mouse hepatocytes. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of HDAC1 or downregulation of HDAC1 by RNAi both suppressed TGF-ß1-induced apoptosis. In addition, overexpression of HDAC1 enhanced TGF-ß1-induced apoptosis, and the rescue of HDAC1 expression in HDAC1 RNAi cells restored the apoptotic response of cells to TGF-ß1. These data indicate that HDAC1 functions as a proapoptotic factor in TGF-ß1-induced apoptosis. In contrast, downregulation of HDAC2 by RNAi increased spontaneous apoptosis and markedly enhanced TGF-ß1-induced apoptosis, suggesting that HDAC2 has a reciprocal role in controlling cell survival. Furthermore, inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) by MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 or expression of a kinase-dead mutant of MEK1 restored the apoptotic response to TGF-ß1 in HDAC1 RNAi cells. Strikingly, HDAC2 RNAi caused an inhibition of ERK1/2, and the spontaneous apoptosis can be abolished by reactivation of ERK1/2. Taken together, our data demonstrate that HDAC1 and 2 reciprocally affect cell viability by differential regulation of ERK1/2; these observations provide insight into the roles and potential mechanisms of HDAC1 and 2 in apoptosis.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Histone Deacetylase 1/metabolism , Histone Deacetylase 2/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Hepatocytes/cytology , Hepatocytes/drug effects , Hepatocytes/enzymology , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Humans , Mice , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors , Models, Biological , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Diffuse lipoid pneumonitis is rare. Prednisolone can be beneficial, but no other method of treatment has been tried. The first case of diffuse lipoid pneumonitis successfully managed with whole lung lavage is described.