Secular trends in the prevalence of schizophrenia among different age, period and cohort groups between 1990 and 2019.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia remains a major public health challenge, and designing efforts to manage it requires understanding its prevalence over time at different geographic scales and population groups. METHODS: Drawing on data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, annual percentage change of schizophrenia was assessed across different age, period and cohort groups at different geographic scales from 1990 to 2019. We examined associations of prevalence with the sociodemographic index. RESULTS: Global prevalence of schizophrenia in 2019 was 23.60 million (95 % uncertainty interval: 20.23-27.15), with China, India, the USA and Indonesia accounting for 50.72 % of it. Global prevalence increased slightly from 1990 to 2019, with an annual percentage change of 0.03 % (95 % confidence interval 0.01-0.05). Regions with intermediate sociodemographic index accounted for greater proportion of prevalence increasing than regions with high index. Prevalence decreased among those born after 1979 in regions with intermediate sociodemographic index, whereas it consistently improved among all birth cohorts in regions with low index. Regardless of sociodemographic index, prevalence was highest among individuals 30-59 years old than younger or older groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of schizophrenia has shown small increases globally over the last three decades. The burden of disease is heavier in relatively less affluent regions, and it disproportionately affects individuals 30-59 years in all regions. Meanwhile, for regions with lower sociodemographic indices, the recent increasing burden among birth cohorts is more pronounced. These findings may help guide futural design of measures to manage or prevent schizophrenia in communities at higher risk.

Analogy of silicon and boron in plant nutrition.

Silicon (Si) and boron (B) are a class of elements called metalloids, which have properties like metals and non-metals. Si is classified as a quasi-essential element, while B is a micronutrient element for plants. Nowadays, numerous discoveries have shown the analogy of silicon and boron in plant nutrition. In this minireview, the molecular mechanisms for the transport of these two metalloids are compared. We also discussed the chemical forms of Si and B and their functional similarity in response to environmental stresses in plants. In conclusion, it can be proposed that cell wall-bound silicon rather than silica might partially replace boron for plant growth, development, and stress responses, and the underlying mechanism is the Si contribution to B in its structural function.

Bioequivalence of Blonanserin Tablets Under Fasting and Fed Conditions in Healthy Chinese Subjects.

Blonanserin is a novel oral antischizophrenic drug. Under fasting (n = 50) and fed (n = 60) conditions, this study compared the bioequivalence of the generic blonanserin tablet with the reference blonanserin tablet. In this single-center, randomized, open-label, 2-period, 2-sequence, crossover study, 110 patients were randomly given a 4-mg dose of either the test or reference blonanserin tablet with a 14-day washout period. Blood samples were taken before performing and up to 72 hours following. A validated high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique was used to measure the levels of blonanserin in plasma. Safety was evaluated throughout the study. The study found no significant differences in the maximum observed drug concentration in the plasma (Cmax ), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last sampling time (AUC0-t ), and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞ ) between the 2 blonanserin formulations. The 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratio of the test/reference formulations for Cmax , AUC0-t , and AUC0-∞ were within the 80%-125% limit. Food dramatically raised blonanserin exposure, and also significantly prolonged the lag time of absorption. No serious adverse events occurred. These results indicate that the 2 blonanserin formulations were bioequivalent and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects. In clinical treatment, it is necessary to consider the food effect of blonanserin.

Research and Implementation of Mobile Internet Management Optimization and Intelligent Information System Based on Smart Decision.

The way by which artificial intelligence is implemented is similar to the thinking process of the human brain. People obtain information about external conditions through five senses, namely, vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, and, through the further processing of the brain, it forms meaningful decision-making elements. Then, through the process of analysis and reasoning, further decisions are made. In the information age, the application of intelligent management information systems in various fields has promoted the modernization and intelligence of social development. From the perspective of intelligent decision-making, this paper analyzes the requirements of intelligent information systems and designs an intelligent information system based on mobile Internet management optimization, including system management optimization, and proposes an environment-based layer, network transport layer, and the three-tier system architecture of the smart service application layer. Finally, this paper considers the problem of data fusion after system expansion. According to the existing fuzzy fusion algorithm, a weight-based fuzzy fusion algorithm is proposed. The simulation analysis shows that the algorithm can be effectively applied in intelligent information systems.