ABSTRACT
This manuscript extends our previously published work (based on data from one clinic) on the association between three drinking water-treatment modalities (boiling, filtering, and bottling) and diarrhoeal disease in HIV-positive persons by incorporating data from two additional clinics collected in the following year. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of drinking water patterns, medication usage, and episodes of diarrhoea among HIV-positive persons attending clinics associated with the San Francisco Community Consortium. We present combined results from our previously published work in one clinic (n = 226) with data from these two additional clinics (n = 458). In this combined analysis we employed logistic regression and marginal structural modelling of the data. The relative risk of diarrhoea for 'always' vs. 'never' drinking boiled water was 0.68 (95% CI 0.45-1.04) and for 'always' vs. 'never' drinking bottled water was 1.22 (95 % CI 0.82-1.82). Drinking filtered water was unrelated to diarrhoea (1.03 (95% CI 0.78, 1.35) for 'always' vs. 'never' drinking filtered water]. Adjustment for confounding did not have any notable effect on the point estimates (0.61, 1.35 and 0.98 for boiled, bottled, and filtered water respectively, as defined above). The risk of diarrhoea was lower among those consuming boiled water but this finding was not statistically significant. Because of these findings, the importance of diarrhoea in immunocompromised individuals, and the limitations of cross-sectional data further prospective investigations of water consumption and diarrhoea among HIV-positive individuals are needed.
Subject(s)
Diarrhea/epidemiology , Diarrhea/etiology , HIV Infections , Water Purification/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , California/epidemiology , Child , Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Medical Records , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , San Francisco/epidemiology , Water SupplyABSTRACT
To determine whether HIV infection, the wasting syndrome, or nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) or protease inhibitor (PI) therapy uniquely affect fat distribution in men, we performed manual regional analysis of total, appendicular, trunk, and central abdominal fat measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Five groups of study subjects were identified for this cross-sectional analysis: HIV-negative controls (HIV-; N = 44) and four groups of HIV-positive subjects: antiretroviral (ARV)-naive or with limited prior use of NRTIs (ARV-; N = 23); on NRTIs for > or =6 months but PI-naive (NRTI; N = 30); on an NRTI/PI regimen for > or =6 months but with no complaints of abnormal fat distribution (NRTI/PI; N = 26); and those on NRTIs but PI-naive with the wasting syndrome (NRTI/WS; N = 40). Total, appendicular, trunk, and central abdominal fat was significantly lower in NRTI/WS. The ratio of trunk fat to appendicular fat was virtually identical in HIV- and ARV-. This ratio was significantly higher in the NRTI, NRTI/PI, and NRTI/WS groups, and values in these three groups were similar. These cross-sectional data suggest that HIV-infected men receiving NRTIs have an altered pattern of fat distribution, compared with HIV-negative men and HIV-positive men who are not receiving antiretroviral therapy. This effect was independent of the concomitant use of a PI or a diagnosis of the wasting syndrome. We saw no evidence of a unique effect of HIV infection per se on regional fat distribution. Although the fat ratio is increasingly employed, its physiologic significance is unclear. Our results, which have been obtained retrospectively, are intended to provide the impetus for prospective, controlled studies of the interactions among drug and host factors in the development of fat distribution abnormalities.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , Body Composition , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV-1 , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Protease Inhibitors/adverse effects , HIV Wasting Syndrome , Humans , Male , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
This report of a 1995 survey presents data regarding nurses' attitudes and beliefs about assisted suicide in AIDS. The authors surveyed 428 nurses working at facilities serving AIDS patients in the San Francisco Bay Area, using an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. They received 215 responses (50%). There was a high level of agreement with statements that place assisted suicide in the context of humane action to relieve suffering. An AIDS diagnosis did not change respondents' attitudes toward assisted suicide, although many nurses said that the relentless suffering and specific nature of the AIDS epidemic did influence their thinking.
