Masturbation, sexual function, and genital self-image of undergraduate women: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between factors related to masturbation, sexual function, and genital self-image among women has not been fully explored in the literature. AIM: The study sought to investigate the association between masturbation frequency, feelings, and behaviors with sexual function and genital self-image in young women. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey among 110 undergraduate female students was conducted. Online self-administered questionnaires to assess sociodemographic characteristics, masturbatory frequency, feelings, and behavior were completed. Participants also answered the Brazilian version of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS). OUTCOMES: The outcome includes masturbation frequency and behaviors associated, as well as scores on the FSFI and FGSIS. RESULTS: Women showed higher scores in FSFI subdomains when masturbation was considered important for them, along with reported feelings of empowerment and satisfaction during this activity. However, those who experienced negative emotions during masturbation, such as shame or guilt, demonstrated a significant association with lower scores in both FSFI and FGSIS. Masturbation frequency was found to correlate with better sexual function specifically in the desire domain among women who engaged in daily masturbation. Additionally, an association was observed between higher scores in the FGSIS and increased scores in the domains of satisfaction, arousal, and orgasm within the FSFI. There was an association in the domain's satisfaction, arousal, and orgasm of the FSFI with greater scores in FGSIS. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The clinical implications encompass the augmentation of understanding pertaining to female sexual function. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: The study provides valuable insights into the sexual behavior of undergraduate female students, and its methodology improves openness in responses, as it provides anonymity given the sensitive nature of the topic studied. Study limitations include the unsuitability of the FSFI questionnaire for sexually inactive women in the past 4 weeks; the participation bias and reporting bias in sexuality searches; and the unknown validity of the investigator-derived questionnaire about masturbation, as it has not been previously validated. CONCLUSION: Masturbation frequency has minimal to no impact on female sexual function, whereas harboring positive feelings toward it and maintaining a positive genital self-image may exert a positive influence on sexual function.

Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on cardiometabolic risk factors in schoolchildren.

INTRODUCTION: High levels of physical fitness established during childhood and adolescence have been associated with positive effects on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), which persist into adulthood. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle, overweight, and obesity during this period are considered public health problems. These conditions tend to worsen in adulthood, increasing the incidence of chronic diseases, deteriorating CMRF, and consequently leading to higher comorbidity and mortality rates. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body mass index (BMI) on CMRF in children and adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 49 schoolchildren of both sexes aged 10-17 years. Anthropometric assessments, CRF test, muscle strength test, and blood pressure (BP) measurement were conducted. Participants were allocated into groups based on BMI (eutrophic, overweight, obese), and CRF levels (low-fit, normal-fit, and high-fit). RESULTS: Obese individuals had lower CRF values compared to the eutrophic and overweight groups. The cardiometabolic risk profile (CMRP) was significantly higher in the obese group compared to the eutrophic group but showed no significant difference compared to the overweight group. The hight-fit group had lower CMRP values compared to the low-fit group. CONCLUSIONS: Higher BMI and CRF values had negative and positive effects on CMRF and CMRP in schoolchildren, respectively. Overweight or obese schoolchildren with low levels of CRF constitute an unfavourable cardiometabolic risk profile.

Effects of a small-sided soccer program on health parameters in obese children / Efectos de un programa de fútbol reducido en los parámetros de salud de niños obesos / Efeitos de um programa de futebol reduzido sobre os parâmetros de saúde de crianças obesas

ABSTRACT Introduction: Childhood obesity is increasing and, as a consequence, it generates health complications resulting from sedentary behavior and low levels of physical fitness. There are few studies involving children, metabolic and cardiorespiratory profiles, and soccer. Objective: The purpose was to measure the effects of a 12-week recreational small-sided soccer program on cardiometabolic risk and individual responses to cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese boys. Methods: Thirteen boys aged 8-12 years (34.9±11.6% body fat) participated in a 12-week recreational small-sided soccer training program with two 80-minute sessions per week at intensities over 80% of the maximal heart rate. Anthropometric characteristics, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic profile, individual responses to peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), maximal workload (Wmax), fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, and TG were measured both pre- and post-training. Results: Considering the individual responses of the participants, recreational soccer training was effective in improving variations in maximum power and exhaustion time, as well as promoting at least one beneficial change in cardiometabolic risk factors in 84% of the overweight or obese children. There were no differences between pre- and post-program anthropometric characteristics, metabolic profiles, or VO2peak values. Conclusion: Twelve-week recreational small-sided soccer programs were able to improve maximal power and anaerobic capacity and maintain cardiometabolic risk factor levels in overweight and obese boys. Level of evidence I; High-quality prospective study (all patients were enrolled at the same stage of disease, with >80% of patients enrolled) .

RESUMEN Introdução: La obesidad infantil está aumentando y, como consecuencia, genera complicaciones de salud derivadas del comportamiento sedentario y de los bajos niveles de aptitud física. Existen pocos estudios sobre niños, perfiles metabólicos, cardiorrespiratorios y fútbol. Objetivo: El objetivo fue medir los efectos de un programa de fútbol recreativo reducido de 12 semanas sobre el riesgo cardiometabólico y respuestas individuales en niños con sobrepeso u obesos. Métodos: Trece niños de 8 a 12 años (34,9 ± 11,6% de grasa corporal) participaron en un programa de entrenamiento de fútbol recreativo reducido de 12 semanas con dos sesiones de 80 minutos por semana a intensidades superiores al 80% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima. Se midieron las características antropométricas, la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, el perfil metabólico y las respuestas individuales del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2pico), la carga de trabajo máxima (Wmax), la glucemia y la insulina en ayunas, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, HDL-C, CT y TG antes y después del entrenamiento. Resultados: Teniendo en cuenta las respuestas individuales, el entrenamiento de fútbol recreativo fue eficaz para mejorar las variaciones de potencia máxima y el tiempo hasta el agotamiento, así como para promover al menos un cambio beneficioso en los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico en el 84% de los niños con sobrepeso u obesidad. No hubo diferencias entre las características antropométricas, los perfiles metabólicos o el pico de VO2 antes y después del programa. Conclusões: Doce semanas de programas de fútbol recreativo reducido fueron capaces de mejorar la potencia máxima y la capacidad anaeróbica, así como de mantener los niveles de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad. Nível de evidência I; Estudo prospectivo de alta qualidade (todos os pacientes foram inscritos no mesmo estágio da doença, com > 80% dos pacientes inscritos) .

RESUMO Introdução: A obesidade infantil está aumentando e, como consequência, gera complicações de saúde decorrentes do comportamento sedentário e baixos níveis de aptidão física. Existem poucos estudos que envolvem crianças, perfis metabólicos e cardiorrespiratórios e futebol. Objetivo: O objetivo foi medir os efeitos de um programa de futebol recreativo reduzido de 12 semanas sobre o risco cardiometabólico e respostas individuais em meninos com sobrepeso ou obesos. Métodos: Treze meninos de 8 a 12 anos (34,9 ± 11,6% de gordura corporal) participaram de um programa de treinamento de futebol recreativo reduzido de 12 semanas com duas sessões de 80 minutos por semana em intensidades acima de 80% da frequência cardíaca máxima. As características antropométricas, a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, o perfil metabólico e as respostas individuais do pico de consumo de oxigênio (VO2pico), carga máxima de trabalho (Wmáx), glicemia e insulina em jejum, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, HDL-C, CT e TG foram medidos pré e pós-treinamento. Resultados: considerando as respostas individuais dos participantes, o treinamento recreativo de futebol foi eficaz para melhorar as variações da potência máxima e do tempo até a exaustão, bem como promover pelo menos uma alteração benéfica nos fatores de risco cardiometabólico em 84% das crianças com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Não houve diferenças entre as características antropométricas pré e pós-programa, perfis metabólicos ou VO2pico. Conclusões: Doze semanas de programas de futebol recreativo reduzido foram capazes de melhorar a potência máxima e a capacidade anaeróbica, bem como manter os níveis de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em meninos com sobrepeso e obesos. Nível de evidência I; Estudo prospectivo de alta qualidade (todos os pacientes foram inscritos no mesmo estágio da doença, com > 80% dos pacientes inscritos) .

Thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of lean and obese fit and unfit girls exercising in the heat / Respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas de meninas magras e obesas com alta e baixa aptidão aeróbica exercitando-se no calor

Abstract Objective: To verify the thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of obese and lean girls, either fit or unfit, exercising in the heat at a similar rate of metabolic heat production per unit body mass. Methods: A total of 34 pubescent girls were allocated in four groups: 12 obese fit, 9 obese unfit, 5 lean fit, and 8 lean unfit. The obese groups (13.2 ± 1.4 years, 40.5% ± 5.8% fat by DXA) differed in their aerobic fitness (V˙O2peak 76.0 ± 8.1 vs. 56.6 ± 5.8 mL.kg muscle mass-1.min-1), as well as the lean groups (13.1 ± 1.6 years, 24.0% ± 4.8% fat) (V˙O2peak 74.5 ± 2.9 vs. 56.2 ± 5.0 mL.kg muscle mass-1 min-1). Girls cycled two bouts of 25 min with a 10 min rest in between, at ∼5.4 W.kg-1 in the heat (36 °C and 40% relative humidity) and they were kept euhydrated. Rectal and skin temperatures and heart rate were measured every 5 min. Perceptual responses were evaluated throughout the exercise. Results: Initial rectal temperature was higher in the obese subjects compared to the lean subjects (37.5 ± 0.3 and 37.2 ± 0.3 °C). No difference was observed among the girls whom were obese (eight fit or unfit) and lean (also fit or unfit) throughout the exercise in rectal temperature (37.6 ± 0.2, 37.5 ± 0.3, 37.5 ± 0.3, 37.4 ± 0.3 °C, respectively), skin temperature (34.8 ± 0.8, 35.1 ± 1.0, 34.4 ± 0.9, 35.2 ± 0.9 °C), and heart rate (128 ± 18; 118 ± 12, 130 ± 16, 119 ± 16 beats min-1). No differences were observed in perceptual responses among groups. Conclusion: Regardless of the adiposity or aerobic fitness, pubescent girls had similar thermoregulatory and perceptual responses while cycling in the heat at similar metabolic heat production.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar as respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas de meninas obesas e magras, com alta e baixa aptidão aeróbica, exercitando-se no calor com produção metabólica de calor similar por massa corporal. Métodos: Um total de 34 meninas púberes foram alocadas em quatro grupos: 12 obesas com alta aptidão aeróbica, 9 obesas com baixa aptidão aeróbica, 5 magras com alta aptidão aeróbica e 8 magras com baixa aptidão aeróbica. Os grupos obesos (13,2 ± 1,4 anos, 40,5% ± 5,8% de gordura por DXA) diferiram em sua aptidão aeróbica (V˙O2peak 76,0 ± 8,1 vs. 56,6 ± 5,8 mL.kg de massa muscular-1.min-1), bem como os grupos magros (13,1 ± 1,6 anos, 24,0% ± 4,8% de gordura) (V˙O2peak 74,5 ± 2,9 vs. 56,2 ± 5,0 mL.kg de massa muscular-1min-1). As meninas pedalaram duas sessões de 25 minutos com descanso de 10 minutos entre as sessões, a ∼5,4 W.kg-1 no calor (36∘C e 40% de umidade relativa) e foram mantidas hidratadas. As temperaturas retal e cutânea e a frequência cardíaca foram medidas a cada 5 minutos. As respostas perceptivas foram avaliadas durante o exercício. Resultados: A temperatura retal inicial foi maior nas meninas obesas em comparação com as magras (37,5 ± 0,3 e 37,2 ± 0,3 °C). Não houve diferença entre as meninas obesas (com alta aptidão aeróbica ou não) e magras (também com alta aptidão aeróbica ou não) durante todo o exercício em relação à temperatura retal (37,6 ± 0,2; 37,5 ± 0,3; 37,5 ± 0,3; 37,4 ± 0,3 °C; respectivamente), temperatura da pele (34,8 ± 0,8; 35,1 ± 1,0; 34,4 ± 0,9; 35,2 ± 0,9 °C), e frequência cardíaca (128 ± 18; 118 ± 12, 130 ± 16, 119 ± 16 batimentos.min-1). Não foram observadas diferenças nas respostas perceptivas entre os grupos. Conclusão: Independentemente da adiposidade ou do condicionamento aeróbico, as meninas púberes tiveram respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas semelhantes, enquanto pedalavam no calor com uma produção metabólica de calor similar.

Maturity status effects on torque and muscle architecture of young soccer players.

This study investigated the effects of maturity status on knee extensor torque and vastus lateralis architecture of young soccer players. Thirty-four males aged 13-18 years were divided into two groups: pubescent (PUB, n = 15) and postpubescent (POSP, n = 19). Torque by angle interaction was established for absolute [F(2.649, 84.771) = 9.066, p < 0.05] and relative to body mass [F(2.704, 86.533) = 4.050, p < 0.05] isometric torque with the POSP group showing greater values. Muscle volume torque-angle relationship was similar between groups. Absolute, relative to body mass, and relative to muscle volume concentric and eccentric torque-velocity relationship showed a non-significant interaction but a significant group effect in favour the POSP group for absolute and concentric torque relative to body mass. Torque-angle and torque-velocity relationship normalized by body mass allometric exponents showed a non-significant interactions and group effects. Muscle thickness (3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6 cm), fascicle length (8.3 ± 1.4 vs. 8.9 ± 1.6 cm) and pennation angle (15.0 ± 2.3 vs. 14.3 ± 3.2 degrees) was similar between PUB and POSP groups, respectively. Maturity status did not show a significant effect on muscle architecture and on isometric and dynamic torques when allometrically normalized.

Thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of lean and obese fit and unfit girls exercising in the heat.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of obese and lean girls, either fit or unfit, exercising in the heat at a similar rate of metabolic heat production per unit body mass. METHODS: A total of 34 pubescent girls were allocated in four groups: 12 obese fit, 9 obese unfit, 5 lean fit, and 8 lean unfit. The obese groups (13.2±1.4 years, 40.5%±5.8% fat by DXA) differed in their aerobic fitness (V˙O2peak 76.0±8.1 vs. 56.6±5.8mL.kgmusclemass-1.min-1), as well as the lean groups (13.1±1.6 years, 24.0%±4.8% fat) (V˙O2peak 74.5±2.9 vs. 56.2±5.0mL.kgmuscle mass-1min-1). Girls cycled two bouts of 25min with a 10min rest in between, at ∼5.4W.kg-1 in the heat (36°C and 40% relative humidity) and they were kept euhydrated. Rectal and skin temperatures and heart rate were measured every 5min. Perceptual responses were evaluated throughout the exercise. RESULTS: Initial rectal temperature was higher in the obese subjects compared to the lean subjects (37.5±0.3 and 37.2±0.3°C). No difference was observed among the girls whom were obese (eight fit or unfit) and lean (also fit or unfit) throughout the exercise in rectal temperature (37.6±0.2, 37.5±0.3, 37.5±0.3, 37.4±0.3°C, respectively), skin temperature (34.8±0.8, 35.1±1.0, 34.4±0.9, 35.2±0.9°C), and heart rate (128±18; 118±12, 130±16, 119±16beatsmin-1). No differences were observed in perceptual responses among groups. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the adiposity or aerobic fitness, pubescent girls had similar thermoregulatory and perceptual responses while cycling in the heat at similar metabolic heat production.

Aerobic fitness profile of youth soccer players: effects of chronological age and playing position / Perfil aeróbio de jovens jogadores de futebol: efeitos da idade cronológica e da posição tática

Abstract To establish a profile of the aerobic fitness in young soccer players, it is critical to consider different intervenient factors such as maturity status, chronological age and playing position. The aim of this study was to identify the biological maturation, chronological age, and playing position effects on physical and physiological characteristics of young soccer players. Two hundred and one soccer players of 11-19 years old were divided into groups relative to their maturity status, chronological age and playing position. A maximal exercise test was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) parameters in a treadmill. Biological maturation showed no significant effect on relative values (mL•kg-1•min-1) of VO2peak, VT2 and VT1 (0.004 < h2 < 0.039), but showed large positive effect on maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and speed at VT2 (VT2speed). Chronological age showed a medium positive effect on relative values of VO2peak, VT2 and VT1 (0.095 < h2 < 0.137) and a large positive effect on MAS and VT2speed. Relative values of VO2peak and VT1 showed no significant differences among groups for playing position (P>0.05; 0.044 < h2 < 0.051). However, goalkeepers showed significant lower relative values for VT2 and VT2speed than other playing positions and a medium positive effect was observed (P<0.05; 0.077 < h2 < 0.119). Chronological age showed a medium to large positive effect on aerobic fitness parameters, while biological maturation showed a positive effect only on MAS and VT2speed. Playing position showed a medium positive effect on VT2 and VT2speed.

Resumo Para identificar o perfil aeróbico de jovens jogadores de futebol é necessário considerar fatores intervenientes como maturação biológica, idade cronológica e posição tática. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar o efeito da maturação biológica, idade cronológica e posição tática sobre as características físicas e fisiológicas de jovens jogadores de futebol. Duzentos e um jogadores de futebol com idades entre 11-19 anos foram divididos em grupos de acordo com estágio maturacional, idade cronológica e posição tática. Um teste máximo foi realizado para determinar o consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico) e limiares ventilatórios (LV1 e LV2). A maturação biológica não apresentou efeitos significativos sobre os valores relativos (mL•kg-1•min-1) de VO2pico, LV2 e LV1 (0,004 < η2 < 0,039), mas apresentou elevado efeito sobre velocidade aeróbia máxima (VAM) e velocidade em LV2 (LV2velocidade). A idade cronológica apresentou efeito positivo médio sobre os valores relativos de VO2pico, LV2 e LV1 (0,095 < η2 < 0,137), e elevado efeito positivo sobre VAM e LV2velocidade. A posição tática não apresentou diferenças significativas sobre os valores relativos de VO2pico e LV1 entre os grupos (P>0,05; 0,044 < η2 < 0,051). Entretanto, goleiros apresentaram significativamente menores valores relativos de LV2 e LV2velocidade em comparação com outras posições táticas, com efeito positivo médio sendo identificado (P<0,05; 0,077 < η2 < 0,119). A idade cronológica apresentou efeito positivo de médio a elevado sobre o perfil aeróbio, entretanto, a maturação biológica não apresentou efeito, exceto para VAM e LV2velocidade. A posição tática apresentou efeitos positivos sobre LV2 e LV2velocidade.

Thermoregulation of competitive artistic gymnastic athletes and non-athlete girls exercising in the heat / Termorregulação em atletas de ginástica artística e meninas não-atletas durante exercício no calor

Abstract It’s unclear whether the combination of intense, chronic training and heat exposure during prepubescence improves thermoregulatory responses to exercise in artistic gymnastics athletes. The objective of this study was to compare thermoregulatory and perceptual responses between artistic gymnastics athletes and non-athlete girls while exercising both in heat and thermoneutral conditions. Seven athletes (8.7 ± 1.3 yrs) and 7 nonathletes (9.4 ± 1.5 yrs) cycled for 30 min at load (W) of ~55% VO2peak, on two separate occasions in a randomized order: heat (35˚C, 40% relative humidity) and thermoneutral conditions (24˚C, 50% relative humidity). Rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, thermal comfort and irritability were measured throughout the exercise. Initial rectal temperature was similar between athletes and non-athletes in both heat (37.2 ± 0.4 vs. 37.4 ± 0.2˚C, respectively) and thermoneutral conditions (37.3 ± 0.2 vs. 37.3 ± 0.3˚C). Final rectal temperature was similar between groups (38.0 ± 0.2 vs. 38.2 ± 0.2˚C in heat and 37.8 ± 0.2 vs. 37.9 ± 0.2˚C in thermoneutral conditions). Initial heart rate was lower in athletes in the heat (76 ± 7 vs. 91 ± 11 bpm, P = 0.01); however, throughout cycling, it became similar between groups. Athletes reported similar perceptual responses compared to non-athletes, with the exception of higher thermal comfort in the 10th minute of exercise in thermoneutral conditions (P = 0.003). It was concluded that athletes were similar to non-athletes with respect to thermoregulatory and perceptual responses during 30 min of cycling at similar relative intensities.

Resumo Não está claro se a combinação de treinamento crônico intenso e a exposição ao calor durante a pré-adolescência melhoram as respostas termorregulatórias ao exercício em atletas de ginástica artística (GA). Objetivou-se comparar as respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas entre atletas de GA e não-atletas durante uma sessão de exercício nas condições de calor (CC) e termoneutra (CT). Sete atletas (8,7 ± 1,3 anos) e 7 não-atletas (9,4 ± 1,5 anos) pedalaram por 30 minutos com carga (W) referente ~55% VO2pico, em CC (35˚C e 40% umidade relativa) e CT (24˚C e 50% umidade relativa). A temperatura retal (Tre), frequência cardíaca (FC), taxa de percepção de esforço, sensação e conforto térmico e irritabilidade foram medidas durante o exercício. Tre inicial foi similar entre atletas e não-atletas em CC (37,2 ± 0,4 vs. 37,4 ± 0.2˚C, respectivamente) e CT (37,3 ± 0,2 vs. 37,3 ± 0.3˚C). Tre final foi similar entre os grupos (38,0 ± 0,2 vs. 38,2 ± 0.2˚C na CC; e 37,8 ± 0,2 vs. 37,9 ± 0.2˚C na CT). FC inicial foi menor nas atletas na CC (76 ± 7 vs. 91 ± 11 bpm, P = 0,01). No entanto, ao longo das pedaladas, foi similar em ambos os grupos. As respostas perceptivas foram similares entre os grupos, com exceção ao maior conforto térmico das atletas aos 10 minutos de pedalada (P= 0,003). As atletas de GA apresentaram respostas termorregulatórias similares as não-atletas durante 30 minutos de pedalada em similar intensidade relativa nas CC e CT.

Female homicide in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

This study aimed to assess the female homicide rate due to aggression in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using this as a "proxy" of femicide. This was an ecological study which correlated the female homicide rate due to aggression in Rio Grande do Sul, according to the 35 microregions defined by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), with socioeconomic and demographic variables access and health indicators. Pearson's correlation test was performed with the selected variables. After this, multiple linear regressions were performed with variables with p < 0.20. The standardized average of female homicide rate due to aggression in the period from 2003 to 2007 was 3.1 obits per 100 thousand. After multiple regression analysis, the final model included male mortality due to aggression (p = 0.016), the percentage of hospital admissions for alcohol (p = 0.005) and the proportion of ill-defined deaths (p = 0.015). The model have an explanatory power of 39% (adjusted r2 = 0.391). The results are consistent with other studies and indicate a strong relationship between structural violence in society and violence against women, in addition to a higher incidence of female deaths in places with high alcohol hospitalization.

Female homicide in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Homicídios femininos no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

This study aimed to assess the female homicide rate due to aggression in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using this as a "proxy" of femicide. This was an ecological study which correlated the female homicide rate due to aggression in Rio Grande do Sul, according to the 35 microregions defined by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), with socioeconomic and demographic variables access and health indicators. Pearson's correlation test was performed with the selected variables. After this, multiple linear regressions were performed with variables with p < 0.20. The standardized average of female homicide rate due to aggression in the period from 2003 to 2007 was 3.1 obits per 100 thousand. After multiple regression analysis, the final model included male mortality due to aggression (p = 0.016), the percentage of hospital admissions for alcohol (p = 0.005) and the proportion of ill-defined deaths (p = 0.015). The model have an explanatory power of 39% (adjusted r2 = 0.391). The results are consistent with other studies and indicate a strong relationship between structural violence in society and violence against women, in addition to a higher incidence of female deaths in places with high alcohol hospitalization.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a mortalidade feminina por agressão no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, utilizando-a como um "marcador" do femicídio. Estudo ecológico que relacionou a mortalidade feminina por agressão no Rio Grande do Sul, segundo as 35 microrregiões do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, com variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas, de acesso e de saúde. Foi realizada correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis selecionadas e após, regressão linear múltipla com as variáveis que apresentam p < 0,20. O coeficiente de mortalidade feminina por agressão padronizado no período 2003 a 2007 foi de 3,1 óbitos para cada 100 mil. Após a regressão linear múltipla, permaneceram no modelo final o coeficiente de mortalidade masculina por agressão (p = 0,016), o percentual de internação por álcool (p = 0,005) e a proporção de óbitos mal definidos (p = 0,015). O modelo tem capacidade explicativa de 39% (r2 ajustado = 0,391). Os resultados são compatíveis com outros estudos e indicam uma forte relação entre a violência estrutural da sociedade e a violência dirigida contra as mulheres, além da maior ocorrência de mortes femininas em locais onde a hospitalização por consumo de álcool é maior.

Prevalence of insufficient physical activity in adolescents in South Brazil / Prevalência de atividade física insuficiente em adolescentes do Sul do Brasil

The purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence of insufficient physical activity and associated factors in adolescents 10 to 19 years old living in the Health Districts of Restinga and Extremo Sul of Porto Alegre, RS. A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted by a systematic sampling with 967 adolescents randomly selected. Data was collected by using a questionnaire with the following variables: gender, age, skin color, if currently studying, occupation, socioeconomic status, weight and height, as well as insufficient physical activity, which was defined as less than 300 minutes per week of physical activity, not counting physical education classes. The prevalence of insufficient physical activity found was 70.5%: 58.9% in boys and 81.9% in girls. The higher prevalence of insufficient levels of PA was found among adolescents who are not studying (p=0.01) and next by those who are between 16 and 19 years old (p=0.05). In boys it was observed that as they got older, physical activity decreased (p=0.05). The most types of activities found were field soccer and riding bikes for boys, and walking and field soccer for girls. In conclusion, the prevalence of insufficient physical activity found in the adolescents evaluated was high. Being a girl, not studying, and between the ages of 16 and 19, were factors that increased the levels of insufficient physical activity. This reveals, therefore, the importance to developed interventions to promote the practice of physical activity in this population.

O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência de atividade física insuficiente e fatores associados em adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos, residentes nos Distritos Sanitários da Restinga e Extremo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS. Este é um estudo transversal de base populacional por amostragem sistemática, com 967 adolescentes selecionados de forma randomizada, os quais responderam um questionário composto pelas seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, cor da pele, estar estudando, ocupação, nível socioeconômico, massa corporal e estatura, e atividade física insuficiente; definida como prática menor que 300 minutos semanais de atividade física, sem contar as aulas de educação física. A prevalência de atividade física insuficiente encontrada foi de 70,5%, sendo 58,9% nos meninos e 81,9% nas meninas. As prevalências mais altas de níveis insuficientes de AF foram observadas nos adolescentes que não se encontram estudando (p=0,01), sucedidos pelos da faixa etária entre 16 e 19 anos (p=0,05). Nos meninos, observou-se que, com o aumento da idade, ocorreu diminuição na prática de atividade física (p=0,05). Dentre os tipos de atividade, o futebol de campo e o andar de bicicleta mostraram-se os mais frequentes para os meninos, e a caminhada e o futebol de campo para as meninas. Conclui-se que foi elevada a prevalência de atividade física insuficiente nos adolescentes avaliados. Sexo feminino, não estar estudando e estar na faixa etária entre 16 e 19 anos, foram fatores que aumentaram os níveis de atividade física insuficiente. Assim, revela-se a importância de que sejam desenvolvidas intervenções para promoção da prática de atividade física nessa população.

Responses of obese and lean girls exercising under heat and thermoneutral conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To compare thermoregulatory and perceptual responses between lean and obese girls during and after exercise under heat (HC) and thermoneutral (TC) conditions. STUDY DESIGN: In a randomized order, 27 girls (14 lean [16.6 ± 6.7% fat and 9.1 ± 1.3 years] and 13 obese [41.3 ± 6.7% fat and 9.4 ± 1.1 years]) cycled 30 minutes at ~55% peak oxygen uptake in 2 sessions, which only differed in the thermal conditions (35 °C and 40% relative humidity vs 24 °C and 50% relative humidity). RESULTS: Initial rectal temperature (T(re)) was higher in obese versus lean during HC (37.5 ± 0.3 °C vs 37.3 ± 0.3 °C, P = .03) and TC (37.6 ± 0.3 °C vs 37.3 ± 0.2 °C; P = .03) sessions. During cycling, Tre remained higher in the obese, but the rate of increase was greater in the lean. This change occurred mainly in the HC, when final Tre of the lean surpassed that of the obese (37.8 ± 0.2 vs 38.0 ± 0.2 °C, P = .04). Sweat volume (in mL · m(-2)) was similar between lean and obese in the HC (167 ± 119 and 120 ± 145) and TC (200 ± 196 vs 72 ± 20). Heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, and thermal sensation were similar between groups, independent of the thermal condition. Cycling in HC produced decreased thermal comfort (P = .009) and increased irritation (P = .02) within the lean girls. CONCLUSION: Thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of prepubescent obese girls during 30 minutes of cycling at a similar relative intensity do not seem to be impaired when comparing with a lean group either in TC or HC.

Desenvolvimento motor de bêbes: gênero, prematuridade e contexto socioeconômico / Motor development in infants: gender, prematurity and socioeconomic background

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o desenvolvimento motor no primeiro ano de vida, estratificado em três agrupamentos: gênero, prematuridade e contexto socioeconômico. A amostra foi composta de 83 bebês: 41 prematuros e 47 meninos. O desenvolvimento motor foi categorizado em controle postural, locomoção, motricidade ampla e fina e comunicação / interação. No decorrer do primeiro ano de idade não houve diferença no desenvolvimento motor quando estratificado por gênero e classe socioeconômica. Bebês pré-termo e a termo demonstraram desempenho semelhante no controle postural, na locomoção e na motricidade ampla; entretanto, os prematuros apresentaram atraso na motricidade fina (p<0,05) e na comunicação / interação (p<0,05), mesmo utilizando a idade corrigida. Concluiu-se que o desenvolvimento motor é semelhante entre os gêneros, e que a classe socioeconômica não foi fator determinante para diferenças no desenvolvimento. Bebês prematuros apresentam maior risco para atraso na motricidade fina e na comunicação / interação.(AU)

The motor development in the first year of life, stratified into three groups: prematurity, socioeconomic status and gender was investigated. The sample consisted of 83 babies: 41 preterm and 47 boys. Motor development was categorized into postural control, locomotion, fine and gross motor skills and communication / interaction. During the first year of life, motor development stratified by gender and socioeconomic status was similar. Preterm infants demonstrated similar performance in postural control, locomotion and gross motor skills; however, children exhibited delays in fine motor skills (p<0.05) and communication / interaction (p<0.05), even using corrected age. The motor development is similar between genders, and socioeconomic status showed not to determine differences in development. Premature babies are in risk for dalays in fine motor skills and communication / interaction.(AU)

Desenvolvimento motor de bêbes: gênero, prematuridade e contexto socioeconômico / Motor development in infants: gender, prematurity and socioeconomic background

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o desenvolvimento motor no primeiro ano de vida, estratificado em três agrupamentos: gênero, prematuridade e contexto socioeconômico. A amostra foi composta de 83 bebês: 41 prematuros e 47 meninos. O desenvolvimento motor foi categorizado em controle postural, locomoção, motricidade ampla e fina e comunicação / interação. No decorrer do primeiro ano de idade não houve diferença no desenvolvimento motor quando estratificado por gênero e classe socioeconômica. Bebês pré-termo e a termo demonstraram desempenho semelhante no controle postural, na locomoção e na motricidade ampla; entretanto, os prematuros apresentaram atraso na motricidade fina (p<0,05) e na comunicação / interação (p<0,05), mesmo utilizando a idade corrigida. Concluiu-se que o desenvolvimento motor é semelhante entre os gêneros, e que a classe socioeconômica não foi fator determinante para diferenças no desenvolvimento. Bebês prematuros apresentam maior risco para atraso na motricidade fina e na comunicação / interação.

The motor development in the first year of life, stratified into three groups: prematurity, socioeconomic status and gender was investigated. The sample consisted of 83 babies: 41 preterm and 47 boys. Motor development was categorized into postural control, locomotion, fine and gross motor skills and communication / interaction. During the first year of life, motor development stratified by gender and socioeconomic status was similar. Preterm infants demonstrated similar performance in postural control, locomotion and gross motor skills; however, children exhibited delays in fine motor skills (p<0.05) and communication / interaction (p<0.05), even using corrected age. The motor development is similar between genders, and socioeconomic status showed not to determine differences in development. Premature babies are in risk for dalays in fine motor skills and communication / interaction.

Análise descritiva dos pacientes com fibrose cística em acompanhamento da Unidade de Pneumologia Pediátrica de um hospital universitário de Porto Alegre-RS / Descriptive analysis of cystic fibrosis patients followed by the Pediatric Pulmonology Unit of a university hospital in Porto Alegre-RS

Objetivos: Descrever o perfil de pacientes acompanhados num centro de tratamento de médio porte, especializado em fibrose cística, e comparar os dados obtidos com os encontrados na literatura atual. Foram analisados e correlacionados dados de importância para o seguimento clínico dos pacientes com fibrose cística obtidos no banco de dados de acompanhamento dos mesmos pacientes. Os resultados foram expressos em médias ± desvio padrão (DP) ou medianas e amplitude interquartil 25-75%, conforme e diatribuição das variáveis. Resultados: Foram estudados 26 pacientes do sexo masculino e 22 do feminino. A idade mediana do diagnóstico foi de 0,98 anos. Dos 48 pacientes, 89,6% apresentam insuficiência pancreática e 29,1% mostraram pelo menos um cultura positiva para Pseudomonasaeroginosa nos últimos 6 meses. Apresentavam redução dos parâmetros de função pulmonar o grupo com insuficiência pancreática (84 versus 112%; p=0,005) e os portadores de infecção crônica por P. aeroginosa (75 versus 85%; p= 0,006). Conclusões: Os dados obtidos em nosso estudo mostraram que este grupo de pacientes se apresenta de maneira concordante aos dados disponíveis na literatura quanto às características analisadas da doença. Contudo, há uma exceção marcante quanto ao diagnóstico da mesma, ainda muito tardiamente realizado no Brasil.