Psychometric Properties of the Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ) and of the Body Checking Cognitions Scale (BCCS): A Bifactor-Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

This research sought to assess the psychometric properties of the French versions of the Body Checking Questionnaire and the Body Checking Cognitions Scale among community samples. A total sample of 922 adolescents and adults was involved in a series of two studies. The results from the first study supported factor validity and reliability of responses obtained on these two measures, and showed that both measures were best represented by a bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling representation of the data. The results from the second study replicated these conclusions, while also supporting the measurement invariance of the bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling solution and the equivalence of the correlations among the two measures (i.e., convergent validity) across samples. This second study also supported the criterion-related validity of ratings on both measures with measures of global self-esteem, physical appearance, social physique anxiety, fear of negative appearance evaluation, and disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors. Finally, the results of this last study also supported the measurement invariance and lack of differential item functioning of both measures in relation to sex, age, diagnosis of eating disorders, and body mass index.

Do Exercise Interventions Improve Balance for Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome? A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Youths with Down syndrome are characterized by deficits in balance/postural stability. One way to palliate balance deficits among this population is through exercise interventions. However, to the authors' knowledge, the effects of exercise interventions designed to improve the balance of youths with Down syndrome have never been systematically reviewed. PURPOSE: The purpose of this review was to summarize the findings from studies examining the effects of exercise interventions designed to improve balance in youths with Down syndrome. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search was performed in 10 databases (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Plus With Full-Text, Education Source, ERIC, Medline With Full-Text, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Scopus, SocINDEX, and SPORTDiscus With Full-Text) on June 12, 2017. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials and controlled trials examining the effects of exercise interventions designed to improve balance in youths with Down syndrome were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors selected the studies and extracted their characteristics and results. Three authors assessed the risk of bias in the studies using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. DATA SYNTHESIS: Eleven studies, published between 2010 and 2017, met the inclusion criteria. The findings showed that exercise interventions were more effective than control conditions for improving the static balance of children with Down syndrome and the static-dynamic balance (ie, global balance score obtained with a scale measuring both static and dynamic balance) of children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Nevertheless, the findings on dynamic balance in children and static balance in adolescents were inconclusive. LIMITATIONS: With a small number of studies and their high risk of bias, the present findings must be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS: The reviewed exercise interventions were successful in improving the static balance of children with Down syndrome and the static-dynamic balance of children and adolescents with Down syndrome.

Psychometric properties of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ) among a sample of overweight/obese French-speaking adolescents.

PURPOSE: The Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ) was recently developed to assess the internalization of weight stigma among English-speaking overweight and obese adults. The objective of the present study was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of a French version of the WSSQ, as well as its applicability to adolescents. METHODS: The sample comprised 156 overweight and obese adolescents (81 boys, 75 girls, Mage = 16.31). The factor validity and the convergent validity of the French version of the WSSQ were examined using a confirmatory factor analysis and a structural equation model, respectively. RESULTS: The a priori two-factor structure of the WSSQ and the composite reliability of its subscales (self-devaluation and fear of enacted stigma) were supported. Convergent validity analyses revealed that both WSSQ subscales were significantly and (a) negatively correlated with measures of self-esteem and physical appearance, and (b) positively correlated with measures of anxiety, depression, fear of negative appearance evaluation, and eating-related pathology (fear of getting fat, eating-related control, food preoccupation, vomiting-purging behaviors, and eating-related guilt subscales). However, no significant relation was found between the WSSQ subscales and body mass index. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the French version of the WSSQ has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used to assess weight self-stigma among overweight and obese adolescents.

Exercise interventions to improve balance for young people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise interventions designed to improve balance in young people with intellectual disabilities. METHOD: A systematic literature search was performed on 10 databases. Studies in press or published in English in a peer-reviewed journal were included if: (1) participants were young people with intellectual disabilities; (2) exercise interventions were designed to improve balance; and (3) they used quasi-experimental or experimental designs. Studies focusing only on a specific subpopulation of young people with intellectual disabilities or having a specific physical characteristic were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed for randomization, allocation sequence concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other biases. RESULTS: The search strategy identified 937 articles and 15 studies, published between 1991 and 2017, that met the inclusion criteria. Exercise intervention groups showed a significant and larger improvement in static (pooled effect size, Hedges' g=0.98) and dynamic (g=1.34) balance compared with the control groups. However, although the pooled improvement of static-dynamic balance was large (g=2.80), the result was non-significant. None of the subgroup analyses were significant, except for the improvement in: (1) static balance (higher in quasi-experimental than in experimental studies); and (2) dynamic balance (higher in young people with a mild vs a mild-moderate intellectual disability). INTERPRETATION: The reviewed exercise interventions seem to represent an effective means for improving the static and dynamic balance of young people with intellectual disabilities. However, the present findings should be considered as preliminary given the small number of studies and their limitations. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Exercise intervention results in large and significant improvements in static and dynamic balance in young people with intellectual disabilities. Exercise intervention results in a large but non-significant improvement in static-dynamic balance. Static balance improvement was significantly higher in quasi-experimental versus experimental studies. Dynamic balance improvement was significantly higher in young people with mild versus mild-moderate intellectual disability. No significant differences related to age group, balance measures, and components of exercise intervention were found.

EJERCICIOS PARA MEJORAR EL EQUILIBRIO EN JÓVENES CON DISCAPACIDAD INTELECTUAL: UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA Y UN METAANÁLISIS: OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis sobre los efectos del ejercicio diseñado para mejorar el equilibrio en jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual. METODO: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en 10 bases de datos. Fueron incluidos estudios impresos o publicados en ingles en publicaciones revisadas por sus pares; que a su vez : (1) los participantes eran jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual, (2) las intervenciones a través del ejercicio fueron diseñados para mejorar el equilibrio, (3) fueron usados diseños experimentales o cuasi experimentales. Los estudios que se enfocaron únicamente a una subpoblación de jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual y los que tenían características físicas específicas fueros excluidos. El riesgo de sesgo fue evaluado para detectar randomización, ocultamiento de secuencia de alocación, estudios ciegos, datos de resultado incompletos, reporte de resultados seleccionados y otros sesgos RESULTADOS: La estrategia de búsqueda identificó 937 artículos y 15 estudios, publicados entre 1991 y 2017, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El grupo con intervención de ejercicios mostró una mejora significativa en el balance estático (tamaño del efecto agrupado, g=0.98) y balance dinámico (g=1.34) comparado con el grupo control. Sin embargo, aunque la mejoría combinada del balance estático y dinámico fue grande (g=2.80), el resultado no es significativo. Ninguno de los subgrupos analizados fue significativo, excepto por la mejora en: (1) balance estático (mayor en los estudios cuasi-experimentales que en los experimentales) y (2) balance dinámico (mayor en gente joven con discapacidad intelectual leve que en gente con discapacidad intelectual leve -moderado). INTERPRETACION: La revisión de intervenciones con ejercicio parece representar un método eficaz para mejorar el equilibrio estático y dinámico en jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual. Sin embargo, los hallazgos deben ser considerados como preliminares por la pequeña cantidad de estudios y sus limitaciones.

INTERVENÇÕES COM EXERCÍCIOS PARA MELHORAR O EQUILÍBRIO PARA JOVENS COM DEFICIÊNCIA INTELECTUAL: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA E METANÁLISE: OBJETIVO: Conduzir uma revisão sistemática e metanálise sobre os efeitos das intervenções com exercícios desenhadas para melhorar o equilíbrio em jovens com deficiência intelectual. MÉTODO Uma revisão sistemática da literature foi realizada em 10 bases de dados. Estudos in press ou publicados em inglês em revistas revisadas por pares foram incluídos se: 1) os participantes fossem jovens com deficiência intellectual; 2) intervenções com exercícios foram aplicadas visando melhorar o equilíbrio e 3) usaram desenhos experimentais ou quasi-experimentais. Estudos com enfoque em apenas uma sub-população específica de jovens com deficiência intelectual ou que tinham alguma característica física específica foram excluídos. O risco de viés foi avaliado para randomização, sequência de alocação selada, cegamento, resultados incompletes, relato seletivo de resultados, e outros vieses. RESULTADOS: A estratégia de busca identificou 937 artigos e 15 estudos, publicados entre 1991 e 2017, que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão Os grupos sob intervenção com exercícios mostraram significativa e maior melhora no equilíbrio estático (tamanho do efeito agrupado de Hedges g=0,98) and dinâmico (g=1,34) comparados com os grupos controle. Entretanto, embora a melhora agrupada no equilíbrio estático-dinâmico tenha sido grande (g=2,80), o resultado não foi significativo. Nenhuma das análises de subrupos foi significativa, exceto para a melhora em: (1) equilíbrio estático (maior nos estudos quasi-experimentais que nos experimentais) e (2) equilíbrio dinâmico (maior em jovens com deficiência intelectual leve versus leve-moderada). INTERPRETAÇÃO: As intervenções com exercícios revisadas parecem representar um meio efetivo de melhorar o equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de jovens com deficiência intelectual. No entanto, os achados presentes devem ser considerados preliminaries dado o pequeno número de estudos e suas limitações.

Self-concept research with school-aged youth with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Research on the self-concept of youth with intellectual disabilities has not been summarized in more than four decades. The present systematic review addresses this gap. METHOD: A systematic literature search was performed in nine databases and 21 studies, published between 1979 and 2017, met our inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Significant differences between the self-concepts of youth with intellectual disabilities and typically developing (TD) youth were found in: (a) cognitive-academic self-concept in disfavour of youth with intellectual disabilities; (b) global self-concept and cognitive-academic self-concept in disfavour of children with intellectual disabilities; and (c) global, behavioural, and cognitive-academic self-concept in disfavour of youth with intellectual disabilities schooled in a special class. Additionally, except for age, intellectual functioning and school placement, no significant relations were found between the self-concept dimensions and academic achievement and sex. CONCLUSION: Studies on self-concept research with school-aged youth with intellectual disabilities have several weaknesses that need to be advanced in future research.

Prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among youth with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this meta-analytic study was to determine the pooled prevalence estimates of anxiety and depressive disorders among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) and to assess the extent to which these pooled prevalence rates differed according to studies' characteristics. METHOD: A systematic literature search was performed in nine databases and 21 studies, published between 1975 and 2015, met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The resulting pooled prevalence estimates of combined subtypes of anxiety and depressive disorders were respectively (a) 5.4% and 2.8% across samples; (b) 1.2% and 0.03% among children; and (c) 7.9% and 1.4% among adolescents. Pooled prevalence estimates for specific subtypes of anxiety disorders ranged from (a) 0.2% to 11.5% across samples; (b) 0.7% to 17.6% among children; and (c) 0.6% to 19.8% among adolescents. Pooled prevalence estimates of dysthymic disorder and major depressive disorder were respectively (a) 3.4% and 2.5% across samples; (b) 2.1% and 3.2% among children; and (c) 6.9% and 5.7% among adolescents. Finally, subgroup analyses showed significant variations in the pooled prevalence estimates of combined subtypes of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder; and combined subtypes of depressive disorders. LIMITATIONS: The present findings of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution given several limitations related to the characteristics of the populations, diagnostic method and sampling method. CONCLUSION: Findings provide recommendations for future studies investigating psychological disorders among youth with ID, as well as how clinicians and policy makers can improve diagnostic practices and support for youth with ID.

Static postural control among school-aged youth with Down syndrome: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Youth with Down syndrome are characterized by motor delays when compared to typically developing (TD) youth, which may be explained by a lower postural control or reduced postural tone. OBJECTIVE: In the present article, we summarize research comparing the static postural control, assessed by posturography, between youth with Down syndrome and TD youth. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in 10 databases and seven studies, published between 2001 and 2017, met our inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Based on the present reviewed findings, it is impossible to conclude that children with Down syndrome present significantly lower static postural control compared to TD children. In contrast, findings showed that adolescents with Down syndrome tended to present significantly lower static postural control compared to TD adolescents when visual and plantar cutaneous inputs were disturbed separately or simultaneously. CONCLUSION: The present findings should be interpreted with caution given the limitations of the small number of reviewed studies. Therefore, the static postural control among youth with Down syndrome should be further investigated in future rigorous studies examining the contribution of a range of sensory information.