Atypical antipsychotic drugs deregulate the cholesterol metabolism of macrophage-foam cells by activating NOX-ROS-PPARγ-CD36 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Clinical reports indicate that schizophrenia patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs suffer from metabolism diseases including atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the detrimental effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs on atherosclerosis remain to be explored. METHODS: In this study, we used apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoe-/-) hyperlipidemic mice and apoe-/-cd36-/- mice to investigate the underlying mechanism of atypical antipsychotic drugs on atherosclerosis and macrophage-foam cells. RESULTS: In vivo studies showed that genetic deletion of cd36 gene ablated the pro-atherogenic effect of olanzapine in apoe-/- mice. Moreover, in vitro studies revealed that genetic deletion or siRNA-mediated knockdown of cd36 or pharmacological inhibition of CD36 prevented atypical antipsychotic drugs-induced oxLDL accumulation in macrophages. Additionally, olanzapine and clozapine activated NADPH oxidase (NOX) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which upregulated the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and subsequently elevated CD36 expression. Inhibition of NOX activity, ROS production or PPARγ activity suppressed CD36 expression and abolished the detrimental effects of olanzapine and clozapine on oxLDL accumulation in macrophages. CONCLUSION: Collectively, our results suggest that atypical antipsychotic drugs exacerbate atherosclerosis and macrophage-foam cell formation by activating the NOX-ROS-PPARγ-CD36 pathway.

Structural and functional characterization of ß2 -glycoprotein I domain 1 in anti-melanoma cell migration.

We previously found that circulating ß2 -glycoprotein I inhibits human endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis by diverse mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor activities of ß2 -glycoprotein I using structure-function analysis and mapped the critical region within the ß2 -glycoprotein I peptide sequence that mediates anticancer effects. We constructed recombinant cDNA and purified different ß2 -glycoprotein I polypeptide domains using a baculovirus expression system. We found that purified ß2 -glycoprotein I, as well as recombinant ß2 -glycoprotein I full-length (D12345), polypeptide domains I-IV (D1234), and polypeptide domain I (D1) significantly inhibited melanoma cell migration, proliferation and invasion. Western blot analyses were used to determine the dysregulated expression of proteins essential for intracellular signaling pathways in B16-F10 treated with ß2 -glycoprotein I and variant recombinant polypeptides. Using a melanoma mouse model, we found that D1 polypeptide showed stronger potency in suppressing tumor growth. Structural analysis showed that fragments A and B within domain I would be the critical regions responsible for antitumor activity. Annexin A2 was identified as the counterpart molecule for ß2 -glycoprotein I by immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Interaction between specific amino acids of ß2 -glycoprotein I D1 and annexin A2 was later evaluated by the molecular docking approach. Moreover, five amino acid residues were selected from fragments A and B for functional evaluation using site-directed mutagenesis, and P11A, M42A, and I55P mutations were shown to disrupt the anti-melanoma cell migration ability of ß2 -glycoprotein I. This is the first study to show the therapeutic potential of ß2 -glycoprotein I D1 in the treatment of melanoma progression.

Latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein-Barr virus regulates death-associated protein kinase 1 in lymphoblastoid cell line.

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects and transforms primary B cells into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). We observed death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) upregulation in B cells following EBV infection and high DAPK1 levels in LCLs. DAPK1 participates in several apoptosis-inducing pathways, yet DAPK1 expression increased during B cell transformation. Data from LMP1 overexpression in LCLs and HeLa cells and from knocked down LMP1 in LCLs suggest LMP1 regulation of DAPK1 expression. We observed NF-κB signaling in DAPK1 upregulation by LMP1 with CTAR deletion mutants failing to induce DAPK1 expression and with Bay11 blocking DAPK1 expression. DAPK1 is inactive in LCLs due to insufficient stimuli, and is not regulated by Ser308 phosphorylation. However, DAPK1 in LCLs is functional, as evidenced by its quick mediation of cell death following UV or H(2)O(2) exposure, and increased survival among LCLs knocked down with DAPK. DAPK roles in EBV-infected B cells remain to be identified.

IL-27 directly restrains lung tumorigenicity by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2-mediated activities.

Gene transfer of IL-27 to tumor cells has been proven to inhibit tumor growth in vivo by antiproliferation, antiangiogenesis, and stimulation of immunoprotection. To investigate the nonimmune mechanism of IL-27 that suppresses lung cancer growth, we have established a single-chain IL-27-transduced murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-1) cell line (LLC-1/scIL-27) to evaluate its tumorigenic potential in vivo. Mice inoculated with LLC/scIL-27 displayed retardation of tumor growth. Production of IL-12, IFN-gamma, and cytotoxic T cell activity against LLC-1 was manifest in LLC/scIL-27-injected mice. Of note, LLC-1/scIL-27 exhibited decreased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGE(2). On the cellular level, the LLC/scIL-27 transfectants had reduced malignancy, including down-regulation of vimentin expression and reduction of cellular migration and invasion. The suppression of tumorigenesis by IL-27 on lung cancer cells was further confirmed by the treatment with rIL-27 on the murine LLC-1 and human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. PGE(2)-induced vimentin expression, movement, and invasiveness were also suppressed by the treatment with rIL-27. Our data show that IL-27 not only suppresses expression of COX-2 and PGE(2) but also decreases the levels of vimentin and the abilities of cellular migration and invasion. Furthermore, inoculation of LLC/scIL-27 into immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice also exhibited reduced tumor growth. Our data indicate that IL-27-induced nonimmune responses can contribute to significant antitumor effects. Taken together, the results suggest that IL-27 may serve as an effective agent for lung cancer therapy in the future.

Anti-ribosomal phosphoprotein autoantibody triggers interleukin-10 overproduction via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent signalling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.

Anti-ribosomal phosphoprotein autoantibodies have been shown to be significantly associated with multiple manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). High levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) have been demonstrated to contribute to lupus susceptibility and severity. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of anti-ribosomal phosphoprotein monoclonal antibody (anti-P mAb)-induced autoimmune responses. Anti-P mAb promoted IL-10 overproduction in a dose- and time-dependent manner in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells and primary human macrophages. Anti-P mAb enhanced phosphorylation of Akt (PKB; protein kinase B), extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2), while phosphorylation of p38 remained unaltered. Furthermore, anti-P mAb decreased glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) activity and reduced the phosphorylation of I kappaB alpha in LPS-activated macrophages. The Syk, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC), JNK and ERK signalling pathways involved in anti-P mAb-triggered IL-10 secretion were also confirmed using various pharmacological inhibitors. In addition, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB had negative regulatory effects on anti-P mAb-triggered IL-10 secretion. Using reporter plasmids containing the nuclear factor binding sites of NF-kappaB, cAMP-enhanced activation protein 1 (AP-1), serum response element (SRE) or cyclic AMP response element (CRE), treatment of anti-P mAb led to activation of the corresponding factors that bind to the AP-1 site, SRE and CRE in the LPS-activated macrophages. Furthermore, by transfection with reporter plasmids bearing various lengths of the IL-10 promoter, the AP-1 binding site, SRE and CRE were shown to be required for anti-P mAb-induced effects. Collectively, our results provide a molecular model for anti-P mAb-induced IL-10 overproduction in LPS-activated macrophages, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Combination of Fasl and GM-CSF confers synergistic antitumor immunity in an in vivo model of the murine Lewis lung carcinoma.

Gene transfer of Fas ligand (FasL) to tumor cells has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth in vivo, and neutrophils are primarily responsible for this immunoprotection. The granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secreted by tumor vaccine can recruit dendritic cells (DCs) for efficient antigen presentation to T cells that generate the tumor-specific response. To investigate whether the combination of FasL and GM-CSF can efficiently suppress tumor growth, we have established Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-1) cells that are transduced with GM-CSF (LLC/GM-CSF), FasL (LLC/FasL) or both genes (LLC/FasL/GM-CSF) to test their tumorigenic potential in vivo. Mice inoculated with LLC/GM-CSF display high survival rates along with reduction of tumor growth. In contrast, none of the mice injected with LLC/FasL or LLC/FasL/GM-CSF develop tumors. Specific memory immune response and delayed LLC-1 tumor growth are found in mice immunized with LLC-1/FasL or LLC-1/FasL/GM-CSF. Furthermore, therapeutic effects are observed only when LLC-1/FasL/GM-CSF tumor vaccine is employed to retard growth of preexisting LLC-1 tumors. Tumor growth is also completely suppressed in mice injected with a mixture of LLC-1 and LLC-1/FasL/GM-CSF. In addition, IL-12 production, cytotoxic T-cell activity and IgG against LLC-1 are manifested in mice injected with LLC/FasL/GM-CSF. Our data show that FasL-induced pathway triggers expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 beta, IL-6, MIP-2 and MCP-1, while GM-CSF-dependent pathway promotes functional maturation and activation of DCs. Taken together, the results indicate that dual gene-based delivery with FasL and GM-CSF may serve as a more effective tumor vaccine to suppress lung cancer cell growth in vivo.