Evaluación de la función cognitiva en pacientes de edad avanzada con vejiga hiperactiva tratados con oxibutinina transdémica / Cognitive function assessment in elderly patients with overactive bladder treated with transdermal oxybutynin

Introducción y objetivos: Los pacientes mayores con vejiga hiperactiva bajo tratamiento antimuscarínico son especialmente susceptibles al deterioro cognitivo. El objetivo fue evaluar los cambios a corto plazo en la función cognitiva de pacientes de edad avanzada con vejiga hiperactiva tratados con oxibutinina transdérmica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo multicéntrico en pacientes entre 65 y 80 años de edad, con vejiga hiperactiva, que reciben tratamiento con oxibutinina transdérmica. Antes y después de un mes de tratamiento, se evaluó la función cognitiva mediante el test de alteración de memoria y el test del dibujo del reloj, los cambios en los síntomas con cuestionarios validados, la percepción del paciente ante su respuesta al tratamiento utilizando la escala de beneficio del tratamiento y la adherencia al tratamiento con el test de Morisky-Green modificado. Resultados: De 85 pacientes elegibles, 70 completaron la evaluación (promedio de edad: 71,4 ± 4,5; IMC: 28,7 ± 3,1 kg/m2). No se observó deterioro cognitivo tras un mes de tratamiento con oxibutinina transdérmica: Test de alteración de memoria (+1 punto; IC 95%: 0-1,5), test del dibujo del reloj (0 puntos; IC 95%: 0-0). Se observó una mejoría estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001) en todos los síntomas de almacenamiento urinario, excepto en la incontinencia de esfuerzo. Hubo una mejora en el cuestionario de autoevaluación de control de la vejiga (grado de los síntomas: -2,27; IC 95%: -2,8, -1,7; p < 0,001; grado de molestias: -2,73; IC 95%: -3,3, -2,1; p < 0,001). El 70% de los pacientes informaron una condición de vejiga estable o mejorada según el cuestionario de Percepción de la Condición de la Vejiga del Paciente. El 72,8% de los pacientes informó que sus problemas urinarios habían mejorado o mejorado notablemente con un 84,3% de adherencia al tratamiento. Conclusiones: No se observó deterioro cognitivo en pacientes de edad avanzada tras de un mes de tratamiento con oxibutinina transdérmica. Los síntomas de incontinencia urinaria mejoraron y hubo una adecuada adherencia al tratamiento

Introduction and objectives: Older patients with overactive bladder under antimuscarinic treatment are especially susceptible to cognitive impairment. The aim was to assess short term changes in cognitive function in elderly patients with overactive bladder treated with transdermal oxybutynin. Materials and methods: Observational, retrospective, multicentre study in patients with overactive bladder aged 65-80 years undergoing treatment with transdermal oxybutynin. Before and after one month of treatment, cognitive function using the Memory Alteration Test and Clock-Drawing Test, changes in symptoms with validated questionnaires, patient perception of treatment response using Treatment Benefit Scale and treatment adherence with the modified Morisky-Green test, were assessed. Results: From 85 eligible patients, 70 completed the assessment (mean age: 71.4 ± 4.5; BMI: 28.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2). No cognitive impairment was observed after one month with transdermal oxybutynin: Memory Alteration Test (+1 point; 95%CI: 0.0-1.5), Clock-Drawing Test (0 points; 95%CI: 0.0-0.0). A statistically significant improvement (p < 0.001) was observed in all urinary storage symptoms, except stress urinary incontinence. There was an improvement in the Bladder Control Self-Assessment Questionnaire (symptom score: -2.27; 95%CI: -2.8, -1.7; p < 0.001; bother score: -2.73; 95%CI: -3.3, -2.1; p < 0.001). 70% of patients reported either a stable or improved bladder condition according to the Patient Perception of Bladder Condition questionnaire. 72.8% of patients reported that their urinary problems had improved or greatly improved with an 84.3% treatment adherence. Conclusions: No cognitive impairment was observed in elderly patients after one month of treatment with transdermal oxybutynin; urinary urgency symptoms improved and there was adequate treatment adherence

Cognitive function assessment in elderly patients with overactive bladder treated with transdermal oxybutynin. / Evaluación de la función cognitiva en pacientes de edad avanzada con vejiga hiperactiva tratados con oxibutinina transdémica.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Older patients with overactive bladder under antimuscarinic treatment are especially susceptible to cognitive impairment. The aim was to assess short term changes in cognitive function in elderly patients with overactive bladder treated with transdermal oxybutynin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective, multicentre study in patients with overactive bladder aged 65-80 years undergoing treatment with transdermal oxybutynin. Before and after one month of treatment, cognitive function using the Memory Alteration Test and Clock-Drawing Test, changes in symptoms with validated questionnaires, patient perception of treatment response using Treatment Benefit Scale and treatment adherence with the modified Morisky-Green test, were assessed. RESULTS: From 85 eligible patients, 70 completed the assessment (mean age: 71.4±4.5; BMI: 28.7±3.1kg/m2). No cognitive impairment was observed after one month with transdermal oxybutynin: Memory Alteration Test (+1 point; 95%CI: 0.0-1.5), Clock-Drawing Test (0 points; 95%CI: 0.0-0.0). A statistically significant improvement (P<.001) was observed in all urinary storage symptoms, except stress urinary incontinence. There was an improvement in the Bladder Control Self-Assessment Questionnaire (symptom score: -2.27; 95%CI: -2.8, -1.7; P<.001; bother score: -2.73; 95%CI: -3.3, -2.1; P<.001). 70% of patients reported either a stable or improved bladder condition according to the Patient Perception of Bladder Condition questionnaire. 72.8% of patients reported that their urinary problems had improved or greatly improved with an 84.3% treatment adherence. CONCLUSIONS: No cognitive impairment was observed in elderly patients after one month of treatment with transdermal oxybutynin; urinary urgency symptoms improved and there was adequate treatment adherence.

[Determination of free prostatic specific antigen cut point for the selection of patients in first prostate biopsy]. / Determinación del punto de corte del porcentaje de PSA libre para la selección de pacientes sometidos a primera biopsia de próstata.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the cut point of free PSA rate for optimize the first prostate biopsy indication. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective trial between june 2002-september 2004, We included patients in first prostate biopsy with normal rectal digital examen, total PSA between 3-10 ng/ml and normal transrectal prostate ultrasound. We realize descriptive stadistic analisis of variables age, total PSA, prostate volume and % free PSA and analitic stadistic analisis with ROC curves of variables total PSA and % free PSA for determine as of her predicts the best one rate of prostate cancer. RESULTS: We reclute 727 men with a mean age 62.91 years, total PSA mean 6.12 ng/ml, prostate volume mean 42.78 cc and % free PSA mean 15.22%. We had 106 prostate cancer, the prostate cancer rate in first biopsy was 14.6%; 77 cases had 1 lobe prostate cancer and 29 in 2 lobes. The most frecuent gleason was 6 (46 cases 43.4%) and the second gleason 7 (43 cases 40.6%). In the ROC curves analysis, total PSA had area under the curve 0.476 (p=0.3) and 0.611 (p=0.023) for % free PSA. The optime cut point for % free PSA in our trial was 19% (Sensibility 91.4% and Specificity 20%). The use of this cut point had allowed the saving us 138 biopsies (19.11%) with the lost one of diagnose of 10 cases of cancer of prostate. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the % free PSA is useful and allows in our region the best indication of the patients who are going to first biopsy of prostate, avoiding the accomplishment of unnecessary biopsies.

Determinación del punto de corte del porcentaje de PSA libre para la selección de pacientes sometidos a primera biopsia de próstata / Determination of free prostatic specific antigen cut point for the selection of patients in first prostate biopsy

Objetivo: Determinar el punto de corte de %PSA libre que nos permita optimizar la indicación de primera biopsia de próstata. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo entre junio 2002 y septiembre 2004 en el que incluimos pacientes sometidos a primera biopsia de próstata con tacto rectal normal, niveles de PSA total entre 3-10 ng/ml y ecografía transrectal de próstata normal. Realizamos estudio estadístico descriptivo de las variables edad, PSA, volumen prostático y porcentaje de PSA libre. Realizamos análisis estadístico analítico mediante curvas ROC de las variables PSA y % PSAL determinando cual de ellas predice mejor la existencia de cáncer de próstata en la primera biopsia transrectal de próstata. Resultados: Se reclutan un total de 727 hombres con una edad media de 62,91 años, el PSA medio de 6,12 ng/ml, el volumen prostático medio 42,78 cc, el % PSA libre medio de 15,22%. Se diagnosticaron un total de 106 tumores de próstata, obteniendo una tasa de biopsia prostática del 14,6%; 77 con afectación de 1 lóbulo y 29 con afectación de los 2 lóbulos. El gleason más frecuente fue el 6 (46 casos 43,4%) seguido del gleason 7 (43 casos 40,6%). En el análisis mediante curvas ROC el área bajo la curva para el PSA total fue de 0,476 (p=0,3) y para el % PSA libre de 0,611 (p=0,023). El punto de corte óptimo para el % PSA libre en nuestra serie se situó en el 19% con una sensibilidad del 91,5% y una especificidad del 20%. El uso de este parámetro nos hubiese permitido la realización de 138 biopsias menos (19,11%) con la pérdida de diagnóstico de 10 casos de cáncer de próstata. Conclusiones: El uso del %PSA libre es útil y permite en nuestro medio la mejor indicación de los pacientes que van a ser sometidos a primera biopsia de próstata, evitando la realización de biopsias innecesarias

Objetives: Determine the cut point of free PSA rate for optimize the first prostate biopsy indication. Material and methods: Prospective trial between june 2002-september 2004, We included patients in first prostate biopsy with normal rectal digital examen, total PSA between 3-10 ng/ml and normal transrectal prostate ultrasound. We realize descriptive stadistic analisis of variables age, total PSA, prostate volume and % free PSA and analitic stadistic analisis with ROC curves of variables total PSA and % free PSA for determine as of her predicts the best one rate of prostate cancer. Results: We reclute 727 men with a mean age 62.91 years, total PSA mean 6.12 ng/ml, prostate volume mean 42.78 cc and % free PSA mean 15.22%. We had 106 prostate cancer, the prostate cancer rate in first biopsy was 14.6%; 77 cases had 1 lobe prostate cancer and 29 in 2 lobes. The most frecuent gleason was 6 (46 cases 43.4%) and the second gleason 7 (43 cases 40.6%). In the ROC curves analysis, total PSA had area under the curve 0.476 (p=0.3) and 0.611 (p=0.023) for % free PSA. The optime cut point for % free PSA in our trial was 19% (Sensibility 91.4% and Specificity 20%).The use of this cut point had allowed the saving us 138 biopsies (19.11%) with the lost one of diagnose of 10 cases of cancer of prostate. Conclusions: The use of the % free PSA is useful and allows in our region the best indication of the patients who are going to first biopsy of prostate, avoiding the accomplishment of unnecessary biopsies

[Review of cut-off points between stages T1 and T2 in the 1997 TNM classification of renal carcinoma]. / Revisión del punto de corte entre los estadios T1 y T2 en la clasificación TNM del carcinoma renal de 1997.

OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively review the patients treated at our institution for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We compare the patients classified in TNM state T1N0M0 in the 1997 revision with the 1992 one in order to determine survival differences. We divide patients in three size related groups and compare its survival rates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We review 168 surgically treated patients. 72 of them were classified into T1N0M0 stage. We compare cancer-free survival in patients included in 1997 and 1992 T1 stage. We divide patients in three groups: 1-3 cm, 3-5 cm, 5-7 cm and compare respective cancer-free survival. RESULTS: There is a survival difference between T1(1997)-T2(1992) (p = 0.478). There is an inferior survival in size group 5-7 cm compared with 1-3 cm and 3-5 cm ones (p = 0.02/0.0465). CONCLUSIONS: In our patients, 1997 revision of T1 size supposes a descent of cancer-free survival compared with 1992 one. We consider a better stage limit under 5 cm, instead of actual 7 cm.

[Association of renal carcinoma and the exposure to ionizing radiation after the Chernobyl accident]. / Asociación de carcinoma renal y la exposición a radiaciones ionizantes después del accidente de Chernobyl.

After the nuclear accident of Chernobyl, in the population of zones contaminated the malignant renal tumors was increased from 4.7 to 7.5 per 100,000 of total population. Cesium 137 (137Cs) constitutes 80-90% of the internal exposure of these people as well as eliminated through kidneys becomes an important risk factor. We present a case of a patient, residing in radiocontamined area, who consulted for abdominal pain and left flank mass. We review relevant literature and the management of these patients.

Revisión del punto de corte entre los estadios T1 y T2 en la clasificación TNM del carcinoma renal de 1997 / Cut-off point revision between 1997 TNM classification stages T1 and T2 o renal carcinoma

OBJETIVO: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes tratados en nuestra institución por carcinoma de células renales (CCR). Comparamos los pacientes clasificados en el estadio T1N0M0 según la revisión TNM de 1997 con la clasificación según la revisión de 1992 para establecer diferencias de supervivencia. Comparamos diferentes cortes por tamaño tumoral y valoramos su implicación en la supervivencia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de una serie de 168 pacientes intervenidos por CCR, de ellos 72 clasificados en estadio T1N0M0. Comparamos supervivencia según las dos últimas revisiones TNM y en tres grupos de tamaño: 1-3 cm, 3-5 cm y 5-7 cm. RESULTADOS: Hallamos menor supervivencia en los pacientes T11997 (p=0,0478) y en grupo de tamaño 5-7 cm, con respecto al 1-3 cm (p=0,02) y al de 3-5 cm (p=0,0465).CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra serie, la revisión de 1997 en el estadio T1 supone un descenso de supervivencia. El límite en 7 cm es excesivo, lo consideramos más apropiado por debajo de 5 cm (AU)

Combined treatment with vitamin E and colchicine in the early stages of Peyronie's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of the combination of colchicine and vitamin E (which has anti-fibrotic, anti-mitotic and anti-inflammatory effects) in modifying the early stages of Peyronie's disease, by evaluating pain relief, correction of deformities and plaque size. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 45 patients were divided into two groups and treated from January 1998 to November 2001. Their mean (range) age was 53.4 (40-62) years, the time from onset of the disease < 6 months and they had penile deformity of < 30 degrees; no patient had erectile dysfunction. Twenty-two patients were given ibuprofen 400 mg/day for 6 months, whilst 23 received a combination of vitamin E 600 mg/day plus colchicine 1 mg every 12 h. Pain, plaque size and penile deformity were assessed at 6 months. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups at baseline in age, time from onset of the disease until the initial evaluation or plaque size. Although the proportion of patients reporting pain relief was higher amongst those receiving colchicine plus vitamin E (91% vs 68%) this was not significantly different, but differences in plaque size and penile curvature were significant. CONCLUSIONS: The use of colchicine plus vitamin E during the early stages of Peyronie's disease (time from onset < 6 months) in patients with penile curvature of < 30 degrees and no erectile dysfunction is an effective and well-tolerated way to stabilize the disease. A more extensive study is needed, comparing these results with other oral therapies.

Asociación de carcinoma renal y la exposición a radiaciones ionizantesdespués del accidente de Chernobyl / Association of renal cell carcinoma and radiation exposure after the Chernobyl accident

Después del accidente nuclear de Chernobyl, en la población de zonas contaminadas la incidencia de carcinoma renal se incrementó de 4,7 a 7,5 por 100.000 habitantes. La elevada concentración corporal de Cesium 137 (137Cs) así como su eliminación por vía renal los convierte en pacientes de alto riesgo. Presentamos un caso de una paciente, residente en la zona contaminada que acudió a nuestro hospital por dolor abdominal y sensación de masa en flanco izquierdo. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura y analizamos el manejo en este tipo de pacientes (AU)

After the nuclear accident of Chernobyl, in the population of zones contaminated the malignant renal tumors was increased from 4,7 to 7,5 per 100.000 of total population. Cesium 137 (137Cs) constitutes 80- 90% of the internal exposure of these people as well as eliminated through kidneys becomes an important risk factor. We present a case of a patient, residing in radiocontamined area, who consulted for abdominal pain and left flank mass. We review relevant literature and the management of these patients (AU)

[Encrusted pyelitis. Lithiasic disease with infectious etiology]. / Pielitis incrustada. Una enfermedad litiásica de etiología infecciosa.

We report on two new cases of encrusted pielitis, a lithiasic disease of infectious ethiology--Corynebacterium of D group-. The clinic diagnostic is difficult and this disease develops in immunosuppressed patients, mainly in renal transplanted ones. One of our two cases is diagnosed in a patient with a transplanted kidney and the other one develops the disease within her native kidneys. We remark on the clinic features and therapeutic options.

Pielitis incrustada. Una enfermedad litiasica de etiologia infecciosa / Encrusted pyelitis. A renal lithiasic disease of infectious ethiology

Presentamos dos nuevos casos de pielitis incrustada, una enfermedad litiásica de etiología infecciosa relacionada con el Corynebacterium del grupo D. El diagnóstico clínico es difícil y se desarrolla en enfermos inmunodeprimidos, sobre todo en aquellos sometidos a trasplante renal. Nuestros pacientes desarrollan la enfermedad en un caso en un enfermo trasplantado y en el otro en riñones no trasplantados. Detallamos las características clínicas y las opciones terapéuticas (AU)

Diferencias clínico-patológicas entre neoplasia vesical de bajo potencial maligno y carcinoma de bajo grado / Clinicopathological differences between papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential and low grade papillary carcinoma

OBJETIVO: Determinar si la subdivisión morfológica de los tumores vesicales de grado I entre neoplasia papilar de bajo potencial maligno (BPM) y cáncer vesical de bajo grado, tiene correlación con la evolución clínica y supervivencia del paciente. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se revisan 257 tumores vesicales superficiales consecutivos sometidos a resección transuretral entre 1990 y 1995 en el HU Reina Sofía de Córdoba, y se reevalúan según los criterios de la nueva clasificación de consenso de la OMS/ISUP de 1998. Se obtienen 12 pacientes con papiloma urotelial, 51 pacientes con neoplasia papilar BPM, 43 pacientes con cáncer vesical de bajo grado Ta, 65 pacientes con cáncer vesical de bajo grado T1 y 37 pacientes con cáncer vesical de alto grado. Once pacientes son reevaluados como T2 y 38 (14,8 por ciento) son perdidos de control. Se revisan los historiales clínicos de cada paciente con un seguimiento mínimo de 5 años, determinando las recidivas y progresiones dentro de cada grupo. Se comparan los resultados entre grupos con el test Chi-Cuadrado y se evalúan los factores de riesgo para la recidiva y progresión mediante análisis multivariado (Odds ratio). La función supervivencia se representa con las tablas de Kaplan y Meier, comparándolas con el test log rank. RESULTADOS: No encontramos diferencias entre ambos grupos con respecto a la edad ni distribución por el sexo. Las diferencias en el número de tumores no son significativas, mientras que el tamaño tumoral medio es significativamente mayor en el grupo "cáncer de bajo grado". En cuanto a los factores de riesgo para la recidiva y progresión de la enfermedad, sólo hallamos significativo el tamaño tumoral. Sorprendentemente, el uso de quimioterapia endovesical parece tener influencia en la aparición de recidiva. No encontramos diferencias en las tasas de recidiva y progresión entre ambos grupos, aunque los porcentajes son siempre mayores para el grupo "cáncer vesical de bajo grado". CONCLUSIÓN: La división de los tumores vesicales de bajo grado (G-I) entre "neoplasia de bajo potencial maligno" y "cáncer de bajo grado" sí presenta suficientes diferencias clínicas como para considerarlas entidades patológicas distintas. Sólo el tamaño tumoral aumentado es factor pronóstico dentro de cada grupo. Creemos que el uso de quimioterapia endovesical no está justificado en este tipo de tumores (AU)

Treatment with sildenafil citrate in renal transplant patients with erectile dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate in renal transplant patients with erectile dysfunction, as up to half of men with renal failure may be affected and only 60-75% recover potency after transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with erectile dysfunction and a functioning renal transplant were treated using sildenafil (mean age 54 years, mean time on dialysis 35 months, mean time from transplantation 20 months). The hypogastric artery was not used during transplantation in any patient. Sildenafil citrate was prescribed at doses of 25 or 50 mg depending on baseline creatinine values and on the response, and plasma levels of cyclosporin/FK506 were monitored. RESULTS: Thirty patients (60%) had a satisfactory response, with a mean time on dialysis of 23 months. Six patients (12%) did not take the sildenafil and in 14 (28%) the drug was ineffective. The mean time on dialysis in this group was 43 months. Six patients (12%) had side-effects that in no case led to withdrawal of treatment. Plasma levels of cyclosporin/FK506 remained within the safety and efficacy limits in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with sildenafil citrate in renal transplant patients with erectile dysfunction is an effective and safe option, with few side-effects. Plasma levels of immunosuppressants are unchanged. The response was more effective in patients with a shorter time on dialysis, as penile vascular disease is less advanced.

[Pneumocysts, unusual infective complication in diabetics]. / Pneumocistos, una rara complicación infecciosa en diabéticos.

We report on a case of fully gas-filled bladder with no evidence of intramural gas, fistula between bladder and gastrointestinal tract or instrumentation. The patient is diagnosed of a diabetic neurogenic bladder. We comment the causes of this rare finding and its relation with emphysematous cystitis.

Pneumocistos, una rara complicación infecciosa en diabéticos / Pneumositos, a rare infectious complication in diabetics

Publicamos un caso en el cual la luz vesical aparece completamente ocupada por gas en ausencia de gas intramural, fístula con tracto gastrointestinal o instrumentación previa, en una paciente afectada por vejiga neurógena diabética. Comentamos las causas de esta rara complicación infecciosa y su relación con la cistitis enfisematosa, más frecuente (AU)

[Clinico-pathologic differences between bladder neoplasm with low malignant potential and low-grade carcinoma]. / Diferencias clínico-patológicas entre neoplasia vesical de bajo potencial maligno y carcinoma de bajo grado.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the morphologic subgrouping of grade I bladder tumors between papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential and low grade papillary carcinoma is of clinical and survival value. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All 257 consecutive patients diagnosed of superficial bladder cancer between 1990 and 1995 in HU Reina Sofia of Cordoba were reviewed and further reclassified according to WHO/ISUP consensus classification of urothelial neoplasms of the bladder. Of the tumors 12 were urothelial papilloma, 51 were papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential, 43 were low grade papillary carcinoma Ta, 65 were low grade papillary carcinoma T1 and 37 were high grade papillary carcinoma. Eleven patients were reevaluated as T2 tumors and 38 (14.8%) were lost of control. All patients were reviewed with a follow-up at least of 5 years. We compare the results between groups with Fisher test and the risk factors for recurrence and progression are analyzed by multivariate analysis (Odds ratio). The survival function was calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates and compared with the log-rank test. RESULTS: There are no differences between groups respect the age or sex distribution. The differences in the multiplicity are not significant and only the mean size is higher in papillary low grade carcinoma. About the risk factors for recurrence and progression of the disease, only is significative the tumor size. Rarely, the use of chemotherapy seems to play a role in the recurrence. There are no differences in recurrence and progression between the groups, although the percentages are always higher in the papillary low grade carcinoma group. CONCLUSIONS: There are enough clinical differences between the two groups and we consider them as distinct pathologic entities. Only the higher tumoral size is prognostic factor in each group. We think that the use of chemotherapy must be avoided in this low grade bladder tumors.

[Incidence of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in urologic practice]. / Incidencia de la neoplasia intraepitelial prostática de alto grado en la práctica urológica.

High grade (PIN AG) intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate is a likely precursor of prostate adenocarcinoma (PA) because of their association. Since the risk to suffer PA increases in patients with no previous PIN AG, its finding requires an arduous search for PA. This paper reviews the incidence of PIN AG in 499 histological studies in prostate transrectal biopsies, prostate TUR and adenomectomy specimens and radical prostatectomy (RP) sections. Evaluation of data obtained, type of presentation and association to prostate carcinoma, indicating the approach taken in the various cases.

[Wolfram syndrome. Urologic implications]. / Síndrome de Wolfram. Implicaciones urológicas.

OBJECTIVES: We report on four new cases of Wolfram's Syndrome. We emphasize in urological aspects of this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three male siblings. The other patient is also a male, without familiar relation with the other ones. All four patients presents different levels of urological alterations, mainly urinary collecting system dilation and decrease in detrusor muscle contractility. CONCLUSIONS: Urological findings are cardinal aspects in Wolfram syndrome. Due to its high frequency and prognostic value in natural history of disease. Urological disease seems to be within a systemic neurological tissues affectation of etiology that remains unknown.

[Malignant fibrohistiocytoma of the bladder]. / Fibrohistiocitoma maligno de vejiga.

We report on new case of a rare vesical tumour. We result the importance of immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural study to support the diagnosis of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the urinary bladder. There has been described another 16 cases of this tumour in the literature, however, only four of them -five with ours- reports an extensive immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. The rarity of vesical localization of this tumour may delay its diagnosis. It must be supported by a immunohistochemistry and/or ultrastructural study, in order to differentiate from other tumours with fibrohistiocytoma-like pattern: leiomyosarcoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma of the bladder. After radical removal of tumour, adjuvant therapy is recommended both systemic chemotherapy and local radiotherapy, although survival rates are over 5.3 months after first therapeutical actuation.

Fibrohistiocitoma maligno de vejiga / Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the bladder

Aportamos un nuevo caso de un tumor cuya localización primaria en vejiga es extremadamente rara. Destacamos la importancia de apoyar el diagnóstico histológico con la inmunohistoquímica y/o el estudio ultraestructural para llegar a la certeza de encontrarnos ante un fibrohistiocitoma maligno. Existen en la literatura sólo 16 casos publicados de este tumor. Sin embargo sólo existen cuatro casos, con el que aportamos suman cinco, que documenten un completo estudio inmunohistoquímico y por microscopía electrónica. En conclusión, la rareza de la localización vesical del fibrohistiocitoma maligno hace esquivo su diagnóstico, que debe apoyarse en la inmunohistoquímica y el estudio estructural, para diferenciarlo del carcinoma sarcomatoide y del leiomiosarcoma de vejiga. Tras el diagnóstico se aconseja cirugía radical y terapia adyuvante. Los resultados de supervivencia son malos, con una media de 5.3 meses tras el inicio del tratamiento (AU)