Duck compound probiotics fermented diet alters the growth performance by shaping the gut morphology, microbiota and metabolism.

Dietary absorption and digestion are influenced by the microbiota, morphology, and digestive enzymes of intestines, and fermentation is a popular and effective technique to enhance animal rearing growth performance. This study aims to explore the pivotal role of Muscovy duck probiotics fermented feedstuff (FF) in altering the growth performance by reshaping gut morphology, microorganisms and metabolism. The findings showed that FF considerably raised the levels of fatty acids (FA) and small peptides (7-19AA) in the diet. Further feeding trial data reveals that FF greatly increased the Muscovy duck average daily gain (ADG) but had no effect on their daily feed intake (DFI), and the FCR significantly dropped (P < 0.05). Additionally, it was evident that FF improved the integrity of the intestinal mucosa in Muscovy duck by increasing villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and lowering crypt depth. Then, in comparison to the control group (NC), there was a significant increase in the gene expression of the mucosal tight junction proteins Occludin, Claudin-1, and Zo-1 in the intestine of Muscovy duck. Additionally, there was higher expression of the mucosal transport channels SGLT-1, PepT1, AQP2, AQP3, and AQP10 in the similarly colon site, jejunum, and duodenum. Furthermore, in AB-PAS/PAS-stained duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and similarly colon site, FF markedly increased relative mucus output and goblet cells while decreasing epithelial cell apoptosis. Following 16S sequencing data indicated that the intestinal microbiota was altered and the diversity and richness of gut microbes was greatly enhanced by FF. Particularly, the boost of core probiotics, such as Rothia of duodenum, Limosilactobacillus and Lentilactobacillus of jejunum, Lactococcus and Rothia of ileum, Ligilactobacillus and Entocuccus of similarly colon site, Gallibacterium of caecum. And reduced potentially pathogenic bacteria (Campylobacter, Prevotellaceae, Clostridia-vadinBB60, and Oscillospira). Nontargeted metabolomics assay for intestinal content confirmed an increased organic acids (oxidanesulfonic acid, cholic acid, gallic acid, coumaric acid, pipecollc acid, 13s-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) and glycosides metabolites (5-hydroxydantrolene, 3-hydroxyguanfacine glucuronide, acetylleucine, astragalin, xanthosine, taxiphylin, sinapine, denudatine, penylalanyl-tyrosine and phenylalanyl-valine). These findings demonstrated that FF, a viable option to improve Muscovy duck growth performance through reconstructed intestinal morphology, microorganisms, and metabolism, subsequently promoted the gut health and increased diet digestion and absorption. The study that is being presented offers scientific proof that FF might be a useful strategy for improving Muscovy duck growth performance.

Lactobacillus plantarum supernatant inhibits growth of Riemerella anatipestifer and mediates intestinal antimicrobial defense in Muscovy ducks.

Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) is an important pathogen of waterfowl, with multiple serotypes and a lack of cross-protection between each serotype, which leads to the continued widespread in the world and causing significant economic losses to the duck industry. Thus, prevention and inhibition of RA infection are of great concern. Previous research has established that Lactobacillus plantarum supernatant (LPS) can prevents the pathogenic bacteria infection. However, LPS whether inhibits RA and underlying mechanisms have not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the direct and indirect effects of LPS-ZG7 against RA infection in Muscovy ducks. The results demonstrated that LPS-ZG7 prevented RA growth in the presence of pH-neutralized, and the inhibition was relatively stable and unaffected by heat, acid-base and ultraviolet light (UV). Following flow cytometry data found that LPS-ZG7 increased RA membrane permeability and leakage of intracellular molecules. And scanning electron microscopy revealed LPS-ZG7 damaged the RA membrane integrity and leading to RA death. Furthermore, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis represented that LPS-ZG7 upregulated mucosal tight junction proteins occludin, claudin-1, and Zo-1 in Muscovy ducks, and increasing mucosal transport channels SGLT-1, PepT1, AQP2, AQP3, and AQP10 in duodenum, jejunum, and colon, then decreased the intestinal permeability and intestinal barrier disruption which were caused from RA. From the data, it is apparent that LPS-ZG7 enhanced intestinal mucosal integrity by rising villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio and lower crypt depth. LPS-ZG7 significantly decreased intestinal epithelia cells apoptosis caused by RA invasion, and enhanced intestinal permeability and contribute to barrier dysfunction, ultimately improving intestinal health of host, indirectly leading to reduce diarrhea rate and mortality caused by RA. Overall, this study strengthens the idea that LPS-ZG7 directly inhibited the RA growth by increased RA membrane permeability and damaged the RA membrane integrity, and then indirectly enhanced intestinal mucosal integrity, improved intestinal health of host and mediated intestinal antimicrobial defense.

Asymmetric formal C-C bond insertion into aldehydes via copper-catalyzed diyne cyclization.

The formal C-C bond insertion into aldehydes is an attractive methodology for the assembly of homologated carbonyl compounds. However, the homologation of aldehydes has been limited to diazo approach and the enantioselective reaction was rarely developed. Herein, we report an asymmetric formal C-C bond insertion into aldehydes through diyne cyclization strategy. In the presence of Cu(I)/SaBOX catalyst, this method leads to the efficient construction of versatile axially chiral naphthylpyrroles in moderate to excellent yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities. This protocol represents a rare example of asymmetric formal C-C bond insertion into aldehydes using non-diazo approach. The combined experimental and computational mechanistic studies reveal the reaction mechanism, origin of regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Notably, the chiral phosphine ligand derived from synthesized axially chiral skeleton was proven to be applicable to asymmetric catalysis.

Photo Fenton RAFT Polymerization of (Meth)Acrylates in DMSO Sensitized by Methylene Blue.

A novel open-to-air photo RAFT polymerization of a series of acrylate and methacrylate monomers mediated by matching chain transfer agent irradiated by far-red light in DMSO is reported. Hydroxyl radical (•OH) generated from methylene blue (MB) sensitized decomposition of H2 O2 via photo-Fenton like-reaction is used for polymerization initiation. The "living/control" characteristic is evidenced by kinetic study, in which a pseudo first order curve and linearly increases of molecular weight with the increase of monomer conversion are observed. The living end-group fidelity is characterized by MALDI-TOF-MS and 1 H NMR results, and confirmed by successful chain extension. The temporary controllability is proved by light on/off switch experiment.

Enantioselective Copper-Catalyzed Formal [2+1] and [4+1] Annulations of Diynes with Ketones via Carbonyl Ylides.

Carbonyl ylides have proven to be powerful synthons for the efficient construction of various valuable O-heterocycles, and the formation of carbonyl ylides by the reaction of metal carbenes with carbonyls has attracted increasing attention over the past decades. However, a catalyst-controlled highly enantioselective reaction of carbonyl ylides from metal carbenes is extremely challenging. Herein, we report a novel copper-catalyzed asymmetric formal [2+1] and [4+1] annulations of diynes with ketones via carbonyl ylides. Importantly, this protocol not only represents the first example of successful asymmetric epoxidation via carbonyl ylides, but also constitutes the first reaction of vinyl cations with carbonyl compounds. This method leads to the divergent, practical and atom-economical synthesis of a range of chiral oxiranes and dihydrofurans in moderate to excellent yields with generally excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities via remote-stereocontrol strategy.

Genome-Wide Identification of Expansin Genes in Wild Soybean (Glycine soja) and Functional Characterization of Expansin B1 (GsEXPB1) in Soybean Hair Root.

Wild soybean, the progenitor and close relative of cultivated soybean, has an excellent environmental adaptation ability and abundant resistance genes. Expansins, as a class of cell wall relaxation proteins, have important functions in regulating plant growth and stress resistance. In the present study, we identified a total of 75 members of the expansin family on the basis of recent genomic data published for wild soybean. The predicted results of promoter elements structure showed that wild soybean expansin may be associated with plant hormones, stress responses, and growth. Basal transcriptome data of vegetative organs suggest that the transcription of expansin members has some organ specificity. Meanwhile, the transcripts of some members had strong responses to salt, low temperature and drought stress. We screened and obtained an expansin gene, GsEXPB1, which is transcribed specifically in roots and actively responds to salt stress. The results of A. tumefaciens transient transfection showed that this protein was localized in the cell wall of onion epidermal cells. We initially analyzed the function of GsEXPB1 by a soybean hairy root transformation assay and found that overexpression of GsEXPB1 significantly increased the number of hairy roots, root length, root weight, and the tolerance to salt stress. This research provides a foundation for subsequent studies of expansins in wild soybean.

Synthesis of Axially Chiral N-Arylindoles via Atroposelective Cyclization of Ynamides Catalyzed by Chiral Brønsted Acids.

In recent years, asymmetric catalysis of ynamides has attracted much attention, but these reactions mostly constructed central chirality, except for a few examples on the synthesis of axially chiral compounds which exclusively relied on noble-metal catalysis. Herein, a facile access to axially chiral N-heterocycles enabled by chiral Brønsted acid-catalyzed 5-endo-dig cyclization of ynamides is disclosed, which represents the first metal-free protocol for the construction of axially chiral compounds from ynamides. This method allows the practical and atom-economical synthesis of valuable N-arylindoles in excellent yields with generally excellent enantioselectivities. Moreover, organocatalysts and ligands based on such axially chiral N-arylindole skeletons are demonstrated to be applicable to asymmetric catalysis.

Neuroprotective effects of Danshensu on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease models in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Danshensu is an active constituent in the extracts of Danshen which is a traditional Chinese medical herb. Rotenone inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in dopaminergic neurons leading to glutathione (GSH) level reduction and oxidative stress. The aim of this study is to investigate neuroprotective effects of Danshensu on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: In vitro, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line was pretreated with Danshensu and challenged with rotenone. Then the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assayed. In vivo, male C57BL/6 mice were intragastrically administered with Danshensu (15, 30, or 60 mg/kg), followed by oral administration with rotenone at a dose of 30 mg/kg. Pole and rotarod tests were carried out at 28 d to observe the effects of Danshensu on PD. RESULTS: Danshensu repressed ROS generation and therefore attenuated the rotenone-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. Danshensu improved motor dysfunction induced by rotenone, accompanied with reducing MDA content and increasing GSH level in striatum. Danshensu increased the number of TH positive neurons, the expression of TH and the dopamine contents. The expressions of p-PI3K, p-AKT, Nrf2, hemeoxygenase (HO-1), glutathione cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLC), glutathione cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM) were significantly increased and the expression of Keap1 was decreased in Danshensu groups. CONCLUSIONS: The neuroprotective effects of Danshensu on rotenone-induced PD are attributed to the anti-oxidative properties by activating PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway and increasing Nrf2-induced expression of HO-1, GCLC, and GCLM, at least in part.

Neuroprotective effects of Danshensu in Parkinson's disease mouse model induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.

Parkinson's disease (PD) causes major changes in dopaminergic neurons of the brain, resulting in motor symptoms in older adults. A previous study showed that Danshensu alleviates the cognitive decline by attenuating neuroinflammation. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of Danshensu in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the following four groups: control, MPTP, Danshensu at 15 mg/kg, and Danshensu at 60 mg/kg. The mice were administered Danshensu intragastrically for 14 days. In the behavioral tests, Danshensu treatment alleviated motor dysfunction induced by MPTP. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra was significantly reduced in the MPTP group, relative to the control group; Danshensu partially blocked this reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons. In addition, Danshensu attenuated the reductions in striatal dopamine and 5-HT levels induced by MPTP. Danshensu also diminished the increase in Iba1-positive cells in the substantia nigra and reduced the levels of interleukin-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-α in the striatum. These findings suggest that Danshensu exerts neuroprotective effects and improves motor function in PD mice, at least in part, by reducing neuroinflammation.

Elemental sulfur as a sulfuration agent in the copper-catalyzed C-H bond thiolation of electron-deficient arenes.

By utilizing elemental sulfur as the thiolation agent and oxidant, a copper-catalyzed direct C-H bond thiolation of electron-deficient arenes was demonstrated. Various electron-deficient arenes were proved to be suitable for this transformation. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that this reaction underwent a radical pathway, in which the trisulfur radical anion (S3˙-) might play a vital role. Meanwhile, KIE experiments suggested that C-H bond cleavage was not involved in the rate-determining step.

Bu4NI-Catalyzed Oxygen-Centered Radical Addition between Acyl Peroxides and Isocyanides.

A novel oxygen-centered radical addition between acyl peroxides and isocyanides has been developed. A diverse collection of valuable arylcarboxyamides were easily synthesized by this protocol. From the preliminary mechanistic study, the elimination of carbon dioxide affords the product via an intramolecular rearrangement.

Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Improves Motor Dysfunction in the Rotenone-Induced Mice Model of Parkinson's Disease.

Dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) is diminished in patients of Parkinson's disease (PD). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is responsible for regulating expression of the DRD3 in the brain. Our previous study showed that hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) could increase BDNF content in the striatum of PD mice. This experiment aimed to evaluate whether HSYA can improve the motor dysfunction induced by rotenone through regulating the BDNF/TrkB/DRD3 signaling pathway in mice. Male C57/BL6 mice were intraperitoneally treated with HSYA. Thirty minutes later, they were intragastrically administered with rotenone at a dose of 30 mg/kg. Pole, rotarod and open field tests were investigated at 28 d. Then, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in substantia nigra was observed by immunohistochemistry. Dopamine content was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The expressions of BDNF, phospho-tropomyosin-related kinase B (p-TrkB), tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), phospho-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), phospho-protein kinase B (p-AKT), protein kinase B (AKT), and DRD3 were assayed by western blotting. Behavioral tests showed that rotenone-challenged mice displayed motor dysfunction. However, treatment with HSYA improved motor dysfunction induced by rotenone. HSYA treatment increased not only the number of TH-containing dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, but also the dopamine content in the striatum in PD mice. Moreover, the expressions of BDNF, p-TrkB/TrkB, DRD3, p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT were significantly increased in rotenone plus HSYA group. Our results indicated that HSYA improved motor dysfunction in rotenone-induced PD model and the pharmacological action of HSYA was related to regulating BDNF/TrkB/DRD3 signaling pathway, at least, in part.

[SSR information in Erigeron breviscapus transcriptome and polymorphism analysis].

OBJECTIVE: The SSR information in the transcriptome of Erigeron breviscapus was analyzed in this study, in order to further develop new functional genes SSR markers laid a solid foundation. METHOD: SSR loci were searched in all of 52,060 unigenes by using est_timmer. Perl program and SSR primers were designed by Primer3. Furthermore, 36 pairs of primers were randomly selected for the polymorphism analysis on 13 Erigeron breviscapus plants collected from different places. RESULT: A total of 3639 SSRs were found in the transcriptome of Erigeron breviscapus, distributed in 3260 unigenes with the distribution frequency of 6.99%. Di-nucleotide repeat was the main type, account for as much as 34.41% of all SSRs, followed by mono-nucleotide (31.41%) and tri-nucleotide repeat motif (28.08%). The di-nucleotide repeat motifs of AT/AT and AC/GT were the predominant repeat types (28.71%). The tri-nucleotide repeat motifs of AAT/AT was the predominant repeat types (7.94%). For validation the availability of those SSR primers, we randomly selected 36 pairs of primers for PCR amplification. Among them, 34 pair primers (94.44%) produced clear and reproductive bands, 19 pair primers showed polymorphism (52.78%), and 13 Erigeron breviscapus plants were divided into 2 groups. CONCLUSION: There are numerous SSRs in Erigeron breviscapus transcriptome with high frequency and various types, this will provide abundant candidate molecular markers for genetic diversity study and genetic map in this plant.

[Cloning and bioinformation analysis of flavone synthase II gene of Erigeron breviscapus].

OBJECTIVE: Erigeron breviscapus is a medicinal plant with the most developmental potential in Yunnan province, which is belongs to Erigeron genus of Compositae family. Scutellarin, the main active component of Erigeron breviscapus is one of flavone 7-O-glucuronide derivatives, its biosynthesis pathway is still not clear. METHOD: Full length cDNA encoding flavone syhthase II gene in E. breviscapus was cloned in this study using R-PCR, 3'-RACE and 5'-RACE. RESULT: The opening reading frame of FS II cDNA of E. breviscapus is 1 557 bp long and encoding 518 amino acids, designed as EbFS II, which is highly homologous with FS II of Compositae species, like Callistephus chinensis, Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus, Gerbera hybrida, Dahlia pinnata and Lobelia erinus. CONCLUSION: Phylogenetic analysis showed that EbFS II might has the function of directly converting flavanone to flavone.