Anti-Melanoma Activity of Single Intratumoral Injection of ZnPc Micelles Mixed With in situ Gel in B16 Bearing Mouse.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potential treatment strategy for melanoma. As a second-generation photosensitizer, Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) has many advantages for anti-tumor PDTs, such as strong absorption in the red and near infrared regions, high photo and chemical stability, etc. However, ZnPc has a poor water solubility and is apt to aggregate due to the π-π interaction between molecules, which limits its applications. In this study, various solvents and surfactants were screened for dissolving ZnPc and preparing ZnPc@SDC-TPGS micelle and thermosensitive in situ gel. After the cytotoxic effects of thermosensitive gels on PDT were tested, the antitumor effects on PDT of them in mice by intratumoral injection were evaluated, including body weight, and tumor weight, volume and morphology. The cell death pathway and the relationship of reactive oxygen species yield with apoptotic rate of tumor cells induced by ZnPc in situ gel were investigated. The results were that N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) mixed with 2 % SDC and aqueous solution containing 2 % TPGS and 2 % SDC were used to synthesize ZnPc@SDC-TPGS micelle and the thermosensitive in situ gel. The cytotoxic effects of thermosensitive gels showed good tumor suppression of ZnPc@SDC-TPGS in situ gel and no toxicity of the blank gel. Intratumoral injection in situ gel containing 3 µg ZnPc under irradiation demonstrated good tumor inhibition in mice with melanoma. Apoptosis has been established as the primary pathway of cell death, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a crucial role in cellular apoptosis induced by ZnPc@SDC-TPGS in situ gel. In conclusion, the intratumoral injection of ZnPc@SDC-TPGS thermosensitive in situ gel provides a promising local treatment option for melanoma.

Rapid endogenic rock recycling in magmatic arcs.

In subduction zones, materials on Earth's surface can be transported to the deep crust or mantle, but the exact mechanisms and the nature of the recycled materials are not fully understood. Here, we report a set of migmatites from western Yangtze Block, China. These migmatites have similar bulk compositions as forearc sediments. Zircon age distributions and Hf-O isotopes indicate that the precursors of the sediments were predominantly derived from juvenile arc crust itself. Using phase equilibria modeling, we show that the sediments experienced high temperature-to-pressure ratio metamorphism and were most likely transported to deep arc crust by intracrustal thrust faults. By dating the magmatic zircon cores and overgrowth rims, we find that the entire rock cycle, from arc magmatism, to weathering at the surface, then to burial and remelting in the deep crust, took place within ~10 Myr. Our findings highlight thrust faults as an efficient recycling channel in compressional arcs and endogenic recycling as an important mechanism driving internal redistribution and differentiation of arc crust.

Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy of Curcumin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Coated with Unique Fungal Hydrophobin.

Modifications to the surface chemistry, charge, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of nanoparticles are applicable approaches to the alterations of the in vivo fate of intravenously administered nano-sized drug carriers. The objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacies of curcumin PLGA nanoparticles in relation to their surface structural modification via self-assembling coating with unique fungal hydrophobin. The hydophobin-coated curcumin PLGA nanoparticles (HPB PLGA NPs) were obtained by simply soaking curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) in aqueous fungal hydrophobin solution. The in vitro drug release behavior of the HPB PLGA NPS was also tested. The cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of these nanoparticles were determined in HepG2, A549, and Hela cell lines using MTT assay method and CLSM observation. The in vivo antitumor activity was evaluated in Hela tumor xenografted mice model. Compared with the PLGA NPs, the size and zeta potential of the nanoparticles were changed after hydrophobin coating, whereas similar in vitro release pattern was observed. The pharmacodynamics study showed prolonged blood retention of both nano-formulations than that of free curcumin, but no significant difference between the hydrophobin coated and uncoated nanoparticles. It was found that HPB PLGA NPs had increased cytotoxicities, higher cellular uptake, and improved antitumor efficacy. Surface modification of nanoparticles via self-assembling of hydrophobin is a convenient and promising method of changing particle surface physiochemical properties and antitumor performances. Further investigations, especially on tissue distribution, were needed to assess the potential application of the hydrophobin self-assembling coating in nano-drug delivery carriers.

Millimeter-Scale Nonlocal Photo-Sensing Based on Single-Crystal Perovskite Photodetector.

Organometal trihalide perovskites (OTPs) are promising optoelectronic materials for high-performance photodetectors. However, up to now, traditional polycrystal OTP-based photodetectors have demonstrated limited effective photo-sensing range. Recently, bulk perovskite single crystals have been seen to have the potential for position-sensitive photodetection. Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate a position-dependent photodetector based on perovskite single crystals by scanning a focused laser beam over the device perpendicular to the channel. The photodetector shows the best-ever effective photo-sensing distance up to the millimeter range. The photoresponsivity and photocurrent decrease by nearly an order of magnitude when the beam position varies from 0 to 950 µm and the tunability of carrier diffusion length in CH3NH2PbBr3 with the variation of the exciting laser intensity is demonstrated. Furthermore, a numerical model based on transport of photoexcited carriers is proposed to explain the position dependence. This photodetector shows excellent potential for application in future nanoelectronics and optoelectronics systems.

[Standardized investigation on medicinal nature of ethnomedicine].

This article recorded the analysis and comparison between the medicinal nature theory of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and ethnomedicine(EM). The vocabulary of "medicinal nature" was suggested to indicate the properties of ethnomedicine. Based on the influence of TCM medicinal nature theory on EM in China, the application of medicinal nature theory in EM was divided into 3 classes, and the standardizing principles for EM medicinal nature were proposed. It was suggested that medicinal quality, flavor, tendency, tropism, degree and efficiency can be used for the classification standard for EM medicinal nature.