Characterization of biliary and duodenal microbiota in patients with primary and recurrent choledocholithiasis.

Purpose: To explore the biliary and duodenal microbiota features associated with the formation and recurrence of choledocholithiasis (CDL). Methods: We prospectively recruited patients with primary (P-CDL, n = 29) and recurrent CDL (R-CDL, n = 27) for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Duodenal mucosa (DM), bile and bile duct stones (BDS) samples were collected in P- and R-CDL patients. DM samples were also collected in 8 healthy controls (HC). The microbiota profile analysis was performed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Short-course antibiotic application before ERCP showed no significant effects in alpha and beta diversities of the biliary and duodenal microbiota in CDL. Alpha diversity showed no difference between DM and bile samples in CDL. The duodenal microbial richness and diversity was lower in both P- and R-CDL than HC. The biliary microbiota composition showed a high similarity between P- and R-CDL. Fusobacterium and Enterococcus were higher abundant in DM, bile, and BDS samples of R-CDL than P-CDL, as well as Escherichia and Klebsiella in bile samples of R-CDL. The enriched duodenal and biliary bacteria in CDL were closely associated with cholecystectomy, inflammation and liver dysfunction. The bile-associated microbiota of R-CDL expressed enhanced capacity of D-glucuronide and D-glucuronate degradation, implicating an elevated level of ß-glucuronidase probably produced by enriched Escherichia and Klebsiella in bile. Conclusions: The duodenal microbiota was in an imbalance in CDL. The duodenal microbiota was probably the main source of the biliary microbiota and was closely related to CDL formation and recurrence. Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Escherichia and Klebsiella might contribute to CDL recurrence. Clinical trials: The study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (https://www.chictr.org.cn/index.html, ChiCTR2000033940). Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13755-023-00267-2.

Design of Pentanary Mixed-Chalcogenides Ag2In2SiS6-xSex (x = 1, 2) Based on the Bucket Effect: Local Structural Difference and High-Performance Nonlinear-Optical Properties Realized by Partial Congener Substitution.

Noncentrosymmetric chalcogenides are promising candidates for infrared nonlinear-optical (NLO) crystals, and exploring high-performance ones is a hot topic and challengeable. Herein, the combination of AgQ4, InQ4, and SiQ4 (Q = S, Se) units with different S/Se ratios resulted in the discovery of the tetrahedral chalcogenides Ag2In2SiS4Se2 (1) and Ag2In2SiS5Se (2). They both crystallize in the monoclinic Cc space group with different local structures. Co-occupied S/Se sites only exist in 2, and the arrangement of [In2SiQ3] six-membered rings builds different helical chains and 3D [(In2SiQ6)2-]n polyanionic frameworks in 1 and 2. They show balanced NLO performances, including phase-matchable moderate NLO responses (0.7 and 0.5 × AGS) and enhanced laser-induced damage thresholds (4.5 and 5.1 × AGS). Theoretical calculations reveal that their NLO responses are predominantly contributed by the AgQ4 and InQ4 units.

A nomogram for prediction of ERCP success in patients with bile duct leaks: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Bile duct leaks (BDLs) are serious complications that occurs after hepatobiliary surgery and trauma, leading to rapid clinical deterioration. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the first-line treatment for BDLs, but it is not clear which patients will respond to this therapy and which patients will require additional surgical intervention. The aim of our study was to explore the predictors of successful ERCP for BDLs. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from six centers' databases. All consecutive patients who were clinically confirmed as BDLs were included in the study. Collected data were demographics, disease severity, and ERCP procedure characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to select independent predictive factors that affect the outcome of ERCP for BDLs, and a nomogram was established. Calibration and ROC curves were used to evaluate the models. RESULTS: Four hundred and forty-eight consecutive patients were clinically confirmed as BDLs and 347 were excluded. In the 101 patients included patients, clinical success was achieved in 78 patients (77.2%). In logistic multivariable regression, two independent factors were negatively associated with the success of ERCP: SIRS (OR, 0.183; 95% CI 0.039-0.864; P = 0.032) and high-grade leak (OR 0.073; 95% CI 0.010-0.539; P = 0.010). Two independent factors were positively associated with the success of ERCP: leak-bridging drainage (OR 4.792; 95% CI 1.08-21.21; P = 0.039) and cystic duct leak (OR 6.193; 95% CI 1.03-37.17; P = 0.046). The prediction model with these four factors was evaluated using a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.9351. The calibration curve showed that the model had good predictive accuracy. CONCLUSION: Leak-bridging drainage and cystic duct leak are positive predictors for the success of ERCP, while SIRS and high-grade leak are negative predictors. This prediction model with nomogram has good predictive ability and practical clinical value, and may be helpful in clinical decision-making and prognostication.

TRIP6 promotes neural stem cell maintenance through YAP-mediated Sonic Hedgehog activation.

In the adult mammalian brain, new neurons are continuously generated from neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ)-olfactory bulb (OB) pathway. YAP, a transcriptional co-activator of the Hippo pathway, promotes cell proliferation and inhibits differentiation in embryonic neural progenitors. However, the role of YAP in postnatal NSCs remains unclear. Here, we showed that YAP was present in NSCs of the postnatal mouse SVZ. Forced expression of Yap promoted NSC maintenance and inhibited differentiation, whereas depletion of Yap by RNA interference or conditional knockout led to the decline of NSC maintenance, premature neuronal differentiation, and collapse of neurogenesis. For the molecular mechanism, thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6) recruited protein phosphatase PP1A to dephosphorylate LATS1/2, therefore inducing YAP nuclear localization and activation. Moreover, TRIP6 promoted NSC maintenance, cell proliferation, and inhibited differentiation through YAP. In addition, YAP regulated the expression of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway effector Gli2 and Gli1/2 mediated the effect of YAP on NSC maintenance. Together, our findings demonstrate a novel TRIP6-YAP-SHH axis, which is critical for regulating postnatal neurogenesis in the SVZ-OB pathway.

KREP2S6 (RE = Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy): A Series of Polar Rare-Earth Thiophosphates with High Laser-Induced Damage Thresholds and Moderate Nonlinear-Optical Responses Synergistically Contributed by Isolated P2S6 Units and {[RE2S15]24-}∞ Layers.

As one of the potential candidates of nonlinear-optical (NLO) materials, rare-earth chalcophosphates have demonstrated promising properties. Here, KREP2S6 (RE = Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy) were synthesized using the facile RE2O3-B-S solid-state method. They crystallize with a monoclinic chiral P21 structure, and their layer structures are built by isolated ethane-like P2S6 dimers and RES8 bicapped trigonal prisms built {[RE2S15]24-}∞ layers. By comparing the structures with related ones, the change of the alkali metal or RE3+ ions can cause structural transformation. Their band gaps are tunable between 2.58 and 3.79 eV, and their powder samples exhibit good NLO properties. Theoretical calculations suggest that the NLO properties are mainly contributed by P2S6 units and {[RE2S15]24-}∞ layers synergistically, in which {[RE2S15]24-}∞ layers and P2S6 units dominate the contribution to the band gap and second-harmonic-generation response, respectively. This work enriches the application of rare-earth chalcophosphates as NLO materials.

High-performance monolayer MoS2nanosheet GAA transistor.

In this article, a 0.7 nm thick monolayer MoS2nanosheet gate-all-around field effect transistors (NS-GAAFETs) with conformal high-κmetal gate deposition are demonstrated. The device with 40 nm channel length exhibits a high on-state current density of ~410µAµm-1with a large on/off ratio of 6 × 108at drain voltage = 1 V. The extracted contact resistance is 0.48 ± 0.1 kΩµm in monolayer MoS2NS-GAAFETs, thereby showing the channel-dominated performance with the channel length scaling from 80 to 40 nm. The successful demonstration of device performance in this work verifies the integration potential of transition metal dichalcogenides for future logic transistor applications.

[Differences and mechanisms on water use of Pinus sylvestris var mongolica forests with different origins]. / 不同起源樟子松林水分利用的差异及机制.

Determining the differences of water use characteristics of a tree species with different origins (natural forests and introduced plantations) is significantly important for forest sustainable management. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is an important tree species of afforestation in the 'Three North' project in China. In this study, with Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica from two origins, we monitored the sap flow velocity of sapwood (Js) of trees by thermal dissipation sap flow probes, and analyzed the relationship between water transportation and the environmental factors during the growing season. The results showed that under the typical sunny day, daily sap flow velocity (Js-daily) of trees from plantations was significantly higher than that from natural forests. The mean value of Js-daily was 132.98 and 114.86 cm·d-1 for the two origins, respectively. Trees from plantations showed higher water transportation potential than natural forests. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) mainly showed the driving effect on the water use process of trees from natural forests. In the plantations, there was an obvious threshold effect, and the inflection point of VPD was about 1.91 kPa, with the boundary function of Js-hour increased to the maximum of 17.88 cm·h-1. Atmospheric driven transpiration potential (Js-hour/VPD) of P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees with two origins decreased with the aggravation of soil drought, but sensitivity to drought was higher in the plantations than in the natural forests, suggesting the strong ability of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica to regulate water use process.

Large common bile duct stones in high-risk elderly patients: Immediate endoscopic stone removal or elective stone removal? A single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: For high-risk elderly patients with chronic diseases, endoscopic stone removal for large common bile duct stones is associated with a high risk of adverse events and incomplete stone removal. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the treatment strategy of short-term biliary plastic stent placement followed by elective endoscopic stone removal is more effective and safer than immediate endoscopic stone removal. METHODS: The data of 262 high-risk elderly patients who received endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for large common bile duct (CBD) stones from 2017 to 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into group A (immediate stone removal) and group B (stent drainage + elective stone removal). The baseline data of the 2 groups were matched 1:1 by propensity score matching. The stone clearance rate, ERCP procedure time, total hospital stay, and procedure-related adverse events were compared between the matched groups. In group B, stone size before and after stent placement, hospital stay, procedure time and adverse events of two ERCPs were compared. RESULTS: A total of 57 pairs of patients were successfully matched between the 2 groups. The stone clearance rate in group B was higher than that in group A (89.5% vs. 75.3, P = 0.049). The total hospital stay in group B was longer than that in group A (11.86 ± 3.912 d vs. 19.14 ± 3.176 d, P<0.001). The total adverse event rate in group A was higher than that in group B (29.8% vs. 12.3%, P = 0.005). The incidence of cholangitis/cholecystitis after ERCP was significantly higher in group A than in group B (7.0% vs. 0.9% P = 0.029). There was no significant difference in the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis, bleeding, pneumonia, and cardio-cerebrovascular events between the 2 groups. There were no perforation cases in either group. After plastic biliary stent placement in group B, the stone size was significantly smaller than before stent placement (1.59 ± 0.544 cm vs. 1.95 ± 0.543 cm, P < 0.001), and there was no significant difference in the total adverse event incidence between the two ERCP procedures (18.8% vs. 10.9%, P = 0.214). CONCLUSION: For high-risk elderly patients with large CBD stones, the treatment strategy involving temporary placement of plastic stent and elective endoscopic stone removal is safer and more effective than immediate stone removal.

High-Performance Two-Dimensional Electronics with a Noncontact Remote Doping Method.

Because of the intrinsic low carrier density of monolayer two-dimensional (2D) materials, doping is crucial for the performance of underlap top-gated 2D devices. However, wet etching of a high-k (dielectric constant) dielectric layer is difficult to implement without causing performance deterioration on the devices; therefore, finding a suitable spacer doping technique for 2D devices is indispensable. In this study, we developed a remote doping (RD) method in which defective SiOx can remotely dope the underlying high-k capped 2D regions without directly contacting these materials. This method achieved a doping density as high as 1.4 × 1013 cm-2 without reducing the mobility of the doped materials; after 1 month, the doping concentration remained as high as 1.2 × 1013 cm-2. Defective SiOx can be used to dope most popular 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides. The low-k properties of SiOx render it ideal for spacer doping, which is very attractive from the perspective of circuit operation. In our experiments, MoS2 and WS2 underlap top-gate devices exhibited 10× and 200× increases in their on-currents, respectively, after being doped with SiOx. These results indicate that SiOx doping can be conducted to manufacture high-performance 2D devices.

Real-time continuous image guidance for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography based on 3D/2D registration and respiratory compensation.

BACKGROUND: It has been confirmed that three-dimensional (3D) imaging allows easier identification of bile duct anatomy and intraoperative guidance of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which reduces the radiation dose and procedure time with improved safety. However, current 3D biliary imaging does not have good real-time fusion with intraoperative imaging, a process meant to overcome the influence of intraoperative respiratory motion and guide navigation. The present study explored the feasibility of real-time continuous image-guided ERCP. AIM: To explore the feasibility of real-time continuous image-guided ERCP. METHODS: We selected 2 3D-printed abdominal biliary tract models with different structures to simulate different patients. The ERCP environment was simulated for the biliary phantom experiment to create a navigation system, which was further tested in patients. In addition, based on the estimation of the patient's respiratory motion, preoperative 3D biliary imaging from computed tomography of 18 patients with cholelithiasis was registered and fused in real-time with 2D fluoroscopic sequence generated by the C-arm unit during ERCP. RESULTS: Continuous image-guided ERCP was applied in the biliary phantom with a registration error of 0.46 mm ± 0.13 mm and a tracking error of 0.64 mm ± 0.24 mm. After estimating the respiratory motion, 3D/2D registration accurately transformed preoperative 3D biliary images to each image in the X-ray image sequence in real-time in 18 patients, with an average fusion rate of 88%. CONCLUSION: Continuous image-guided ERCP may be an effective approach to assist the operator and reduce the use of X-ray and contrast agents.

Energy differences as descriptors for the correlation between JSC and VOC in nonfullerene organic photovoltaics.

ITIC-series nonfullerene organic photovoltaics (NF OPVs) have realized the simultaneous increases of the short-circuit current density (JSC) and open-circuit voltage (VOC), called the positive correlation between JSC and VOC, which could improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, it is complicated to predict the formation of positive correlation in devices through simple calculations of single molecules due to their dimensional differences. Here, a series of symmetrical NF acceptors blended with the PBDB-T donor were chosen to establish an association framework between the molecular modification strategy and positive correlation. It can be found that the positive correlation is modification site-dependent following the energy variation at the different levels. Furthermore, to illustrate a positive correlation, the energy gap differences (ΔEg) and the energy level differences of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (ΔELUMO) between the two changed acceptors were proposed as two molecular descriptors. Combined with the machine learning model, the accuracy of the proposed descriptor is more than 70% for predicting the correlation, which verifies the reliability of the prediction model. This work establishes the relative relationship between two molecular descriptors with different molecular modification sites and realizes the prediction of the trend of efficiency. Therefore, future research should focus on the simultaneous enhancement of photovoltaic parameters for high-performance NF OPVs.

Clinical Outcome and Risk Factors of Treatment Failure of Peritoneal Dialysis Associated Peritonitis Caused by Klebsiella Pneumoniae:A Multicenter Study / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the treatment outcomes,prognosis,and risk factors of treatment failure of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis (PDAP) caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae,and thus provide clinical evidence for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Methods The clinical data of PDAP patients at four peritoneal dialysis centers from January 1,2014 to December 31,2019 were collected retrospectively.The treatment outcomes and prognosis were compared between the patients with PDAP caused by Klebsiella.pneumoniae and that caused by Escherichia coli.Kaplan-Meier method was employed to establish the survival curve of technical failure,and multivariate Logistic regression to analyze the risk factors of the treatment failure of PADP caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results In the 4 peritoneal dialysis centers,1034 cases of PDAP occurred in 586 patients from 2014 to 2019,including 21 cases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and 98 cases caused by Escherichia coli.The incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae caused PDAP was 0.0048 times per patient per year on average,ranging from 0.0024 to 0.0124 times per patient per year during 2014-2019.According to the Kaplan-Meier survival curve,the technical failure rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae caused PDAP was higher than that of Escherichia coli caused PDAP (P=0.022).The multivariate Logistic regression model showed that long-term dialysis was an independent risk factor for the treatment failure of Klebsiella pneumoniae caused PDAP (OR=1.082,95%CI=1.011-1.158,P=0.023).Klebsiella pneumoniae was highly sensitive to amikacin,meropenem,imipenem,piperacillin,and cefotetan,and it was highly resistant to ampicillin (81.82%),cefazolin (53.33%),tetracycline (50.00%),cefotaxime (43.75%),and chloramphenicol (42.86%). Conclusion The PDAP caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae had worse prognosis than that caused by Escherichia coli,and long-term dialysis was an independent risk factor for the treatment failure of Klebsiella pneumoniae caused PDAP.

Risk factors for complications in elderly patients aged 85 years and over undergoing endoscopic biliary stone removal.

Background and aim: The number of elderly patients with biliary stones is increasing. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) is considered to be an effective treatment for biliary stones. Having a sound knowledge of the risk factors can help reduce the incidence and severity of complications for ERCP. Furthermore, limited research has been published on patients aged over 85 years undergoing endoscopic biliary stone removal. This study aims to determine the risk factors that lead to complications of ERCP in patients over 85 years of age. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective study. We analyzed 156 patients aged ≥ 85 years with biliary stones who underwent their first ERCP at Chinese PLA General Hospital from February 2002 to March 2021. Logistic regression models were employed to identify the independent risk factors for complications. Results: A total of 13 patients (8.3%) had complications. Thereinto, pancreatitis, cholangitis, bleeding, and other complications occurred in 4 cases (2.6%), 1 cases (0.6%), 4 cases (2.6%), and 4 cases (2.6%), respectively. There was no perforation or death related to ERCP. Independent risk factors for complications were acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) (P = 0.017) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (P = 0.019). Significantly, reasons for incomplete stone removal at once were large stone (>10 mm) (P < 0.001) and higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation scoring system (APACHE-II) (P = 0.005). Conclusions: ERCP was recommended with caution in patients ≥ 85 years of age with ABP or higher CCI undergoing endoscopic biliary stone removal. In patients with ABP without cholangitis or biliary obstruction we recommend against urgent (within 48 h) ERCP. Patients with higher CCI who can tolerate ERCP can undergo rapid ERCP biliary stenting or nasobiliary implantation with later treatment of stones, and patients who cannot tolerate ERCP are treated promptly with PTCD and aggressive conservative treatment.

Statistical Assessment of High-Performance Scaled Double-Gate Transistors from Monolayer WS2.

Scaling of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) field-effect transistors (FETs) is an important step toward evaluating the application space of TMD materials. Although some work on ultrashort channel monolayer (ML) TMD FETs has been published, there exist no comprehensive studies that assess their performance in a statistically relevant manner, providing critical insights into the impact of the device geometry. Part of the reason for the absence of such a study is the substantial variability of TMD devices when processes are not carefully controlled. In this work, we show a statistical study of ultrashort channel double-gated ML WS2 FETs exhibiting excellent device performance and limited device-to-device variations. From a detailed analysis of cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images and careful technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulations, we evaluated, in particular, an unexpected deterioration of the subthreshold characteristics for our shortest devices. Two potential candidates for the observed behavior were identified, i.e., buckling of the TMD on the substrate and loss of gate control due to the source geometry and the high-k dielectric between the metal gate and the metal source electrode.

Low-defect-density WS2 by hydroxide vapor phase deposition.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting monolayers such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising channel materials to extend Moore's Law in advanced electronics. Synthetic TMD layers from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are scalable for fabrication but notorious for their high defect densities. Therefore, innovative endeavors on growth reaction to enhance their quality are urgently needed. Here, we report that the hydroxide W species, an extremely pure vapor phase metal precursor form, is very efficient for sulfurization, leading to about one order of magnitude lower defect density compared to those from conventional CVD methods. The field-effect transistor (FET) devices based on the proposed growth reach a peak electron mobility ~200 cm2/Vs (~800 cm2/Vs) at room temperature (15 K), comparable to those from exfoliated flakes. The FET device with a channel length of 100 nm displays a high on-state current of ~400 µA/µm, encouraging the industrialization of 2D materials.

Analysis of risk factors for post-endoscopic papillectomy bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic papillectomy (EP) is an effective treatment for ampullary lesions but technically challenging because of anatomical specificities concerning the high rate of adverse events. Bleeding is one of the most feared complications and can be potentially life-threatening. AIM: To study the risk factors for bleeding after EP are presented with the goal of establishing preventive measures. METHODS: A total of 173 consecutive patients with ampullary lesions undergone EP from January 2006 to October 2020 were enrolled in this study. They were divided into a bleeding group and a non-bleeding group depending on whether postoperative bleeding occurred. Related factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistics regression. RESULTS: Postoperative bleeding was experienced in 33 patients (19.07%). Multivariate analysis also identified intraoperative bleeding (OR: 4.38, 95% CI: 1.87-11.15, p = .001) and endoscopic closure (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.10-0.58, p = .001) as independent factors significantly associated with bleeding after EP. Lesion size (≥3 cm) was shown as an independent factor significantly associated with intraoperative bleeding (OR: 4.25, 95% CI: 1.21-16.44, p = .028). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective evaluation found that endoscopic closure was associated with reduced risk and intraoperative bleeding with increased risk of bleeding after EP. Lesion size may indirectly influence the risk of postoperative bleeding by increasing the risk of intraoperative bleeding.

A Facile Microwave Hydrothermal Method for Fabricating SnO2@C/Graphene Composite With Enhanced Lithium Ion Storage Properties.

SnO2@C/graphene ternary composite material has been prepared via a double-layer modified strategy of carbon layer and graphene sheets. The size, dispersity, and coating layer of SnO2@C are uniform. The SnO2@C/graphene has a typical porous structure. The discharge and charge capacities of the initial cycle for SnO2@C/graphene are 2,210 mAh g-1 and 1,285 mAh g-1, respectively, at a current density of 1,000 mA g-1. The Coulombic efficiency is 58.60%. The reversible specific capacity of the SnO2@C/graphene anode is 955 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles. The average reversible specific capacity still maintains 572 mAh g-1 even at the high current density of 5 A g-1. In addition, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are performed to further investigate the prepared SnO2@C/graphene composite material by a microwave hydrothermal method. As a result, SnO2@C/graphene has demonstrated a better electrochemical performance.

Differences in susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole between Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and two dominant parasitic wasps collected from Sichuan Province, China.

Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is one of the most destructive pests occurring in the rice-growing regions of Asia. Parasitoids, mainly egg parasitoids, have been of interest for several years even with practical used cases. Therefore, the potential impact of insecticides on natural enemies needs great attention. In this study, chlorantraniliprole was evaluated for its impact on C. suppressalis and two dominant parasitic wasps. Bioassays showed that chlorantraniliprole had negligible toxicity to Eriborus terebrans but was significantly toxic to Chelonus munakatae; the mortality exceeded 50% when the concentration reached 46.83 ng/cm2. Enzyme assays suggested that the significantly different carboxylesterase activity may be involved in the high-level detoxification metabolism of E. terebrans. According to the results of enzyme gene correlation analysis, P450s may be the dominant factor in the detoxification metabolism of C. munakatae. In addition, the ryanodine receptor C-terminus of C. suppressalis (CsRyR), C. munakatae (CmRyR) and E. terebrans (EtRyR) were successfully cloned. Different amino acids at resistance mutation I4758 M between susceptible C. suppressalis (I) and parasitic wasps (M) may be related to susceptibility differences. Simulated docking showed that CsRyR and CmRyR can interact with chlorantraniliprole but not EtRyR. More interaction forces were formed between CsRyR and chlorantraniliprole than CmRyR. Furthermore, a Pi-Pi T-shape formed between 73PHE in CsRyR and the benzene ring in chlorantraniliprole. These results indicated that both detoxification metabolism and the target site could mediate the susceptibility difference between C. suppressalis and its parasitic wasps.

Nanoscale Electronic Transparency of Wafer-Scale Hexagonal Boron Nitride.

Monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has attracted interest as an ultrathin tunnel barrier or environmental protection layer. Recently, wafer-scale hBN growth on Cu(111) was developed for semiconductor chip applications. For basic research and technology, understanding how hBN perturbs underlying electronically active layers is critical. Encouragingly, hBN/Cu(111) has been shown to preserve the Cu(111) surface state (SS), but it was unknown how tunneling into this SS through hBN varies spatially. Here, we demonstrate that the Cu(111) SS under wafer-scale hBN is homogeneous in energy and spectral weight over nanometer length scales and across atomic terraces. In contrast, a new spectral feature─not seen on bare Cu(111)─varies with atomic registry and shares the spatial periodicity of the hBN/Cu(111) moiré. This work demonstrates that, for some 2D electron systems, an hBN overlayer can act as a protective yet remarkably transparent window on fragile low-energy electronic structure below.

Directly Visualizing Photoinduced Renormalized Momentum-Forbidden Electronic Quantum States in an Atomically Thin Semiconductor.

Resolving the momentum degree of freedom of photoexcited charge carriers and exploring the excited-state physics in the hexagonal Brillouin zone of atomically thin semiconductors have recently attracted great interest for optoelectronic technologies. We demonstrate a combination of light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy and the quasiparticle interference (QPI) technique to offer a directly accessible approach to reveal and quantify the unexplored momentum-forbidden electronic quantum states in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers. Our QPI results affirm the large spin-splitting energy at the spin-valley-coupled Q valleys in the conduction band (CB) of a tungsten disulfide monolayer. Furthermore, we also quantify the photoexcited carrier density-dependent band renormalization at the Q valleys. Our findings directly highlight the importance of the excited-state distribution at the Q valley in the band renormalization in TMDs and support the critical role of the CB Q valley in engineering the quantum electronic valley degree of freedom in TMD devices.