Response of carbon fixation, allocation, and growth to source-sink manipulation by defoliation in vegetative citrus trees.

Source-sink balance in plants determines carbon distribution, and altering it can impact carbon fixation, transport, and allocation. We aimed to investigate the effect of altered source-sink ratios on carbon fixation, transport, and distribution in 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) by various defoliation treatments (0%, 33%, 66%, and 83% leaf removal). Gas exchange parameters were measured on 0 and 10 days after defoliation using A/Ci response curves, and leaf export was measured two days after defoliation using radioisotope tracer techniques. Greater defoliation increased the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax), electron transport rate (J1200), and triose-phosphate utilization rate (TPU). Leaf export was unaffected by defoliation but increased in leaves closer to the shoot apex. Basipetal translocation velocity in the trunk remained unaltered, indicating that more photosynthates remained in the shoot rather than being transported directly to the root sink. Defoliated plants initiated more new flush shoots but accumulated less shoot biomass per plant after 8 weeks. Carbon allocation to fine roots was smaller in defoliated plants, suggesting defoliation led to retention of carbohydrates in aboveground organs such as the trunk and other shoots from previous growing cycles. In conclusion, the low source-sink ratio increased carbon fixation without impacting individual leaf export in citrus. The results suggest that intermediate sinks such as the aboveground perennial organs play a role in mediating the translocation velocity. Further research is necessary to better understand the dynamics of source-sink regulation in citrus trees.

Dissolution-Induced Surface Reconstruction of Ni0.95 Pt0.05 Si/p-Si Photocathode for Efficient Photoelectrochemical H2 Production.

Metal silicide/Si photoelectrodes have demonstrated significant potential for application in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting to produce H2 . To achieve an efficient and economical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), a paramount consideration lies in attaining exceptional catalytic activity on the metal silicide surface with minimal use of noble metals. Here, this study presents the design and construction of a novel Ni0.95 Pt0.05 Si/p-Si photocathode. Dopant segregation is used to achieve a Schottky barrier height as high as 1.0 eV and a high photovoltage of 420 mV. To achieve superior electrocatalytic activity for HER, a dissolution-induced surface reconstruction (SR) strategy is proposed to in situ convert surface Ni0.95 Pt0.05 Si to highly active Pt2 Si. The resulting SR Ni0.95 Pt0.05 Si/p-Si photocathode exhibits excellent HER performance with an onset potential of 0.45 V (vs RHE) and a high maximum photocurrent density of 40.5 mA cm-2 and a remarkable applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) of 5.3% under simulated AM 1.5 (100 mW cm-2 ) illumination. The anti-corrosion silicide layer effectively protects Si, ensuring excellent stability of the SR Ni0.95 Pt0.05 Si/p-Si photoelectrode. This study highlights the potential for achieving efficient PEC HER using bimetallic silicide/Si photocathodes with reduced Pt consumption, offering an auspicious perspective for the cost-effective conversion of solar energy to chemical energy.

Satellite Video Multi-Label Scene Classification With Spatial and Temporal Feature Cooperative Encoding: A Benchmark Dataset and Method.

Satellite video multi-label scene classification predicts semantic labels of multiple ground contents to describe a given satellite observation video, which plays an important role in applications like ocean observation, smart cities, et al. However, the lack of a high-quality and large-scale dataset prevents further improvement of the task. And existing methods on general videos have the difficulty to represent the local details of ground contents when directly applied to the satellite videos. In this paper, our contributions include (1) we develop the first publicly available and large-scale satellite video multi-label scene classification dataset. It consists of 18 classes of static and dynamic ground contents, 3549 videos, and 141960 frames. (2) we propose a baseline method with the novel Spatial and Temporal Feature Cooperative Encoding (STFCE). It exploits the relations between local spatial and temporal features, and models long-term motion information hidden in inter-frame variations. In this way, it can enhance features of local details and obtain the powerful video-scene-level feature representation, which raises the classification performance effectively. Experimental results show that our proposed STFCE outperforms 13 state-of-the-art methods with a global average precision (GAP) of 0.8106 and the careful fusion and joint learning of the spatial, temporal, and motion features are beneficial to achieve a more robust and accurate model. Moreover, benchmarking results show that the proposed dataset is very challenging and we hope it could promote further development of the satellite video multi-label scene classification task.

Chemovoltaic effect for renewable liquid and vapor fuels on semiconductor surfaces.

The chemovoltaic effect - generation of electronic excitation by exergonic redox reactions - has been observed on metallic surfaces of Schottky junctions and is proving to be pivotal in explaining in detail the momentum conservation relations of chemically active collisions. As shown in this work, it can hold keys for direct chemical energy harvesting by semiconductor solar cells. To study the possibilities of chemovoltaic energy conversion by semiconductors, we have modeled and designed an 'electrolyte-free fuel cell' formed by a GaAs diode that can host electrochemical fuel oxidation and oxidant reduction reactions on its conduction and valence bands and as a result convert renewable chemical energy (as well as light) into electricity. The experimental results show that exposing the surface of a suitably designed solar cell to methanol liquid or vapor in the presence of oxygen or hydrogen peroxide leads to the generation of electrical power.

Complete biodegradation of fungicide carboxin and its metabolite aniline by Delftia sp. HFL-1.

Fungicide carboxin was commonly used in the form of seed coating for the prevention of smut, wheat rust and cotton damping-off, leading carboxin and its probable carcinogenic metabolite aniline to directly enter the soil with the seeds, causing residual pollution. In this study, a novel carboxin degrading strain, Delftia sp. HFL-1, was isolated. Strain HFL-1 could use carboxin as the carbon source for growth and completely degrade 50 mg/L carboxin and its metabolite aniline within 24 h. The optimal temperatures and pH for carboxin degrading by strain HFL-1 were 30 to 42 °C and 5 to 9, respectively. Furthermore, the complete mineralization pathway of carboxin by strain HFL-1 was revealed by High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (HRMS). Carboxin was firstly hydrolyzed into aniline and further metabolized into catechol through multiple oxidation processes, and finally converted into 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate, a precursor of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Genome sequencing revealed the corresponding degradation genes and cluster of carboxin. Among them, amidohydrolase and dioxygenase were key enzymes involved in the degradation of carboxin and aniline. The discovery of transposons indicated that the aniline degradation gene cluster in strain HFL-1 was obtained via horizontal transfer. Furthermore, the degradation genes were cloned and overexpressed. The in vitro test showed that the expressed degrading enzyme could efficiently degrade aniline. This study provides an efficient strain resource for the bioremediation of carboxin and aniline in contaminated soil, and further revealing the molecular mechanism of biodegradation of carboxin and aniline.

Dual metabolic pathways co-determine the efficient aerobic biodegradation of phenol in Cupriavidus nantongensis X1.

Phenol, as an important chemical raw material, often exists in wastewater from chemical plants and pollutes soil and groundwater. Aerobic biodegradation is a promising method for remediation of phenolic wastewater. In this study, degradation characteristics and mechanisms of phenol in Cupriavidus nantongensis X1 were explored. Strain X1 could completely degrade 1.5 mM phenol within 32 h and use it as the sole carbon source for growth. The optimal degradation temperature and pH for phenol by strain X1 were 30 °C and 7.0. The detection of 3-oxoadipate and 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate indicated that dual metabolic pathways coexist in strain X1 for phenol degradation, ortho- and meta-pathway. Genome and transcriptome sequencing revealed the whole gene clusters for phenol biomineralization, in which C12O and C23O were key enzymes in two metabolic pathways. The ribosome proteins were also involved in the regulation of phenol degradation. Meanwhile, the degradation activities of enzyme C23O was 188-fold higher than that of C12O in vitro, which indicated that the meta-pathway was more efficient than ortho-pathway for catechol degradation in strain X1. This study provides an efficient strain resource for phenol degradation, and the discovery of dual metabolic pathways provides new insight into the aerobic biological metabolism and bioremediation of phenol.

Occurrence and transport of N-nitrosamines in the urban water systems of the Pearl River Delta, southern China.

The discharge of substantial amounts of N-nitrosamines-contained wastewater into receiving rivers can significantly deteriorate water quality, as these carcinogenic compounds can be easily transported into groundwater and drinking water systems. This study investigated the distribution of eight species of N-nitrosamines in river water, groundwater, and tap water located in the center of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The results showed that three major N-nitrosamines, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), with concentrations of up to 64 ng/L, were observed in river water, groundwater, and tap water, whereas the other compounds occurred sporadically. In river water and groundwater, high concentrations of NDMA, NDEA, N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), and NDBA were found in industrial and residential lands as compared to agricultural lands owing to the influence of various human activities. The primary sources of N-nitrosamines in river water were industrial and domestic wastewater, and the infiltration of river water was responsible for the high levels of N-nitrosamines in groundwater. Among the target N-nitrosamines, NDEA and NMOR with long biodegradation half-lives (>4 days) and low LogKow values (<1) displayed the highest potential for groundwater. N-nitrosamines in groundwater and tap water pose significant potential cancer risks to residents, especially children, and juveniles, with lifetime cancer risks of over 10-4, necessitating advanced water treatments for drinking water and critical controls on primary industrial discharge in urban areas.

Efficient Knocking Out of the Organophosphorus Insecticides Degradation Gene opdB in Cupriavidus nantongensis X1T via CRISPR/Cas9 with Red System.

Cupriavidus nantongensis X1T is a type strain of the genus Cupriavidus, that can degrade eight kinds of organophosphorus insecticides (OPs). Conventional genetic manipulations in Cupriavidus species are time-consuming, difficult, and hard to control. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has emerged as a powerful tool for genome editing applied in prokaryotes and eukaryotes due to its simplicity, efficiency, and accuracy. Here, we combined CRISPR/Cas9 with the Red system to perform seamless genetic manipulation in the X1T strain. Two plasmids, pACasN and pDCRH were constructed. The pACasN plasmid contained Cas9 nuclease and Red recombinase, and the pDCRH plasmid contained the dual single-guide RNA (sgRNA) of organophosphorus hydrolase (OpdB) in the X1T strain. For gene editing, two plasmids were transferred to the X1T strain and a mutant strain in which genetic recombination had taken place, resulting in the targeted deletion of opdB. The incidence of homologous recombination was over 30%. Biodegradation experiments suggested that the opdB gene was responsible for the catabolism of organophosphorus insecticides. This study was the first to use the CRISPR/Cas9 system for gene targeting in the genus Cupriavidus, and it furthered our understanding of the process of degradation of organophosphorus insecticides in the X1T strain.

Confined Bismuth-Organic Framework Anode for High-Energy Potassium-Ion Batteries.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with inherent porosity, controllable structures, and designable components are recognized as attractive platforms for designing advanced electrodes of high-performance potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). However, the poor electrical conductivity and low theoretical capacity of many MOFs lead to inferior electrochemical performance. Herein, for the first time, a confined bismuth-organic framework with 3D porous matrix structure (Bi-MOF) as anode for PIBs via a facile wet-chemical approach is reported. Such a porous structure design with double active centers can simultaneously ensure the structure integrity and efficient charge transport to enable high-capacity electrode with super cycling life. As a result, the Bi-MOF for PIBs exhibits high reversible capacity (419 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 ), outstanding cycling stability (315 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 after 1200 cycles), and excellent full battery performance (a high energy density of 183 Wh kg-1 is achieved, outperforming all reported metal-based anodes for PIBs). Moreover, the K+ storage mechanisms of the Bi-MOF are further unveiled by in situ Raman, ex situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and ex situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. This ingenious electrode design may provide further guidance for the application of MOF in energy storage systems.

Electron Injection in Metal Assisted Chemical Etching as a Fundamental Mechanism for Electroless Electricity Generation.

Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) is a widely applied process for fabricating Si nanostructures. As an electroless process, it does not require a counter electrode, and it is usually considered that only holes in the Si valence band contribute to the process. In this work, a charge carrier collecting p-n junction structure coated with silver nanoparticles is used to demonstrate that also electrons in the conduction band play a fundamental role in MACE, and enable an electroless chemical energy conversion process that was not previously reported. The studied structures generate electricity at a power density of 0.43 mW/cm2 during MACE. This necessitates reformulating the microscopic electrochemical description of the Si-metal-oxidant nanosystems to separately account for electron and hole injections into the conduction and valence band of Si. Our work provides new insight into the fundamentals of MACE and demonstrates a radically new route to chemical energy conversion by solar cell-inspired devices.

Root:shoot balance controls flush phenology and carbohydrate translocation dynamics in citrus (Citrus x sinensis) trunk.

Flush shoot growth presents a fluctuation pattern alternating with root growth. The cyclic pattern determines the balance of root:shoot and can affect the direction and speed of carbohydrate translocation during the vegetative growth period. In this study, we used water deficit to limit corresponding growth in sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) "OLL 4" grafted on "US-942" rootstock, and then observed the changes of translocation dynamics between two flush statuses. Our first hypothesis was that water deficit would reduce root growth and extend the root growth phase during the growth cycle, delaying the following flush. We then tested the related second hypothesis that shoot flushes would switch the direction and slow the speed of carbohydrate transport due to fluctuation between single and dual sinks. After recovery from a severe deficit, the flush was synchronized and emerged within 2 weeks. Mild and moderate water-deficit plants showed a delayed new flush. Next, we used a 14 C-labeling method to test whether translocation was affected by the presence of new flush. Basipetal translocation was dominant, but the new flush increased the likelihood of acropetal translocation. Translocation speeds were not different in both directions regardless of flushing status, though speed estimates were highly variable, even though 14 C export from the source leaf increased when new flush was present. The results suggest that flush timing across an environmental gradient is governed by source-sink dynamics. The presence of new flush altered the direction of photoassimilate translocation and rate of leaf export, but stem transport speeds were not distinguishably different.

Metabolomic analysis elucidates how shade conditions ameliorate the deleterious effects of greening (Huanglongbing) disease in citrus.

Under tropical and subtropical environments, citrus leaves are exposed to excess sunlight, inducing photoinhibition. Huanglongbing (HLB, citrus greening), a devastating phloem-limited disease putatively caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, exacerbates this challenge with additional photosynthetic loss and excessive starch accumulation. A combined metabolomics and physiological approach was used to elucidate whether shade alleviates the deleterious effects of HLB in field-grown citrus trees, and to understand the underlying metabolic mechanisms related to shade-induced morpho-physiological changes in citrus. Using metabolite profiling and multinomial logistic regression, we identified pivotal metabolites altered in response to shade. A core metabolic network associated with shade conditions was identified through pathway enrichment analysis and metabolite mapping. We measured physio-biochemical responses and growth and yield characteristics. With these, the relationships between metabolic network and the variables measured above were investigated. We found that moderate-shade alleviates sink limitation by preventing excessive starch accumulation and increasing foliar sucrose levels. Increased growth and fruit yield in shaded compared with non-shaded trees were associated with increased photosystem II efficiency and leaf carbon fixation pathway metabolites. Our study also shows that, in HLB-affected trees under shade, the signaling of plant hormones (auxins and cytokinins) and nitrogen supply were downregulated with reducing new shoot production likely due to diminished needs of cell damage repair and tissue regeneration under shade. Overall, our findings provide the first glimpse of the complex dynamics between cellular metabolites and leaf physiological functions in citrus HLB pathosystem under shade, and reveal the mechanistic basis of how shade ameliorates HLB disease.

Fast-Charging Nonaqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries Enabled by Rational Construction of Oxygen-Rich Porous Nanofiber Anodes.

Practical applications of carbon anodes in high-power potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) were hampered by their limited rate properties, due to the sluggish K+ transport kinetics in the bulk. Constructing convenient ion/electron transfer channels in the electrode is of great importance to realize fast charge/discharge rates. Here, cross-linked porous carbon nanofibers (inner porous carbon nanotubes and outer soft carbon layer) modified with oxygen-containing functional groups were well designed as anodes to realize robust de-/potassiation kinetics. The novel anode delivered excellent rate capabilities (107 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1 and 78 mAh g-1 at 40 A g-1) and superior cycling stability (76% capacity retention after 14,000 cycles at 2 A g-1). In situ XRD measurement, in situ Raman spectra, and galvanostatic intermittent titration verified its surface-dominated potassium storage behavior with fast de-/potassiation kinetics, excellent reversibility, and rapid ion/electron transport. Moreover, theoretical investigation revealed that the carboxyl groups in the carbon offered additional capacitive adsorption sites for K+, thus significantly enhancing the reversible capacity. Surprisingly, a full cell using the anode and perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride cathode achieved an outstanding power density of 23,750 W kg-1 and superior fast charge/slow discharge performance.

Photo-oligomerization by shifting the coordination site in a luminescent coordination polymer.

A layered coordination polymer (CP) with the fine-tuned alignment of four diolefinic ligands has been designed by shifting the coordination site of the ligand. The trimeric and tetrameric cyclobutane derivatives were reversely achieved by the photoinitiated [2+2] cycloaddition of the CP due to the favorable Schmidt's distance. More interestingly, a dynamic fluorescence shift was observed during the photo-oligomerization and heat-cycloreversion of the CP system.

Dual-Carbon Electrode-Based High-Energy-Density Potassium-Ion Hybrid Capacitor.

Potassium-ion hybrid capacitors (KIHCs) have attracted growing attention due to the natural abundance and low cost of potassium. However, KIHCs are still limited by sluggish redox reaction kinetics in electrodes during the accommodation of large-sized K+. Herein, a starch-derived hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon (SHPNC) anode and active carbon cathode were rationally designed for dual-carbon electrode-based KIHCs with high energy density. The hierarchical structure and rich doped nitrogen in the SHPNC anode result in a distensible interlayer space to buffer volume expansion during K+ insertion/extraction, offers more electrochemical active sites to achieve high specific capacity, and has highly efficient channels for fast ion/electron transports. The in situ Raman and ex situ TEM demonstrated a reversible electrochemical behavior of the SHPNC anode. Thus, the SHPNC anode delivers superior cycling stability and a high reversible capacity (310 mA h g-1 at 50 mA g-1). In particular, the KIHCs assembled by the SHPNC anode and commercial active carbon cathode can deliver a high energy density of 165 W h kg-1 at a current density of 50 mA g-1 and an ultra-long cycle life of 10,000 cycles at 1 A g-1 (calculated based on the total mass of the anode and cathode).

A Novel Change Detection Method for Natural Disaster Detection and Segmentation from Video Sequence.

Change detection (CD) is critical for natural disaster detection, monitoring and evaluation. Video satellites, new types of satellites being launched recently, are able to record the motion change during natural disasters. This raises a new problem for traditional CD methods, as they can only detect areas with highly changed radiometric and geometric information. Optical flow-based methods are able to detect the pixel-based motion tracking at fast speed; however, they are difficult to determine an optimal threshold for separating the changed from the unchanged part for CD problems. To overcome the above problems, this paper proposed a novel automatic change detection framework: OFATS (optical flow-based adaptive thresholding segmentation). Combining the characteristics of optical flow data, a new objective function based on the ratio of maximum between-class variance and minimum within-class variance has been constructed and two key steps are motion detection based on optical flow estimation using deep learning (DL) method and changed area segmentation based on an adaptive threshold selection. Experiments are carried out using two groups of video sequences, which demonstrated that the proposed method is able to achieve high accuracy with F1 value of 0.98 and 0.94, respectively.

Metal Silicidation in Conjunction with Dopant Segregation: A Promising Strategy for Fabricating High-Performance Silicon-Based Photoanodes.

Silicon (Si)-based Schottky junction photoelectrodes have attracted considerable attention for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting in recent years. To realize highly efficient Si-based Schottky junction photoelectrodes, the critical challenge is to enable the photoelectrodes to not only have a high Schottky barrier height (SBH), by which a high photovoltage can be obtained, but also ensure an efficient charge transport. Here, we propose and demonstrate a strategy to fabricate a high-performance NiSi/n-Si Schottky junction photoanode by metal silicidation in conjunction with dopant segregation (DS). The metal silicidation produces photoanodes with a high-quality NiSi/Si interface without a disordered SiO2 layer, which ensures highly efficient charge transport, and thus a high saturated photocurrent density of 33 mA cm-2 was attained for the photoanode. The subsequent DS gives the photoanodes a high SBH of 0.94 eV through the introduction of electric dipoles at the NiSi/n-Si interface. As a result, a high photovoltage and favorable onset potential of 1.03 V vs RHE was achieved. In addition, the strong alkali corrosion resistance of NiSi also endows the photoanode with a high stability during PEC operation in 1 M KOH. Our work provides a universal strategy to fabricate metal-silicide/Si Schottky junction photoelectrodes for high-performance PEC water splitting.

Covalent Selenium Embedded in Hierarchical Carbon Nanofibers for Ultra-High Areal Capacity Li-Se Batteries.

Lithium selenium (Li-Se) batteries have attracted increasing interest for its high theoretical volumetric capacities up to 3,253 Ah L-1. However, current studies are largely limited to electrodes with rather low mass loading and low areal capacity, resulting in low volumetric performance. Herein, we report a design of covalent selenium embedded in hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (CSe@HNCNFs) for ultra-high areal capacity Li-Se batteries. The CSe@HNCNFs provide excellent ion and electron transport performance, whereas effectively retard polyselenides diffusion during cycling. We show that the Li-Se battery with mass loading of 1.87 mg cm-2 displays a specific capacity of 762 mAh g-1 after 2,500 cycles, with almost no capacity fading. Furthermore, by increasing the mass loading to 37.31 mg cm-2, ultra-high areal capacities of 7.30 mAh cm-2 is achieved, which greatly exceeds those reported previously for Li-Se batteries.

Uniform Na+ Doping-Induced Defects in Li- and Mn-Rich Cathodes for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The corrosion of Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) electrode materials occurring at the solid-liquid interface will lead to extra electrolyte consumption and transition metal ions dissolution, causing rapid voltage decay, capacity fading, and detrimental structure transformation. Herein, a novel strategy is introduced to suppress this corrosion by designing an Na+-doped LMR (Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2) with abundant stacking faults, using sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant to ensure the uniform distribution of Na+ in deep grain lattices-not just surface-gathering or partially coated. The defective structure and deep distribution of Na+ are verified by Raman spectrum and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the as-prepared electrodes before and after 200 cycles. As a result, the modified LMR material shows a high reversible discharge specific capacity of 221.5 mAh g-1 at 0.5C rate (1C = 200 mA g-1) after 200 cycles, and the capacity retention is as high as 93.1% which is better than that of pristine-LMR (64.8%). This design of Na+ is uniformly doped and the resultanting induced defective structure provides an effective strategy to enhance electrochemical performance which should be extended to prepare other advanced cathodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries.

The Extension of Phase Correlation to Image Perspective Distortions Based on Particle Swarm Optimization.

Phase correlation is one of the widely used image registration method in medical image processing and remote sensing. One of the main limitations of the phase correlation-based registration method is that it can only cope with Euclidean transformations, such as translation, rotation and scale, which constrain its application in wider fields, such as multi-view image matching, image-based navigation, etc. In this paper, we extended the phase correlation to perspective transformation by the combination of particle swarm optimization. Inspired by optic lens alignment based on interference, we propose to use the quality of PC fringes as the similarity, and then the aim of registration is to search for the optimized geometric transformation operator, which obtain the maximize value of PC-based similarity function through particle swarm optimization approach. The proposed method is validated by image registration experiments using simulated terrain shading, texture and natural landscape images containing different challenges, including illumination variation, lack of texture, motion blur, occlusion and geometric distortions. Further, image-based navigation experiments are carried out to demonstrate that the proposed method is able to correctly recover the trajectory of camera using multimodal target and reference image. Even under great radiometric and geometric distortions, the proposed method is able to achieve 0.1 sub-pixel matching accuracy on average while other methods fail to find the correspondence.