Mechanisms of action and applications of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide at the intestinal mucosa barrier: a review.

As a medicinal and edible homologous Chinese herb, Polygonatum sibiricum has been used as a primary ingredient in various functional and medicinal products. Damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier can lead to or worsen conditions such as type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Traditional Chinese medicine and its bioactive components can help prevent and manage these conditions by restoring the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. This review delves into the mode of action of P. sibiricum polysaccharide in disease prevention and management through the restoration of the intestinal barrier. Polysaccharide from P. sibiricum effectively treats conditions by repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier, offering insights for treating complex diseases and supporting the application of P. sibiricum in clinical settings.

Exploring the Changes in IL-6 and Related Cytokines in Angiogenesis after Tibial Transverse Transplantation in Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

OBJECTIVE: The transverse tibial transfer technique is employed primarily to treat diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), aiming to enhance leg circulation and promote new blood vessel growth. This technique is also beneficial for various conditions associated with poor blood flow in the lower extremities. However, there is no clear molecular mechanism to explain the relationship between the transverse tibial transfer technique and angiogenesis in patients with diabetic foot. This study aims to preliminarily explore the change of IL-6 and related cytokines in promoting angiogenesis during transverse tibial transplantation, providing a direction for future research. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed a study from April 2022 to November 2023 on 76 patients with severe DFUs at Wagner stages 3-4. Flow cytometry was used to detect the levels of 12 cytokines in serum before the operation and 3, 7, 14, 21, and 35 days after the operation. Ankle-brachial index (ABI), transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2), and glycosylated hemoglobin (Hba1c) were recorded at admission and discharge. We examined the variations in cytokine levels, wound healing duration, amputation rates, infection incidence, and other key outcomes. RESULTS: In our investigation, a total of 76 individuals participated, comprising 49 males and 27 females. These subjects had an average age of 64.7 years, with a standard deviation of 13 years. The mean ulcer healing time was 74 ± 31 days, amputation occurred in 3 patients, pin tract infection occurred in one patient (1.3%), and incision infection occurred in one patient (1.3%). By day 35 following the surgery, both the ABI and TcPO2 values showed a significant increase from their preoperative levels. HbA1c significantly improved compared with presurgery (p < 0.001), IL-6 levels were significantly increased compared with presurgery (p < 0.05), and then decreased. CONCLUSION: The transverse tibial transfer (TTT) technique is safe and efficient for managing DFUs. The wound healing time in patients who smoke or consume alcohol is statistically significant compared with that of nonsmoking and nondrinking patients. IL-6 exhibited substantial changes at various postoperative time points. Future research could investigate the role of IL-6 in tibial transverse translation.

The association of initial and changes in serum A-FABP level with the development and improvement of pre-sarcopenia.

CONTEXT: Several cross-sectional studies have reported the association between serum adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) level and pre-sarcopenia. However, data on the impacts of serum A-FABP level and its changes over time on the development and improvement of pre-sarcopenia are scarce. METHODS: This longitudinal cohort study included 1496 adults (41.2% men; median age, 58 [53-63] years) in 2013-2014 and was followed up to 2015-2016. Participants underwent serum A-FABP level measurements at baseline and follow-up visit. Visceral fat area (VFA) was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and converted to skeletal muscle index (SMI). Pre-sarcopenia was defined as SMI < 1 standard deviation of the sex-specific mean for the young reference group. RESULTS: During an average follow-up period of 2.1 years, baseline serum A-FABP level was positively associated with the incidence of pre-sarcopenia (standardized by weight: risk ratio [RR] 3.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.96-5.38; standardized by VFA: RR 2.11, 95%CI 1.29-3.51) and negatively associated with the improvement of pre-sarcopenia (standardized by weight: RR 0.66, 95%CI 0.45-0.97; standardized by VFA: RR 0.71, 95%CI 0.54-0.94), regardless of whether SMM was standardized by weight or VFA. Moreover, changes in serum A-FABP level provided additional information on the incidence and improvement of pre-sarcopenia, independent of baseline serum A-FABP level (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline serum A-FABP level and its changes were positively associated with the incidence, and negatively associated with the improvement of pre-sarcopenia.

Geniposide for treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review on its biological characteristics, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.

In recent years, the prevalence and fatality rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have not only shown a consistent rise that cannot be ignored, but have also become a pressing social health problem that requires urgent attention. While interventional surgery and drug therapy offer significant therapeutic results, they often come with common side effects. Geniposide, an active component extracted from the Chinese medicine Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, shows promise in the management of cardiac conditions. This review comprehensively outlines the underlying pharmacological mechanisms by which geniposide exerts its effects on atherosclerosis. Geniposide exhibits a range of beneficial effects including alleviating inflammation, inhibiting the development of macrophage foam cells, improving lipid metabolism, and preventing platelet aggregation and thrombosis. It also demonstrates mitochondrial preservation, anti-apoptotic effects, and modulation of autophagy. Moreover, geniposide shows potential in improving oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress by maintaining the body's antioxidant and oxidative balance. Additionally, this review comprehensively details the biological properties of geniposide, including methods of extraction and purification, as well as its pharmacokinetics and toxicological characteristics. It further discusses the clinical applications of related biopharmaceuticals, emphasizing the potential of geniposide in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it highlights the limitations of current research, aiming to provide insights for future studies.

Hyperglycemia induced cathepsin L maturation linked to diabetic comorbidities and COVID-19 mortality.

Diabetes, a prevalent chronic condition, significantly increases the risk of mortality from COVID-19, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Emerging evidence implicates Cathepsin L (CTSL) in diabetic complications, including nephropathy and retinopathy. Our previous research identified CTSL as a pivotal protease promoting SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we demonstrate elevated blood CTSL levels in individuals with diabetes, facilitating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chronic hyperglycemia correlates positively with CTSL concentration and activity in diabetic patients, while acute hyperglycemia augments CTSL activity in healthy individuals. In vitro studies reveal high glucose, but not insulin, promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection in wild-type cells, with CTSL knockout cells displaying reduced susceptibility. Utilizing lung tissue samples from diabetic and non-diabetic patients, alongside Leprdb/dbmice and Leprdb/+mice, we illustrate increased CTSL activity in both humans and mice under diabetic conditions. Mechanistically, high glucose levels promote CTSL maturation and translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the lysosome via the ER-Golgi-lysosome axis. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of hyperglycemia-induced CTSL maturation in diabetic comorbidities and complications.

People with diabetes are at greater risk of developing severe COVID-19 and dying from the illness, which is caused by a virus known as SARS-CoV-2. The high blood sugar levels associated with diabetes appear to be a contributing factor to this heightened risk. However, diabetes is a complex condition encompassing a range of metabolic disorders, and it is therefore likely that other factors may contribute. Previous research identified a link between an enzyme called cathepsin L and more severe COVID-19 in people with diabetes. Elevated cathepsin L levels are known to contribute to diabetes complications, such as kidney damage and vision loss. It has also been shown that cathepsin L helps SARS-CoV-2 to enter and infect cells. This raised the question of whether elevated cathepsin L is responsible for the increased COVID-19 vulnerability in patients with diabetes. To investigate, He, Zhao et al. monitored disease severity and cathepsin L levels in patients with COVID-19. This confirmed that people with diabetes had more severe COVID-19 and that higher levels of cathepsin L are linked to more severe disease. Analysis also revealed that cathepsin L activity increases as blood glucose levels increase. In laboratory experiments, cells exposed to glucose or fluid from the blood of people with diabetes were more easily infected with SARS-CoV-2, with cells genetically modified to lack cathepsin L being more resistant to infection. Further experiments revealed this was due to glucose promoting maturation and migration of cathepsin L in the cells. The findings of He, Zhao et al. help to explain why people with diabetes are more likely to develop severe or fatal COVID-19. Therefore, controlling blood glucose levels in people with diabetes may help to prevent or reduce the severity of the disease. Additionally, therapies targeting cathepsin L could also potentially help to treat COVID-19, especially in patients with diabetes, although more research is needed to develop and test these treatments.

Period circadian regulator 2-mediated steroid hormone synthesis by regulating transcription of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in porcine granulosa cells.

Steroidogenesis is associated with circadian clock genes. However, the regulation of steroid hormone production in sow granulosal cells by Per2, a crucial circadian regulator, remains unexplored. In this study, we have identified the presence of Per2 in ovarian granulosa cells and have observed its circadian expression pattern. Employing siRNA to interfere with Per2 expression, our investigation revealed that Per2 knockdown notably elevated progesterone (P4) levels along with increasing the expression of StAR but interference of Per2 did not alter the rhythm of clock-related gene (Bmal1, Clock, Per1, and Cry1) in granulosa cells. Subsequent mechanistic analysis showed that Per2 formed complexes with PPARγ and interference with Per2 promoted the formation of the PPARγ:RXRα heterodimer. Importantly, we uncovered that PPARγ:RXRα heterodimer could control the expression of StAR via direct peroxisome proliferator response element binding to its promoter to regulate its activity, and knockdown of Per2 promoted the transcription of StAR via increasing the binding of PPARγ:RXRα ligands. Altogether, these findings indicated a noncanonical role of Per2 in controlling PPARγ:RXRα binding to regulate transcription of StAR and progesterone synthesis, thus revealing potential avenues of pharmacological and therapeutic intervention.

The circadian clock can regulate ovarian function, and disruption of the circadian clock caused by environmental factors can seriously affect the reproductive capacity of female animals, leading to ovarian diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between clock genes and ovarian function. In this study, Per2, a key gene for the circadian clock, was expressed in ovarian granulosa cells according to a rhythmic pattern, but knocking out Per2 did not alter the circadian rhythm in granulosa cells. Interference of Per2 notably elevated progesterone (P4) levels along with increasing the expression of StAR (a key gene for P4 synthesis) in granulosa cells. Subsequent mechanistic analysis showed that knockdown of Per2 enhanced transcription of StAR by promoting the formation of the PPARγ:RXRα heterodimer. These results indicated a noncanonical role of Per2 in regulating PPARγ:RXRα binding to control transcription of StAR and P4 production.

Isorhamnetin Improves Oocyte Maturation by Activating the Pi3k/Akt Signaling Pathway.

SCOPE: Isorhamnetin is a natural flavonoid with various pharmacological activities, which can be widely and continuously ingested by humans and animals through their daily diet. The aim of this study is to explore the benefits and molecular mechanisms of isorhamnetin on oocyte maturation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Oocytes are incubated with isorhamnetin (5, 10, 20, and 30 µM) for 44 h. Isorhamnetin (10 µM) increases the polar body extrusion rate of oocytes. Furthermore, isorhamnetin alleviates oxidative stress by inhibiting reactive oxygen species levels and stimulating SOD2 protein expression. The changes in intracellular mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax/Bcl-2, and C-Casp3) indicate that isorhamnetin inhibits oocyte apoptosis. Isorhamnetin inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress by reducing the protein expression of CHOP and GRP78 and improving the normal distribution rate of endoplasmic reticulum. Mechanistic studies show that isorhamnetin activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Isorhamnetin promotes oocyte maturation by inhibiting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysregulation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which have important potential for improving oocyte quality and treating female infertility.

The skin tears knowledge among geriatric ward nurses and associated factors: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To determine the level of knowledge about skin tears among geriatric ward nurses and identify associated factors. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study in Southwest China, 1172 geriatric ward nurses from 10 hospitals participated. Data were collected using Sojump, a Chinese web-based platform, and the Skin Tear Knowledge Assessment Instrument was used to assess their knowledge. The analysis involved descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The study involved participants with an average age of 36.73 (SD = 6.54) years. More than half of the participants had less than 10 years of experience in geriatric wards. 27 % specialized in wound care, and 68.1 % lacked specific training in skin tear (ST) knowledge. Additionally, 82.7 % of geriatric nurses had never been exposed to guidelines on ST prevention and management. In the geriatric ward, 36.6 % of nurses received training in ST prevention. The average knowledge score about Skin Tears (STs) was 9.52 (SD = 2.39) out of 18. 'Treatment' had the lowest mean score, while 'Specific patient groups' had the highest. The multiple linear regression analysis found that nurses' knowledge of STs was influenced by sex(ß = 0.096, P < 0.001), educational level(ß = 0.062, P < 0.001), participation in ST (ß = -0.193, P < 0.001 and wound care training(ß = -0.120, P = 0.004), and specialization as a wound care nurse(ß = -0.350, P = 0.001). These factors explained 61.3 % of the variance in knowledge about STs among the participants. CONCLUSION: The geriatric ward had limited knowledge of STs. To improve their skills in dealing with STs, managers should provide tailored training to nurses and establish a standardized, evidence-based nursing process.

Mendelian randomization and Bayesian model averaging of autoimmune diseases and Long COVID.

Background: Following COVID-19, reports suggest Long COVID and autoimmune diseases (AIDs) in infected individuals. However, bidirectional causal effects between Long COVID and AIDs, which may help to prevent diseases, have not been fully investigated. Methods: Summary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of Long COVID (N = 52615) and AIDs including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (N = 377277), Crohn's disease (CD) (N = 361508), ulcerative colitis (UC) (N = 376564), etc. were employed. Bidirectional causal effects were gauged between AIDs and Long COVID by exploiting Mendelian randomization (MR) and Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Results: The evidence of causal effects of IBD (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00-1.11, p = 3.13E-02), CD (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01-1.19, p = 2.21E-02) and UC (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03-1.13, p = 2.35E-03) on Long COVID was found. In MR-BMA, UC was estimated as the highest-ranked causal factor (MIP = 0.488, MACE = 0.035), followed by IBD and CD. Conclusion: This MR study found that IBD, CD and UC had causal effects on Long COVID, which suggests a necessity to screen high-risk populations.

Tibial cortex transverse transport surgery improves wound healing in patients with severe type 2 DFUs by activating a systemic immune response: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Tibial cortex transverse transport (TTT) surgery has become an ideal treatment for patients with type 2 severe diabetic foot ulcerations (DFUs) while conventional treatments are ineffective. Based on our clinical practice experience, the protective immune response from TTT surgery may play a role against infections to promote wound healing in patients with DFUs. Therefore, this research aimed to systematically study the specific clinical efficacy and the mechanism of TTT surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 2022 and September 2023, 68 patients with type 2 severe DFUs were enrolled and therapized by TTT surgery in this cross-sectional and experimental study. Major clinical outcomes including limb salvage rate and antibiotics usage rate were investigated. Ten clinical characteristics and laboratory features of glucose metabolism and kidney function were statistically analyzed. Blood samples from 6 key time points of TTT surgery were collected for label-free proteomics and clinical immune biomarker analysis. Besides, tissue samples from 3 key time points were for spatially resolved metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis, as well as applied to validate the key TTT-regulated molecules by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Notably, 64.7% of patients did not use antibiotics during the entire TTT surgery. TTT surgery can achieve a high limb salvage rate of 92.6% in patients with unilateral or bilateral DFUs. Pathway analysis of a total of 252 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) from the proteomic revealed that the immune response induced by TTT surgery at different stages was first comprehensively verified through multi-omics combined with immune biomarker analysis. The function of upward transport was activating the systemic immune response, and wound healing occurs with downward transport. The spatial metabolic characteristics of skin tissue from patients with DFUs indicated downregulated levels of stearoylcarnitine and the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway in skin tissue from patients with severe DFUs. Finally, the expressions of PRNP (prion protein) to activate the immune response, PLCB3 (PLCB3, phospholipase C beta 3) and VE-cadherin to play roles in neovascularization, and PPDPF (pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation factor), LAMC2 (laminin subunit gamma 2) and SPRR2G (small proline rich protein 2G) to facilitate the developmental process mainly keratinocyte differentiation were statistically significant in skin tissues through transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analysis. CONCLUSION: Tibial cortex transverse transport (TTT) surgery demonstrates favorable outcomes for patients with severe type 2 DFUs by activating a systemic immune response, contributing to anti-infection, ulcer recurrence, and the limb salvage rate for unilateral or bilateral DFUs. The specific clinical immune responses, candidate proteins, genes, and metabolic characteristics provide directions for in-depth mechanistic research on TTT surgery. Further research and public awareness are needed to optimize TTT surgery in patients with severe type 2 DFUs.

High-Lactate-Metabolizing Photosynthetic Bacteria Reprogram Tumor Immune Microenvironment.

The elevated levels of lactate in tumor tissue play a pivotal role in fostering an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, efficiently reducing lactate levels to reprogram tumor immune microenvironment (TIM) is considered a crucial step for boosted immunotherapy. Here, a high-lactate-metabolizing photosynthetic bacteria (LAB-1) is selectively screened for TIM reprogramming, which then improves the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. The culture medium for LAB-1 screening is initially developed through an orthogonal experiment, simulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and utilizing lactate as the sole organic carbon source. As demonstrated in a murine 4T1 model, LAB-1 colonizes the TME selectively, resulting in a significant reduction in lactate levels and a subsequent increase in pH values within the tumor tissue. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis reveals that LAB-1 effectively reprograms the TIM, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of antitumor immune therapy. This approach of utilizing lactate-consuming bacteria represents a potent tool for augmenting tumor immunotherapy efficiency.

Effect of add-on transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on major depressive disorder (MDD) was not confirmed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of tACS as an add-on treatment for the symptoms of depression and to understand how tACS affects brain activity. METHODS: The 4-week, double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial was performed from January 29, 2023 to December 22, 2023. Sixty-six participants were recruited and randomly assigned to receive 20 40-min sessions of either active (77.5Hz, 15 mA) or sham stimulation, with one electrode on the forehead and two on the mastoid, each day (n = 33 for each group) for four weeks (till Week 4). The participants were followed for 4 more weeks (till Week 8) without stimulation for efficacy/safety assessment. During the 4-week trial, all participants were required to take 10-20 mg of escitalopram daily. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in HAMD-17 scores from baseline to Week 4 (with 20 treatment sessions completed). Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) was collected with a 64-channel EEG system (Brain Products, Germany) at baseline and the Week 4 follow-up. The chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent-sample t-test, or Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used, as appropriate, to compare the differences in variables between groups. The effect of the intervention on the HAMD-17 score was also evaluated with linear mixed modeling (LMM) as sensitivity analysis. The correlation between the mean reduction in EEG and the mean reduction in the HAMD-17 total score was evaluated using Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients (mean [SD] age, 28.4 [8.18] years; 52 [78.8 %] female) were randomized, and 57 patients completed the study. Significant differences were found in the reductions in the HAMD-17 scores at Week 4 (t = 3.44, P = 0.001). Response rates at Week 4 were significantly higher in the active tACS group than in the sham tACS group (22 out of 33 patients [66.7 %] versus 11 out of 33 [33.3 %], P = 0.007). In the active tACS group, a correlation between the mean change in alpha power and HAMD-17 scores at Week 4 was found (r = 2.38, P = 0.024), and the mean change in alpha power was significantly bigger for responders (Z = 2.46, P = 0.014). No serious adverse events were observed in this trial. CONCLUSION: The additional antidepressant effect of tACS is significant, and the combination of tACS with antidepressants is a feasible and effective approach for the treatment of MDD. The antidepressant mechanism of tACS may be the reduction in alpha power in the left frontal lobe. Future research directions may include exploring more appropriate treatment parameters of tACS.

Diquat causes mouse testis injury through inducing heme oxygenase-1-mediated ferroptosis in spermatogonia.

Diquat dibromide (DQ) is a globally used herbicide in agriculture, and its overuse poses an important public health issue, including male reproductive toxicity in mammals. However, the effects and molecular mechanisms of DQ on testes are limited. In vivo experiments, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 8 or 10 mg/kg/ day of DQ for 28 days. It has been found that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mediates DQ-induced ferroptosis in mouse spermatogonia, thereby damaging testicular development and spermatogenesis. Histopathologically, we found that DQ exposure caused seminiferous tubule disorders, reduced germ cells, and increased sperm malformation, in mice. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining of frozen section and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) displayed DQ promoted ROS generation and mitochondrial morphology alterations in mouse testes, suggesting that DQ treatment induced testicular oxidative stress. Subsequent RNA-sequencing further showed that DQ treatment might trigger ferroptosis pathway, attributed to disturbed glutathione metabolism and iron homeostasis in spermatogonia cells in vitro. Consistently, results of western blotting, measurements of MDA and ferrous iron, and ROS staining confirmed that DQ increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and accelerated ferrous iron accumulation both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, inhibition of ferroptosis by deferoxamine (DFO) markedly ameliorated DQ-induced cell death and dysfunction. By RNA-sequencing, we found that the expression of HO-1 was significantly upregulated in DQ-treated spermatogonia, while ZnPP (a specific inhibitor of HO-1) blocked spermatogonia ferroptosis by balancing intracellular iron homeostasis. In mice, administration of the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 effectively restored the increase of HO-1 levels in the spermatogonia, prevented spermatogonia death, and alleviated the spermatogenesis disorders induced by DQ. Overall, these findings suggest that HO-1 mediates DQ-induced spermatogonia ferroptosis in mouse testes, and targeting HO-1 may be an effective protective strategy against male reproductive disorders induced by pesticides in agriculture.

Modulation of brain function and antidepressant effects by transcranial alternating current stimulation in patients with major depressive disorder: Evidence from ERP.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), but its mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of tACS on event-related potentials (ERP) based on a randomized controlled study. All patients were divided into two groups to receive either 20 sessions 77.5Hz-tACS or 20 sessions of sham stimulation during 4 weeks. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for Depression -17 item (HAMD-17) and ERP during face-word Stroop task were recorded before and after the treatment (the fourth weekend). Our findings indicate a significant alleviation of depressive symptoms after tACS. For the behavioral performance, sham group showed a significant decrease in reaction time to the sad incongruent condition and an increase in accuracy to the happy condition. The active group showed an increase in accuracy to the incongruent condition. ERP analysis revealed that tACS significantly shortened the latency of P2 to incongruent condition, decreased the amplitude and prolonged the latency of N2 to negative condition. These ERP alterations suggest a potential rectification of negative bias and enhancement of cognitive functioning in patients with MDD, offering insights into the antidepressant mechanisms of tACS.

Sishen Pill inhibits intestinal inflammation in diarrhea mice via regulating kidney-intestinal bacteria-metabolic pathway.

Background: Sishen Pill (SSP) has good efficacy in diarrhea with deficiency kidney-yang syndrome (DKYS), but the mechanism of efficacy involving intestinal microecology has not been elucidated. Objective: This study investigated the mechanism of SSP in regulating intestinal microecology in diarrhea with DKYS. Methods: Adenine combined with Folium sennae was used to construct a mouse model of diarrhea with DKYS and administered with SSP. The behavioral changes and characteristics of gut content microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of mice were analyzed to explore the potential association between the characteristic bacteria, SCFAs, intestinal inflammatory and kidney function-related indicators. Results: After SSP intervention, the body weight and anal temperature of diarrhea with DKYS gradually recovered and approached the normal level. Lactobacillus johnsonii was significantly enriched, and propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids were elevated. Serum creatinine (Cr), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels of the mice were reduced, while serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the colonic tissues were increased. Moreover, there were correlations between L. johnsonii, SCFAs, intestinal inflammatory, and kidney function. Conclusion: SSP might suppress the intestinal inflammation by regulating the "L. johnsonii-propionic acid" pathway, thus achieving the effect of treating diarrhea with DKYS.

Refining the phylogeny and taxonomy of the apple tribe Maleae (Rosaceae): insights from phylogenomic analyses of 563 plastomes and a taxonomic synopsis of Photinia and its allies in the Old World.

This study addresses the longstanding absence of a comprehensive phylogenetic backbone for the apple tribe Maleae, a deficiency attributed to limited taxon and marker sampling. We conducted an extensive taxon sampling, incorporating 563 plastomes from a diverse range of 370 species encompassing 26 presently recognized genera. Employing a range of phylogenetic inference methods, including RAxML and IQ-TREE2 for Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses, we established a robust phylogenetic framework for the Maleae tribe. Our phylogenomic investigations provided compelling support for three major clades within Maleae. By integrating nuclear phylogenetic data with morphological and chromosomal evidence, we propose an updated infra-tribal taxonomic system, comprising subtribe Malinae Reveal, subtribe Lindleyinae Reveal, and subtribe Vauqueliniinae B.B.Liu (subtr. nov.). Plastid phylogenetic analysis also confirmed the monophyly of most genera, except for Amelanchier, Malus, Sorbus sensu lato, and Stranvaesia. In addition, we present a comprehensive taxonomic synopsis of Photinia and its morphological allies in the Old World, recognizing 27 species and ten varieties within Photinia, three species and two varieties within Stranvaesia, and two species and three varieties within Weniomeles. Furthermore, we also lectotypified 12 names and made two new combinations, Photiniamicrophylla (J.E.Vidal) B.B.Liu and Weniomelesatropurpurea (P.L.Chiu ex Z.H.Chen & X.F.Jin) B.B.Liu.

Young TSPC-Derived Exosomal circPVT1 Ameliorates Aging-Impaired Cell Function via SIRT1/NF-κB.

Tendon stem/progenitor cell (TSPC) senescence is often associated with age-dependent tendon diseases and greatly reduces the capacities for tendon repair and replacement. Exosomes contain bioactive molecules and have been increasingly used in regenerative medicine. In the present study, we demonstrated the antiaging effects of young exosomes from circPVT1-overexpressing TSPCs at early passages (circPVT1-exo). These exosomes attenuated the phenotypes of aged TSPCs at late passages (L-TSPCs) by enhancing self-renewal and proliferation abilities, suppressing cell senescence, maintaining their tenogenic capacity, and weakening their osteogenic differentiation. Mechanistically, circPVT1-exo inhibited the NF-κB pathway and increased SIRT1 expression in L-TSPCs. Knockdown of SIRT1 reversed these effects as evidenced by increased senescence, decreased proliferation, and tenogenic differentiation. These results suggest that circPVT1-exo may ameliorate aging-impaired TSPC function by modulating the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway, suggesting that circPVT1-exo has therapeutic potential for age-related diseases.

Highly efficient Mn2+, Mg2+, and NH4+ recovery from electrolytic manganese residue via leaching, solvent extraction, coprecipitation, and atmospheric oxidation.

Electrolytic manganese residue (EMR), a solid waste generated during electrolytic manganese production, exhibits substantial leaching toxicity owing to its elevated levels of soluble Mn2+ and NH4+. The leaching and recovery of valuable metal ions and NH4+ from EMR are key to the hazard-free treatment and resource utilization of EMR. In this study, two-stage countercurrent leaching with water was used to leach Mn2+, Mg2+, and NH4+ from EMR. Subsequently, two-stage countercurrent extraction was conducted using α-hydroxy-2-ethylhexyl phosphinic acid (α-H-2-EHA) as an extractant to enrich Mn2+, and Mg2+, and NH4+ were recovered via coprecipitation. Based on the calculations for a single leaching-extraction process, the recoveries of Mn2+, Mg2+, and NH4+ ions exceeded 80%, 99%, and 90%, respectively. In addition, high-purity Mn3O4 with an Mn content of 71.61% and struvite were produced. This process represents a win-win strategy that facilitates the hazard-free treatment of EMR while simultaneously recovering valuable Mn2+, Mg2+, and NH4+ resources from waste. Thus, this study provides a novel approach to the hazard-free and resourceful management of solid waste. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Electrolytic manganese residue (EMR), a solid waste generated during electrolytic manganese production, poses significant environmental risks due to its soluble heavy metals and ammonia nitrogen content. Efforts have been made to address this issue, but there has been no mature industrial application due to cost or processing capacity constraints. In this work, solvent extraction was first used to enrich Mn2+ from EMR leachate, and a novel α­hydroxy­2­ethylhexyl phosphinic acid was used as extractant. High purity Mn3O4 and struvite was synthesized through this process. The win­win strategy offers a novel approach for the hazard­free and resourceful utilization of solid waste.

Altered effective connectivity among face-processing systems in major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging studies have revealed abnormal functional interaction during the processing of emotional faces in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), thereby enhancing our comprehension of the pathophysiology of MDD. However, it is unclear whether there is abnormal directional interaction among face-processing systems in patients with MDD. METHODS: A group of patients with MDD and a healthy control group underwent a face-matching task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dynamic causal modelling (DCM) analysis was used to investigate effective connectivity between 7 regions in the face-processing systems. We used a Parametric Empirical Bayes model to compare effective connectivity between patients with MDD and controls. RESULTS: We included 48 patients and 44 healthy controls in our analyses. Both groups showed higher accuracy and faster reaction time in the shape-matching condition than in the face-matching condition. However, no significant behavioural or brain activation differences were found between the groups. Using DCM, we found that, compared with controls, patients with MDD showed decreased self-connection in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), amygdala, and fusiform face area (FFA) across task conditions; increased intrinsic connectivity from the right amygdala to the bilateral DLPFC, right FFA, and left amygdala, suggesting an increased intrinsic connectivity centred in the amygdala in the right side of the face-processing systems; both increased and decreased positive intrinsic connectivity in the left side of the face-processing systems; and comparable task modulation effect on connectivity. LIMITATIONS: Our study did not include longitudinal neuroimaging data, and there was limited region of interest selection in the DCM analysis. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence for a complex pattern of alterations in the face-processing systems in patients with MDD, potentially involving the right amygdala to a greater extent. The results confirm some previous findings and highlight the crucial role of the regions on both sides of face-processing systems in the pathophysiology of MDD.