MicroCT Imaging of Heart Valve Tissue in Fluid.

BACKGROUND: Heart valve computational models require high quality geometric input data, commonly obtained using micro-computed tomography. Whether in the open or closed configuration, most studies utilize dry valves, which poses significant challenges including gravitational and surface tension effects along with desiccation induced mechanical changes. OBJECTIVE: These challenges are overcome by scanning in a stress-free configuration in fluid. Utilizing fluid backgrounds however reduces overall contrast due to the similar density of fluid and tissue. METHODS: The work presented here demonstrates imaging of the mitral valve by utilizing an iodine-based staining solution to improve the contrast of valve tissue against a fluid background and investigates the role of stain time and concentration. RESULTS: It is determined that an Olea europaea oil bath with a relatively high concentration, short stain time approach produces high quality imagery suitable for creating accurate 3D renderings. CONCLUSIONS: Micro-CT scanning of heart valves in fluid is shown to be feasible using iodine staining techniques.

Regional dependence of cerebral reperfusion after circulatory arrest in rats.

The severity of neurologic dysfunction after circulatory arrest depends on cerebral reperfusion during and after resuscitation. The objective of current study was to investigate the temporal and spatial patterns of the cerebral perfusion immediately after resuscitation. Precise control of circulatory arrest was achieved in rats by combination of asphyxia and transient blockage of cardiac-specific beta-adrenergic receptors with esmolol, an ultra-short-acting beta-blocker. Animals were randomized into 3 groups with resuscitation starting 0.5 (sham group, no asphyxia, n = 5), 4 (Group 2, n = 5), or 12 minutes (Group 3, n = 8) later by retrograde intraarterial infusion of donor blood along with a resuscitation mixture. Cerebral perfusion was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using arterial spin labeling. The average perfusion before arrest was 163 +/- 27 mL 100 g(-1) min(-1) under isoflurane anesthesia. Resuscitation led to transient perfusion increase, which started from thalamus and hypothalamus and later shifted to the cortex. Severe hypoperfusion to as low as 6% to 20% of the normal level developed in the first 10 to 20 minutes of reperfusion and lasted for at least 2 hours. On the fifth day after circulatory arrest, all animals showed a normal level of perfusion (159 +/- 57 mL 100 g(-1) min(-1) ) and minimal neurologic deficit. Nevertheless, histologic examination revealed extensive changes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus consistent with global ischemia and reperfusion damage. The combination of an improved circulatory arrest model and noninvasive MRI cerebral perfusion measurements provides a powerful tool for investigations of circulatory arrest and resuscitation, allowing for evaluation of therapies aimed at modulating cerebral reperfusion.

Distinctly different interactions of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer with transmembrane channel peptides.

Although it plays no clinical role in general anesthesia, gramicidin A, a transmembrane channel peptide, provides an excellent model for studying the specific interaction between volatile anesthetics and membrane proteins at the molecular level. We show here that a pair of structurally similar volatile anesthetic and nonimmobilizer (nonanesthetic), 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (F3) and 1, 2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (F6), respectively, interacts differently with the transmembrane peptide. With 400 microM gramicidin A in a vesicle suspension of 60 mM phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylglycerol (PC/PG), the intermolecular cross-relaxation rate constants between (19)F of F3 and (1)H in the chemical shift regions for the indole and backbone amide protons were 0.0106 +/- 0.0007 (n = 12) and 0.0105 +/- 0.0014 (n = 8) s(-1), respectively. No cross-relaxation was measurable between (19)F of F6 and protons in these regions. Sodium transport study showed that with 75 microM gramicidin A in a vesicle suspension of 66 mM PC/PG, F3 increased the (23)Na apparent efflux rate constant from 149.7 +/- 7.2 of control (n = 3) to 191.7 +/- 12.2 s(-1) (n = 3), and the apparent influx rate constant from 182.1 +/- 15.4 to 222.8 +/- 21.7 s(-1) (n = 3). In contrast, F6 had no effects on either influx or efflux rate. It is concluded that the ability of general anesthetics to interact with amphipathic residues near the peptide-lipid-water interface and the inability of nonimmobilizer to do the same may represent some characteristics of anesthetic-protein interaction that are of importance to general anesthesia.

Concentration-dependent isoflurane effects on depolarization-evoked glutamate and GABA outflows from mouse brain slices.

The synaptic concentrations of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are modulated by their release and re-uptake. The effects of general anaesthetics on these two processes remain unclear. This study evaluates the effects of isoflurane, a clinically important anaesthetic, on glutamate and GABA release and re-uptake in superfused mouse cerebrocortical slices. Experiments consisted of two 1.5-min exposures to 40 mM KCl in 30 min intervals. During the second exposure, different concentrations of isoflurane with and without 0.3 mM L-transpyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC, a competitive inhibitor of glutamate uptake transporter) or 1 mM nipecotic acid (a competitive inhibitor of GABA uptake transporter) were introduced. The ratios of the second to first KCl-evoked increases in glutamate and GABA were used to determine the isoflurane concentration-response curves. The results can be described as a sum of two independent processes, corresponding to the inhibitions of release and re-uptake, respectively. The EC50 values for the inhibitions of release and re-uptake were 295+/-16 and 805+/-43 microM for glutamate, and 229+/-13 and 520+/-25 microM for GABA, respectively. Addition of PDC did not significantly affect glutamate release but shifted the re-uptake curve to the left (EC50= 315+/-20 microM). Nipecotic acid completely blocked GABA uptake, rendering isoflurane inhibition of GABA re-uptake undetectable. Our data suggest that isoflurane inhibits both the release and re-uptake of neurotransmitters and that the inhibitions occur at different EC50's. For GABA, both EC50's are within the clinical concentration range. The net anaesthetic effect on extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitters, particularly GABA, depends on the competition between inhibition of release and that of re-uptake.

[31P]/[1H] nuclear magnetic resonance study of mitigating effects of GYKI 52466 on kainate-induced metabolic impairment in perfused rat cerebrocortical slices.

PURPOSE: Kainic acid (KA) has long been used in experimental animals to induce status epilepticus (SE). A mechanistic implication of this is the association between excitotoxicity and brain damage during or after SE. We evaluated KA-induced metabolic impairment and the potential mitigating effects of GYKI 52466 [1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine] in superfused rat cerebral cortical slices. METHODS: Interleaved [31P]/[1H] magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to assess energy metabolism, intracellular pH (pHi), N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA) level, and lactate (Lac) formation before, during, and after a 56-min exposure to 4 mM KA in freshly oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (oxy-ACSF). RESULTS: In the absence of GYKI 52466 and during the KA exposure, NAA, PCr, and ATP levels were decreased to 91.1 +/- 0.8, 62.4 +/- 3.9, and 59.1 +/- 4.3% of the control, respectively; Lac was increased to 118.2 +/- 2.1 %, and pH, was reduced from 7.27 +/- 0.02 to 7.13 +/- 0.02. During 4-h recovery with KA-free ACSF, pHi rapidly and Lac gradually recovered, NAA decreased further to 85.5 +/- 0.3%, and PCr and ATP showed little recovery. Removal of Mg2+ from ACSF during KA exposure caused a more profound Lac increase (to 147.1 +/- 4.0%) during KA exposure and a further NAA decrease (to 80.4 +/- 0.5%) during reperfusion, but did not exacerbate PCr, ATP, and pHi changes. Inclusion of 100 microM GYKI 52466 during KA exposure significantly improved energy metabolism: the PCr and ATP levels were above 76.6 +/- 2.1 and 82.0 +/- 2.9% of the control, respectively, during KA exposure and recovered to 101.4 +/- 2.4 and 95.0 +/- 2.4%, respectively, during reperfusion. NAA level remained at 99.8 +/- 0.6% during exposure and decreased only slightly at a later stage of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding supports the notion that KA-induced SE causes metabolic disturbance and neuronal injury mainly by overexcitation through non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor functions.

A reproducible model of circulatory arrest and remote resuscitation in rats for NMR investigation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Because noninvasive physiological monitoring of cerebral blood flow, metabolic integrity, and brain ion and water homeostasis can now be accomplished with new, state-of-the-art MR spectroscopy and imaging techniques, it is appropriate to develop controllable and reproducible animal models that permit prolonged circulatory arrest and resuscitation in the magnet and also allow for studies of long-term survival and outcome. We have developed such a model in rats that involves minimal surgical preparations and can achieve resuscitation remotely within precisely controlled time. METHODS: Cardiac arrest was induced by asphyxiation, the duration of which ranged from 8 to 24 minutes. Resuscitation was achieved remotely by a slow, intra-aortic infusion of oxygenated blood (withdrawn either from the same rat before asphyxia or from a healthy donor rat) along with a resuscitation cocktail containing heparin (50 U/100 g), sodium bicarbonate (0.1 mEq/100 g), and epinephrine (4 micrograms/100 g). The body temperature was measured by a tympanic thermocouple probe and was controlled either by a heating pad (constant tympanic temperature = 37 degrees C) or by warm ambient air (constant air temperature = 37 degrees C). Interleaved 31P/1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used in a selected group of rats to measure the cerebral metabolism before and during approximately 20 minutes of circulatory arrest and after resuscitation. RESULTS: The overall success rate of resuscitation, irrespective of the duration of cardiac arrest, was 82% (51 of 62). With a programmed infusion pump, the success rate was even higher (95%). The survival time for rats subjected to 15 and 19 minutes of asphyxia with core temperature tightly controlled was significantly lower than that with ambient temperature control (P < 0.001 and P < 0.04, respectively). High-quality NMR spectra can be obtained continuously without interference from the resuscitation effort. Final histological examinations taken 5 days after resuscitation showed typical neuronal damages, similar to those found in other global ischemia models. CONCLUSIONS: Because the no-flow time and resuscitation time can be precisely controlled, this outcome model is ideally suited for studies of ischemic and reperfusion injuries in the brain and possibly in other critical organs, permitting continuous assessment of long-term recovery and follow-up in the same animals.

Comparison of anaesthetic and non-anaesthetic effects on depolarization-evoked glutamate and GABA release from mouse cerebrocortical slices.

1. Investigation with substances that are similar in structure, but different in anaesthetic properties, may lead to further understanding of the mechanisms of general anaesthesia. 2. We have studied the effects of two cyclobutane derivatives, the anaesthetic, 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (F3), and the non-anaesthetic, 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (F6), on K+-evoked glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from isolated, superfused, cerebrocortical slices from mice, by use of h.p.l.c. with fluorescence detection for quantitative analysis. 3. At clinically relevant concentrations, the anaesthetic, F3, inhibited 40 mM K+-evoked glutamate and GABA release by 72% and 47%, respectively, whereas the structurally similar non-anaesthetic, F6, suppressed evoked glutamate release by 70% but had no significant effects on evoked GABA release. A second exposure to 40 mM KCl after a approximately 30 min washout of F3 or F6 showed recovery of K+-evoked release, suggesting that F3 and F6 did not cause any non-specific or irreversible changes in the brain slices. 4. Our findings suggest that suppression of excitatory neurotransmitter release may not be directly relevant to the primary action of general anaesthetics. A mechanism involving inhibitory postsynaptic action is implicated, in which a moderate suppression of depolarization-evoked GABA release by the anaesthetic may be consistent with the enhancement of postsynaptic GABAergic activities.

Unifying characteristics of sites of anesthetic action revealed by combined use of anesthetics and non-anesthetics.

1. The usefulness of nonanesthetics in the study of mechanisms of general anesthesia lies in the possibility to identify the unifying characteristics of molecular sites that are shared by the anesthetics but not by the structurally similar nonanesthetics. 2. In model membranes, pairs of structurally similar anesthetics and nonanesthetics showed distinctly different submolecular distributions. 3. This difference may be the underlying cause for the different anesthetic and nonanesthetic interaction with gramicidin A, a model transmembrane cation channel. 4. Generalization of our findings suggests that the nature of the sites, whether in lipids or proteins, must be neither extremely hydrophilic nor extremely lipophilic, but amphiphilic.