ABSTRACT
In order to investigate the immune enhancement effects of Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharide Ophiopogon japonicus (OJPS) on Newcastle disease (ND) live vaccine, chickens vaccinated against ND live vaccine was orally administered with the OJPS at high, medium and low concentrations respectively. In negative control group, chickens were given orally equal volume of physiological saline. On day 14, 21 and 28, the serum antibody titer, erythrocyte-C3b receptor rosette rate (E-C3bRR), erythrocyte-C3b immune complex rosette rate (E-ICRR) and peripheral lymphocyte proliferation were measured. The results showed that at most time points, the antibody titer, peripheral lymphocyte proliferation, E-C3bRR and elimination rate of immune complex of three OJPS administrating groups were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in negative control group. It indicated that OJPS could significantly improve the immune efficacy of Newcastle disease live vaccine, Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharide possessed synergistical immunoenhancement.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/virology , Newcastle Disease/immunology , Ophiopogon/chemistry , Viral Vaccines/analysis , Adjuvants, Immunologic , Antibodies/blood , Erythrocytes/immunology , Lymphocytes/immunologyABSTRACT
In order to investigate the immune enhancement effects of Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharide Ophiopogon japonicus (OJPS) on Newcastle disease (ND) live vaccine, chickens vaccinated against ND live vaccine was orally administered with the OJPS at high, medium and low concentrations respectively. In negative control group, chickens were given orally equal volume of physiological saline. On day 14, 21 and 28, the serum antibody titer, erythrocyte-C3b receptor rosette rate (E-C3bRR), erythrocyte-C3b immune complex rosette rate (E-ICRR) and peripheral lymphocyte proliferation were measured. The results showed that at most time points, the antibody titer, peripheral lymphocyte proliferation, E-C3bRR and elimination rate of immune complex of three OJPS administrating groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in negative control group. It indicated that OJPS could significantly improve the immune efficacy of Newcastle disease live vaccine, Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharide possessed synergistical immunoenhancement.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Ophiopogon , Newcastle Disease , Polysaccharides , Chickens/immunology , Lymphocytes , Adjuvants, ImmunologicABSTRACT
It is well known that the type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III (T3) effectors are essential for the pathogenicity of most bacterial phytopathogens and that the expression of T3SS and T3 effectors is suppressed in rich media but induced in minimal media and plants. To facilitate in-depth studies on T3SS and T3 effectors, it is crucial to establish a medium for T3 effector expression and secretion. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a model bacterium for studying plant-pathogen interactions. To date no medium for Xcc T3 effector secretion has been defined. Here, we compared four minimal media (MME, MMX, XVM2, and XOM2) which are reported for T3 expression induction in Xanthomonas spp. and found that MME is most efficient for expression and secretion of Xcc T3 effectors. By optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources and pH value based on MME, we established XCM1 medium, which is about 3 times stronger than MME for Xcc T3 effectors secretion. We further optimized the concentration of phosphate, calcium, and magnesium in XCM1 and found that XCM1 with a lower concentration of magnesium (renamed as XCM2) is about 10 times as efficient as XCM1 (meanwhile, about 30 times stronger than MME). Thus, we established an inducing medium XCM2 which is preferred for T3 effector secretion in Xcc.
Subject(s)
Receptors, Thyroid Hormone , Blotting, Western , Xanthomonas campestris , Glucuronidase , TriiodothyronineABSTRACT
It is well known that the type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III (T3) effectors are essential for the pathogenicity of most bacterial phytopathogens and that the expression of T3SS and T3 effectors is suppressed in rich media but induced in minimal media and plants. To facilitate in-depth studies on T3SS and T3 effectors, it is crucial to establish a medium for T3 effector expression and secretion. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a model bacterium for studying plant-pathogen interactions. To date no medium for Xcc T3 effector secretion has been defined. Here, we compared four minimal media (MME, MMX, XVM2, and XOM2) which are reported for T3 expression induction in Xanthomonas spp. and found that MME is most efficient for expression and secretion of Xcc T3 effectors. By optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources and pH value based on MME, we established XCM1 medium, which is about 3 times stronger than MME for Xcc T3 effectors secretion. We further optimized the concentration of phosphate, calcium, and magnesium in XCM1 and found that XCM1 with a lower concentration of magnesium (renamed as XCM2) is about 10 times as efficient as XCM1 (meanwhile, about 30 times stronger than MME). Thus, we established an inducing medium XCM2 which is preferred for T3 effector secretion in Xcc.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Secretion Systems , Bacterial Proteins , Culture Media/chemistry , Virulence Factors/metabolism , Xanthomonas campestris/growth & development , Xanthomonas campestris/metabolismABSTRACT
It is well known that the type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III (T3) effectors are essential for the pathogenicity of most bacterial phytopathogens and that the expression of T3SS and T3 effectors is suppressed in rich media but induced in minimal media and plants. To facilitate in-depth studies on T3SS and T3 effectors, it is crucial to establish a medium for T3 effector expression and secretion. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a model bacterium for studying plant-pathogen interactions. To date no medium for Xcc T3 effector secretion has been defined. Here, we compared four minimal media (MME, MMX, XVM2, and XOM2) which are reported for T3 expression induction in Xanthomonas spp. and found that MME is most efficient for expression and secretion of Xcc T3 effectors. By optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources and pH value based on MME, we established XCM1 medium, which is about 3 times stronger than MME for Xcc T3 effectors secretion. We further optimized the concentration of phosphate, calcium, and magnesium in XCM1 and found that XCM1 with a lower concentration of magnesium (renamed as XCM2) is about 10 times as efficient as XCM1 (meanwhile, about 30 times stronger than MME). Thus, we established an inducing medium XCM2 which is preferred for T3 effector secretion in Xcc.(AU)
Subject(s)
Xanthomonas campestris , Receptors, Thyroid Hormone , Blotting, Western , Glucuronidase , TriiodothyronineABSTRACT
It is well known that the type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III (T3) effectors are essential for the pathogenicity of most bacterial phytopathogens and that the expression of T3SS and T3 effectors is suppressed in rich media but induced in minimal media and plants. To facilitate in-depth studies on T3SS and T3 effectors, it is crucial to establish a medium for T3 effector expression and secretion. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a model bacterium for studying plant-pathogen interactions. To date no medium for Xcc T3 effector secretion has been defined. Here, we compared four minimal media (MME, MMX, XVM2, and XOM2) which are reported for T3 expression induction in Xanthomonas spp. and found that MME is most efficient for expression and secretion of Xcc T3 effectors. By optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources and pH value based on MME, we established XCM1 medium, which is about 3 times stronger than MME for Xcc T3 effectors secretion. We further optimized the concentration of phosphate, calcium, and magnesium in XCM1 and found that XCM1 with a lower concentration of magnesium (renamed as XCM2) is about 10 times as efficient as XCM1 (meanwhile, about 30 times stronger than MME). Thus, we established an inducing medium XCM2 which is preferred for T3 effector secretion in Xcc.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Bacterial Secretion Systems , Culture Media/chemistry , Virulence Factors/metabolism , Xanthomonas campestris/growth & development , Xanthomonas campestris/metabolismABSTRACT
Background: Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is regarded as one of the two most devastating diseases of poultry with the characteristics of serious disease and high flock mortality. It causes severe economic losses in domestic poultry, especially in chickens. At present, there were no effective drugs to treat this disease and the main method to control ND was vaccination. Moreover, new strains of virus resistant to chemotherapy continue to emerge, so does the need for a safe and effective vaccine. The immune adjuvant can make vaccine generate a strong immune response providing long-term protection against infection. With commonly usage of some immune adjuvants (e.g. mineral oil and aluminium hydroxide), many problems were occurred, such as side effects, strong local stimulation and carcinogenesis, together with complicated preparation, or failure to increase immunogenicity of weak antigen and so on. Botanical polysaccharides, as a new type of adjuvant or immunopotentiator, had become the hot research area because of their less side effects and no toxicity. The purpose of this research was to observe whether Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharide (CVPS) possessed synergistical immunoenhancement, and offer the theoretical evidence for developing potential new-type adjuvant. Materials, Methods &a
Background: Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is regarded as one of the two most devastating diseases of poultry with the characteristics of serious disease and high flock mortality. It causes severe economic losses in domestic poultry, especially in chickens. At present, there were no effective drugs to treat this disease and the main method to control ND was vaccination. Moreover, new strains of virus resistant to chemotherapy continue to emerge, so does the need for a safe and effective vaccine. The immune adjuvant can make vaccine generate a strong immune response providing long-term protection against infection. With commonly usage of some immune adjuvants (e.g. mineral oil and aluminium hydroxide), many problems were occurred, such as side effects, strong local stimulation and carcinogenesis, together with complicated preparation, or failure to increase immunogenicity of weak antigen and so on. Botanical polysaccharides, as a new type of adjuvant or immunopotentiator, had become the hot research area because of their less side effects and no toxicity. The purpose of this research was to observe whether Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharide (CVPS) possessed synergistical immunoenhancement, and offer the theoretical evidence for developing potential new-type adjuvant. Materials, Methods &a
ABSTRACT
Background: Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is regarded as one of the two most devastating diseases of poultry with the characteristics of serious disease and high flock mortality. It causes severe economic losses in domestic poultry, especially in chickens. At present, there were no effective drugs to treat this disease and the main method to control ND was vaccination. Moreover, new strains of virus resistant to chemotherapy continue to emerge, so does the need for a safe and effective vaccine. The immune adjuvant can make vaccine generate a strong immune response providing long-term protection against infection. With commonly usage of some immune adjuvants (e.g. mineral oil and aluminium hydroxide), many problems were occurred, such as side effects, strong local stimulation and carcinogenesis, together with complicated preparation, or failure to increase immunogenicity of weak antigen and so on. Botanical polysaccharides, as a new type of adjuvant or immunopotentiator, had become the hot research area because of their less side effects and no toxicity. The purpose of this research was to observe whether Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharide (CVPS) possessed synergistical immunoenhancement, and offer the theoretical evidence for developing potential new-type adjuvant. Materials, Methods & Results: 200 three-yellow chickens at one day of age were randomly divided into four groups and reared in separated pens. On 7 days old, the average maternal serum hemaglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer was less than 3 log2, all chickens of each group (the average body weight (BW) was 120 g) were vaccinated with ND live vaccine through nasal drip and eye-drop. At the same time, the chickens in three CVPS groups (high, medium and low doses of CVPS) were orally administered with 0.5 mL of CVPS at concentrations of 100 mg/kg BW, 50 mg/kg BW, 25 mg/kg BW respectively, once a day for fi ve successive day, in negative control group (NC), with 0.5 mL of physiological saline, once a day for fi ve successive day. On days 14, 21 and 28, the serum antibody titer, erythrocyte-C3b receptor rosette rate (E-C3bRR), erythrocyte-C3b immune complex rosette rate (E-ICRR), peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and peripheral CD4+/CD8+ ratio were measured. The results showed that the antibody titer, E-C3bRR, elimination rate of immune complex and peripheral lymphocyte proliferation in three CVPS groups and peripheral CD4+/CD8+ ratio in medium dosage of CVPS group were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in control group throughout the process of whole experiment almost. Discussion: The CVPS not only improved the E-C3bRR and accelerated the elimination rate of CIC, but also induced higher antibody titer, peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and peripheral CD4+ /CD8+ ratio in chickens vaccinated against ND live vaccine. This indicated that CVPS possessed immune-enhancement efficacy of ND live vaccine and might be expected as a candidate of new-type adjuvant.
Subject(s)
Animals , Polysaccharides/administration & dosage , Polysaccharides/adverse effects , Poultry Diseases/virology , Chickens/virology , CD4-CD8 Ratio/veterinary , Apiaceae , Newcastle Disease/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Background: Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is regarded as one of the two most devastating diseases of poultry with the characteristics of serious disease and high flock mortality. It causes severe economic losses in domestic poultry, especially in chickens. At present, there were no effective drugs to treat this disease and the main method to control ND was vaccination. Moreover, new strains of virus resistant to chemotherapy continue to emerge, so does the need for a safe and effective vaccine. The immune adjuvant can make vaccine generate a strong immune response providing long-term protection against infection. With commonly usage of some immune adjuvants (e.g. mineral oil and aluminium hydroxide), many problems were occurred, such as side effects, strong local stimulation and carcinogenesis, together with complicated preparation, or failure to increase immunogenicity of weak antigen and so on. Botanical polysaccharides, as a new type of adjuvant or immunopotentiator, had become the hot research area because of their less side effects and no toxicity. The purpose of this research was to observe whether Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharide (CVPS) possessed synergistical immunoenhancement, and offer the theoretical evidence for developing potential new-type adjuvant. Materials, Methods &a
Background: Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is regarded as one of the two most devastating diseases of poultry with the characteristics of serious disease and high flock mortality. It causes severe economic losses in domestic poultry, especially in chickens. At present, there were no effective drugs to treat this disease and the main method to control ND was vaccination. Moreover, new strains of virus resistant to chemotherapy continue to emerge, so does the need for a safe and effective vaccine. The immune adjuvant can make vaccine generate a strong immune response providing long-term protection against infection. With commonly usage of some immune adjuvants (e.g. mineral oil and aluminium hydroxide), many problems were occurred, such as side effects, strong local stimulation and carcinogenesis, together with complicated preparation, or failure to increase immunogenicity of weak antigen and so on. Botanical polysaccharides, as a new type of adjuvant or immunopotentiator, had become the hot research area because of their less side effects and no toxicity. The purpose of this research was to observe whether Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharide (CVPS) possessed synergistical immunoenhancement, and offer the theoretical evidence for developing potential new-type adjuvant. Materials, Methods &a