Subject(s)
Fetomaternal Transfusion/diagnostic imaging , Perinatal Death/etiology , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color , Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods , Adult , Diagnosis, Differential , Fatal Outcome , Female , Fetomaternal Transfusion/complications , Follow-Up Studies , Gestational Age , Humans , Infant, Newborn , PregnancyABSTRACT
Traditional ways of healing illnesses originating in ancient societies are called complementary medicine today. Many of the traditional medical systems are based on sound fundamental principles and centuries of practices by healers. This article reviews some of the most commonly practiced traditional medical systems. A common factor noted in several traditional systems is a holistic approach to the well-being of a person's body, mind, and spirit.
Subject(s)
Medicine, Traditional , Homeopathy/methods , Humans , Indians, North American , Medicine, Ayurvedic , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods , Naturopathy/methods , Therapeutic Touch/methodsABSTRACT
Sixty-one molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAG) and diacylglycerols produced from castor microsomal incubations incorporating six different (14)C-labeled fatty acids have been identified and quantified. The preference for incorporation into TAG was in the order ricinoleate > oleate > linoleate > linolenate > stearate > palmitate. Ricinoleate was the major fatty acid incorporated, whereas stearate, linolenate, and palmitate were incorporated at low levels. Twenty-one molecular species of acylglycerols (HPLC peaks) in castor oil have also been assigned. The levels of TAG in castor oil are RRR (triricinolein) >> RR-TAG >> R-TAG > no R-TAG. The levels of the molecular species within the groups of RR-TAG, RL-TAG, and LL-TAG individually are ricinoleate > linoleate > oleate > linolenate, stearate, and palmitate. The results of the labeled fatty acid incorporation are consistent with ricinoleate being preferentially driven into TAG and oleate being converted to ricinoleate in castor oil biosynthesis.
Subject(s)
Diglycerides/metabolism , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Microsomes/chemistry , Ricinus/ultrastructure , Triglycerides/metabolism , Carbon Radioisotopes , Castor Oil/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Diglycerides/analysis , Fatty Acids/analysis , Isotope Labeling , Oleic Acid/analysis , Oleic Acid/metabolism , Ricinoleic Acids/analysis , Ricinoleic Acids/metabolism , Triglycerides/analysisABSTRACT
As part of a program to elucidate castor oil biosynthesis, we have identified 36 molecular species of PC and 35 molecular species of PE isolated from castor microsomes after incubations with [14C]-labeled FA. The six [14C]FA studied were ricinoleate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and palmitate, which were the only FA identified in castor microsomal incubations. The incorporation of each of the six FA into PC was better than that into PE. The [14C]FA were incorporated almost exclusively into the sn-2 position of both PC and PE. The incorporation of [14C]stearate and [14C]palmitate into 2-acyl-PC was slower compared to the other four [14C]FA. The incorporation does not show any selectivity for the various lysoPC molecular species. The level of incorporation of [14C]FA in PC was in the order of: oleate > linolenate > palmitate > linoleate > stearate > ricinoleate, and in PE: linoleate > linolenate > oleate > palmitate > stearate > ricinoleate. In general, at the sn-1 position of both PC and PE, linoleate was the most abundant FA, palmitate was the next, and oleate, linolenate, stearate, and ricinoleate were minor FA. The activities of oleoyl-12-hydroxylase, oleoyl-12-desaturase seem unaffected by the FA at the sn-1 position of 2-oleoyl-PC. The FA in the sn-1 position of PC does not significantly affect the activity of phospholipase A2, whereas ricinoleate is preferentially removed from the sn-2 position of PC. The results show that (i) [14C]oleate is most actively incorporated to form 2-oleoyl-PC, the immediate substrate of oleoyl-12-hydroxylase; (ii) 2-ricinoleoyl-PC is formed mostly by the hydroxylation of 2-oleoyl-PC, not from the incorporation of ricinoleate into 2-ricinoleoyl-PC; and (iii) 2-oleoyl-PE is less actively formed than 2-oleoyl-PC.
