Rethink Vape: Development and evaluation of a risk communication campaign to prevent youth E-cigarette use.

INTRODUCTION: E-cigarettes are now the most common form of tobacco use among adolescents, and use is associated with increased risk of initiation of cigarette smoking. This project used a community-engaged research process to develop and pilot a risk communication campaign to prevent youth vaping. METHOD: The research team worked with a 36-member Teen Advisory Council and a 19-member Expert Panel. Together, the team employed survey (N = 674) and focus group (N = 82) methodologies, and hired a marketing company to partner on development of the campaign. Campaign concepts were developed, eliminated, and/or modified through an iterative process of feedback and refinement. The final campaign included video ads (https://bit.ly/2QMR8gH) a microsite (rethinkvape.org), and social media sites (@rethinkvape). The campaign communicated three messages to teens: what's in the vapor, health risks, and connections to big tobacco. Prior to launch of the campaign, a randomized controlled 2 (time) × 2 (group) online experiment was conducted to evaluate the campaign (N = 268). RESULTS: Repeated measures mixed analyses of variance indicated that vaping knowledge, perceptions of risk, and anti-vape intentions significantly increased among teens viewing the Rethink Vape Materials compared to their own baseline, while control participants did not change. Following evaluation, the team launched a 6-week online media campaign with a teen-targeted geo-fence radius to deliver 3,838,465 impressions, 770,443 completed video views, and 18,316 clicks in mobile app, Snapchat, YouTube, and Spotify platforms. The majority of placements exceeded industry standards, with mobile pre-roll and Snapchat as top performers. CONCLUSIONS: The e-cigarette campaign showed promising signs of effectiveness and scalability.

Indications and techniques for external fixation of the pelvis.

Pelvic ring disruption is often accompanied by severe, multiple injuries to the organs, vessels, and nerves within the true pelvis. Mortality in the acute resuscitative period is usually due to hemorrhage and hemodynamic instability. Establishing rapid, provisional pelvic stability with external fixation is of immediate importance in the hemodynamically unstable patient, because fixation contributes to hemostasis. Orthopaedic surgeons should anticipate the likelihood of hemorrhage in patients with pelvic ring disruption and should apply external fixation immediately to minimize morbidity and mortality.

Organotin implications in anticarcinogenesis. Background and thymus involvement.

A comprehensive study of the scientific literature regarding tin content in normal and pathogenic human tissue has disclosed that various organotin materials retard both the onset and growth of cancer in laboratory animals, and decreased tissue tin in humans may be associated with tumour development. Initial studies by the authors have shown that the thymus gland of the mouse possesses a relatively high concentration of tin and is also the major site of accumulation for 14C-labelled tri-n-butyltin fluoride (TBTF). When mammary cancer-prone mice with transplanted tumours were orally dosed continuously with this agent in their drinking water, the tumour growth rate was significantly reduced. Both mouse mammary tumours and human lung tumours show low tin content compared to normal body tissue.

Organotin implications in anticarcinogenesis. Effects of several organotins on tumour growth rate in mice.

Several cohorts of cancerous mice were continuously dosed with 2,2'-bipyridyl dibutyltin dichloride, 1,10-phenanthroline dibutyltin and histidine dibutyltin; presented at 1 ppm and 10 ppm in drinking water. Tumour growth rates were significantly reduced. Tributyltin fluoride (TBTF) applied dermally, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the carrier, over the tumour site was ineffective. Variation in thymus and spleen weight between controls and tin-exposed mice indicates a lymphatic involvement. Analysis of mouse tissue for total tin content showed high tin concentrations in the thymus and spleen.