Apical defect - the essence of cystocele pathogenesis?

OBJECTIVES: Lack of standardization causes misunderstandings in planning of cystocele treatment and the evaluation of surgical method effectiveness. The POP-Q System and DeLancey's three levels of pelvic support do not account for the phenomenon of cystocele caused by an apical defect. We aimed to evaluate the impact of level I defect on the formation of cystocele. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Women reporting complaints related to bladder prolapse (cystocele) were subjected to a urogynecological examination. For this purpose, a simple and standardized method was used, based on the POP-Q System and DeLancey's three levels of pelvic support. Furthermore, it was expanded by evaluating the impact of level I defect (apical defect) on prolapse at level II of the anterior compartment. RESULTS: In total, contribution of an apical defect to the pathogenesis of cystocele was founded in 72.2% of 302 female patients included in this study. In 30.8% the cystocele was caused exclusively by an apical defect. In turn, in 41.4% of patients, it resulted from concomitant apical and level II defect of the anterior compartment (lateral or central). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that an apical defect may play a significant role in the development of a cystocele. Hence, it could be essential to take the influence of an apical defect on level II in anterior compartment into account when planning a surgical procedure. The authors suggest that lack of such procedures potentially exposes some cystocele patients to ineffective treatment.

DNA extraction from FFPE tissue samples - a comparison of three procedures.

AIM OF THE STUDY: One of the critical steps in molecular oncology diagnostics is obtaining high quality genomic DNA. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and compare the techniques used to extract DNA from tissue samples. Since formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are routinely used for both retrospective and prospective studies, we compared three commercially available methods of nucleic acid extraction in terms of quantity and quality of isolated DNA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Slides prepared from 42 FFPE blocks were macro-dissected. Resulting material was divided and processed simultaneously using three extraction kits: QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (QIAGEN), Cobas DNA Sample Preparation Kit (Roche Molecular Systems) and Maxwell 16 FFPE Plus LEV DNA Purification Kit (Promega). Subsequently, quantity and quality of obtained DNA samples were analysed spectrophotometrically (NanoDrop 2000, Thermo Scientific). Results of quantitative analysis were confirmed by a fluorometric procedure (Qubit 3.0 Fluorometer, Life Technologies). RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the yields of total DNA extracted using either Maxwell or Cobas methods were significantly higher compared to the QIAamp method (p < 0.001). The Maxwell Extraction Kit delivered DNA samples of the highest quality (p < 0.01). However, the highest total yield of extracted DNA was achieved with the Cobas technique, which may be due to a higher volume of eluate compared to the Maxwell method. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first paper which directly compares three extraction methods: Cobas, Maxwell and QIAamp. The data herein provide information required for the selection of a protocol that best suits the needs of the overall study design in terms of the quantity and quality of the extracted DNA.

RNA sequencing reveals widespread transcriptome changes in a renal carcinoma cell line.

We used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to investigate changes in the transcriptome profile in the Caki-1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells, which overexpress monocyte chemoattractant protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1). RNA-Seq data showed changes in 11.6% and 41.8% of the global transcriptome of Caki-1 cells overexpressing wild-type MCPIP1 or its D141N mutant, respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway functional analyses showed that these transcripts encoded proteins involved in cell cycle progression, protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, hypoxia response and cell signalling. We identified 219 downregulated transcripts in MCPIP1-expressing cells that were either unchanged or upregulated in D141N-expressing cells. We validated downregulation of 15 transcripts belonging to different functional pathways by qRT-PCR. The growth and viability of MCPIP1-expressing cells was reduced because of elevated p21Cip1 levels. MCPIP1-expressing cells also showed reduced levels of DDB1 transcript that encodes component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrades p21Cip1. These results demonstrate that MCPIP1 influences the growth and viability of ccRCC cells by increasing or decreasing the transcript levels for proteins involved in cell cycle progression, protein folding, hypoxia response, and cell signaling.

MCPIP1 contributes to clear cell renal cell carcinomas development.

Monocyte Chemoattractant protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1), also known as Regnase-1, is encoded by the ZC3H12a gene, and it mediates inflammatory processes by regulating the stability of transcripts coding for proinflammatory cytokines and controlling activity of transcription factors, such as NF-κB and AP1. We found that MCPIP1 transcript and protein levels are strongly downregulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) samples, which were derived from patients surgically treated for renal cancer compared to surrounded normal tissues. Using Caki-1 cells as a model, we analyzed the role of MCPIP1 in cancer development. We showed that MCPIP1 expression depends on the proteasome activity; however, hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor 2 alfa (HIF2α) are key factors lowering MCPIP1 expression. Furthermore, we found that MCPIP1 negatively regulates HIF1α and HIF2α levels and in the case of the last one, the mechanism is based on the regulation of the half time of transcript coding for HIF2α. Enhanced expression of MCPIP1 in Caki-1 cells results in a downregulation of transcripts encoding VEGFA, GLUT1, and IL-6. Furthermore, MCPIP1 decreases the activity of mTOR and protein kinase B (Akt) in normoxic conditions. Taken together, MCPIP1 contributes to the ccRCC development.

Modulatory Effects of Curcumin and Tyrphostins (AG494 and AG1478) on Growth Regulation and Viability of LN229 Human Brain Cancer Cells.

In this study we employed curcumin as a potent adjuvant agent in the treatment of human brain cancer involving selective EGFR kinase inhibitors: tyrphostins AG494 and AG1478. Aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of tested compounds on autocrine growth, cell cycle, and viability of LN229 cells, as well as to assess their proapoptotic and genotoxic properties. Our results showed that all tested compounds significantly inhibited autocrine growth of the investigated cell line in a dose dependent manner. However they are characterized by different kinetics of cell growth inhibition. Suppression of growth by the tyrphostins was completely or partially reversible in contrast to curcumin. Curcumin increased the cytostatic and/or cytotoxic potential of AG494 and AG1478. Tyrphostins did not have genotoxic properties regardless of concentration used, whereas curcumin cytotoxic and genotoxic properties were directly proportional to the concentration. Curcumin significantly increased tyrphostins cytotoxicity. The most promising of the obtained results may be the use of curcumin and tyrphostin AG494 in the treatment of cancer cells. Anticancer effect of the mixture was confirmed by increase of cytotoxic effect, decrease of viability, stimulation of apoptotic procesess, irreversible DNA damage, and decrease of the ROS in the culture of glioblastoma cells.

Variants of SCARB1 and VDR Involved in Complex Genetic Interactions May Be Implicated in the Genetic Susceptibility to Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

The current data are still inconclusive in terms of a genetic component involved in the susceptibility to renal cell carcinoma. Our aim was to evaluate 40 selected candidate polymorphisms for potential association with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) based on independent group of 167 patients and 200 healthy controls. The obtained data were searched for independent effects of particular polymorphisms as well as haplotypes and genetic interactions. Association testing implied position rs4765623 in the SCARB1 gene (OR = 1.688, 95% CI: 1.104-2.582, P = 0.016) and a haplotype in VDR comprising positions rs739837, rs731236, rs7975232, and rs1544410 (P = 0.012) to be the risk factors in the studied population. The study detected several epistatic effects contributing to the genetic susceptibility to ccRCC. Variation in GNAS1 was implicated in a strong synergistic interaction with BIRC5. This effect was part of a model suggested by multifactor dimensionality reduction method including also a synergy between GNAS1 and SCARB1 (P = 0.036). Significance of GNAS1-SCARB1 interaction was further confirmed by logistic regression (P = 0.041), which also indicated involvement of SCARB1 in additional interaction with EPAS1 (P = 0.008) as well as revealing interactions between GNAS1 and EPAS1 (P = 0.016), GNAS1 and MC1R (P = 0.031), GNAS1 and VDR (P = 0.032), and MC1R and VDR (P = 0.035).

The effect of tyrphostins AG494 and AG1478 on the autocrine growth regulation of A549 and DU145 cells.

We employed two selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors: AG494 (reversible) and AG1478 (irreversible) for growth regulation of human lung (A549) and prostate (DU145) cancer cell lines, cultured in chemically defined DMEM/F12 medium. Both tested tyrphostins significantly inhibited autocrine growth of the investigated cell lines. The action of AG494 was dose dependent, and at highest concentrations led to complete inhibition of growth. AG1478 seemed to be more effective at lower concentrations, but was unable to completely inhibit growth of A549 cells. Inhibition of EGFR kinase activity by AG494 in contrast to AG1478 had no effect on the activity of ERK in both cell lines. Both EGFR's inhibitors induced apoptosis of the investigated lung and prostate cancer cell lines, but the proapoptotic effect of the investigated tyrphostins was greater in A549 than in DU145 cells. The tyrphostins arrested cell growth of DU145 and A549 cells in the G1 phase, similarly to other known inhibitors of EGFR. The influence of AG494 and AG1478 on the activity of two signaling proteins (AKT and ERK) was dependent upon the kind of investigated cells. In the case of DU145 cells, there was an evident decline in enzymatic activity of both kinases (stronger for AG1478), while in A549, only AG1478 effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt. Tyrphostins AG494 and AG1478 are ATP-competitors and are supposed to have a similar mechanism of action, but our results suggest that this is not quite true.

Growth factor/growth factor receptor loops in autocrine growth regulation of human prostate cancer DU145 cells.

Autocrine growth factors produced by epithelial cells mediate the development and proliferation of neoplastic human prostate tissue. Various approaches have been used to down-regulate neoplastic growth of prostate cancer using natural flavonoids, soluble receptors, pseudo-ligands, monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tyrphostins). Selected growth factor/growth factor receptor loops (mainly TGFα/EGFR and IGFs/IGFIR) have been proposed as regulators of prostate cancer cell growth. We have previously determined that blockade of IGFIR or VEGF2R signaling pathways by tyrphostin AG1024 and SU1498 inhibits autocrine growth and viability of DU145 cells in vitro. Recently, we compared the activity of AG1024 and SU1498 with the inhibiting effect of tyrphostin A23 (a selective inhibitor of EGFR). The results described in this paper confirm that DU145 cells do not produce IGFI or EGF. In contrast, DU145 cells produce a great amount of VEGF, much more than TGFα (about 60-fold), and VEGF may be the real autocrine growth factor of the investigated cells. The results indicate that the growth of DU145 may be regulated by at least three autocrine loops: TGFα/EGFR, IGFII/IGFIR and VEGF/VEGFR2. Neither AG1024 nor SU1498 affected the production of TGFα substantially, which excludes the possibility that IGFRs or VEGFR2 inhibitors arrest the growth of these cells by inhibition of synthesis and/or secretion of TGFα. The obtained data indicate that all tree investigated tyrphostins (AG1024, SU1498 and A23) inhibit signal transmission by Akt (PKB), ERK(1/2), Src and STAT in a similar manner. A comparison of the effects of the investigated tyrphostins indicates that TGFα, IGFII and VEGF stimulate cell growth by affecting the same signaling pathway. The hypothesis was confirmed by the effect of the investigated tyrphostins on activation of EGFR. All these inhibitors decreased phosphorylation of EGFR to the same extent, and after the same time of incubation with cell culture. These results strongly suggest that stimulation of EGFR kinase is the main step in the initiation of mitogen signaling in DU145 cells, regardless of the type of ligand (TGFα, IGFs or VEGF) and their specific receptors.

Sodium orthovanadate affects growth of some human epithelial cancer cells (A549, HTB44, DU145).

Within the concentration range of 1-20 microM, orthovanadate (Na3VO4) demonstrated a time and dose-dependent inhibition of autocrine growth of the human carcinoma cell lines A549 (lung), HTB44 (kidney) and DU145 (prostate), as compared to appropriate controls (without Na3VO4). The investigation was conducted by two methods: staining with N-hexa-methylpararosaniline (crystal violet=CV) or bromide3-(4,5-dimethyltio-azo-2)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazole (MTT). In 5, 10 and 20 microM of Na3VO4 in serum-free medium, the mean values of these two tests for A549 were approximately 40%, 45% or 65% as compared to the appropriate controls. HTB44 had the greatest opportunity (statistically insignificant) at lower vanadium concentrations (up to 10 microM), whereas at 20 microM growth inhibition of these cells was approximately 50% of the controls. DU145 showed approximately 33%, 65% and 98% growth inhibition for 5, 10 and 20 microM of Na3VO4, respectively Additionally, hypothetical curves obtained by a MANOVA test based on the CV results after 72 h incubation with Na3VO4 in serum-free medium, and an example of a time-dependent effect of Na3VO4 on A549 cells, were also presented. Sodium orthovanadate was also examined for its cytotoxic capabilities, especially its ability to induce tumor cell apoptosis; the results were compared with the effect of paclitaxel. The target cells were dyed by differential staining (HOECHST33258 and propidium iodide) after 3 h and 24 h (DU145) or 3 h and 72 h (A549) of incubation with the vanadium compound. Contrary to the two cancer cell lines (viable, apoptotic or necrotic in experimental conditions), the renal HTB44 cells were insensitive up to 15 microM Na3VO4 concentrations. After 3 h incubation with Na3VO4, both lung (A549) and prostate (DU145) cancer cells showed a slight but significant reduction in the percentage of viable cells, and an increased amount of apoptotic cells. In contrast to the lung cells, DU145 prostate cells after 24 h were more sensitive to paclitaxel than to sodium orthovanadate. In the case of lung cells, the time of incubation was prolonged (to 72 h) to allow for a study of the effect of orthovanadate in greater detail. After 72 h of incubation with Na3VO4 or paclitaxel, A549 showed a similar level of viable cells (25-32% of total cultured cells); however, the percentage of apoptotic cells was higher in the case of A549 cells--ca 36% for both drugs, but the concentration of Na3VO4 was significantly greater than paclitaxel levels.

The effect of vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4) on autocrine growth of human epithelial cancer cell lines.

Numerous studies have focused on the growth regulation effect of vanadium compounds. In our preliminary investigation we have observed growth inhibition of rat hepatoma cell line H35-19 by inorganic vanadium salts. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4) on autocrine growth and survival of tumorogenic lung (A549) and prostate (DU145) human cell lines. Additionally, non-carcinogenic human cell lines BEAS-2B (as a lung control) and PNT-2 (as a prostate control) were investigated. MTT, modified crystal violet staining, differential staining (HOECHST33258 and PI) methods and assay for anchorage-independent colony formation were used to investigate the effect of vanadyl sulphate. The results showed that VOSO4 significantly inhibited autocrine growth, decreased carcinoma cells viability and increased the ratio of apoptotic and necrotic cells compared to the controls. However, it should be noted that the examined "drug" significantly decreased viability of non-carcinogenic human cell lines (BEAS-2B, PNT-2).

The effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tyrphostins: AG1024 and SU1498, on autocrine growth of prostate cancer cells (DU145).

It is well established that autocrine growth of human prostate cancer cell line DU145 is dependent on TGF (EGF)/EGFR loop. However, the participation of several other growth factors in proliferation of DU145 cells has been also proposed. We employed two selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tyrphostins): AG1024 (an IGFIR inhibitor) and SU1498 (a VEGFR2 inhibitor) for growth regulation of DU145 cells, cultured in chemically defined DMEM/F12 medium. Both the tested compounds inhibited autocrine growth of DU145 cells at similar concentration values (IC50 approximately 2.5 microM). The tyrphostins arrested cell growth of DU145 in G1 phase, similarly as inhibitors of EGFR. However, in contrast to selective inhibitors of EGFR, neither AG1024, nor SU1498 (at concentration < or =10 microM) decreased the viability of the investigated cells. These results strongly suggest that autocrine growth of DU145 cells is stimulated by, at least, three autocrine loops: TGFalpha(EGF)/EGFR, IGFII/IGFIr and VEGF/VEGFR2(VEGFR1). These data support the hypothesis of multi-loops growth regulation of metastatic prostate cancer cell lines.