Vulnerability to loss of follow-up and death due to tuberculosis among homeless individuals in Brazil: a retrospective cohort study. / Vulnerabilidade à perda de seguimento e ao óbito por tuberculose nas pessoas em situação de rua no Brasil: um estudo de coorte retrospectiva.

This retrospective cohort study identified factors associated with loss of follow-up and death due to tuberculosis (TB) in the homeless population (HP) in Brazil, estimating odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) by multinomial logistic regression. A total of 3,831 TB cases in this population were analyzed, of which 57.0% had unfavorable outcomes. Loss of follow-up was associated with: history of abandonment (OR=2.38; 95%CI 2.05-2.77), unknown HIV serology (OR=1.79; 95%CI 1.38-2.32), HIV coinfection (OR=1.73; 95%CI 1.46-2.06), drug use (OR=1.54; 95%CI 1.31-1.80), age (OR=0.98; 95%CI 0.97-0.99), mixed clinical form (OR=0.64; 95%CI 0.42-0.97), extrapulmonary form (OR=0.46; 95%CI 0.29-0.73), government beneficiary (OR=0.64; 95%CI 0.50-0.81), and supervised treatment (OR=0.52; 95%CI 0.45-0.60). Regarding death, the following were associated: age (OR=1.03; 95%CI 1.01-1.05), unknown HIV serology (OR=2.39; 95%CI 1.48-3.86), alcohol consumption (OR=1.81; 95%CI 1.27-2.58), and supervised treatment (OR=0.70; 95%CI 0.51-0.96). Overlapping vulnerabilities in the health-disease process of homeless individuals with TB were observed, requiring comprehensive and cross-sectoral care practices.

Esta coorte retrospectiva identificou os fatores associados à perda de seguimento e ao óbito por tuberculose na população em situação de rua no Brasil, estimando-se as odds ratios (OR) e seus intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) por regressão logística multinominal. Analisaram-se 3.831 casos de tuberculose nessa população, dos quais 57,0% tiveram desfechos desfavoráveis. Associaram-se à perda de seguimento: histórico de abandono (OR=2,38; IC95% 2,05-2,77), desconhecimento da sorologia do HIV (OR=1,79; IC95% 1,38-2,32) e coinfecção com HIV (OR=1,73; IC95% 1,46-2,06), uso de drogas (OR=1,54; IC95% 1,31-1,80), idade (OR=0,98; IC95% 0,97-0,99), forma clínica mista (OR=0,64; IC95% 0,42-0,97) e extrapulmonar (OR=0,46; IC95% 0,29-0,73), auxílio de programa governamental (OR=0,64; IC95% 0,50-0,81) e tratamento supervisionado (OR=0,52; IC95% 0,45-0,60). Em relação ao óbito, associaram-se: idade (OR=1,03; IC95% 1,01-1,05), desconhecimento da sorologia do HIV (OR=2,39; IC95% 1,48-3,86), uso de álcool (OR=1,81; IC95% 1,27-2,58) e tratamento supervisionado (OR=0,70; IC95% 0,51-0,96). Percebeu-se a sobreposição de vulnerabilidades no processo saúde-doença das pessoas em situação de rua com tuberculose, demandando práticas cuidativas intersetoriais e integrais.

Detection of gestational and congenital syphilis in Paraná state, Brazil, 2007-2021: a time series analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe temporal trends in the detection rates of gestational and congenital syphilis, by maternal age and health macro-region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, 2007-2021. METHODS: This was a time-series study using surveillance data; the trend analysis was performed by means of joinpoint regression, and average annual percent change (AAPC) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. RESULTS: An increase in statewide detection of gestational syphilis (AAPC = 21.7; 95%CI 17.7; 32.8) and congenital syphilis (AAPC = 14.8; 95%CI 13.0; 19.7) was found; an increase was also found in the health macro-regions, with the Northwest (gestational, AAPC = 26.1; 95%CI 23.4; 31.6) and North (congenital, AAPC = 23.8; 95%CI 18.8; 48.9) macro-regions standing out; statewide rising trends were observed for young women [gestational, AAPC = 26.2 (95%CI 22.4; 40.6); congenital, AAPC = 19.4 (95%CI 17.6; 21.8)] and adult women [gestational, AAPC = 21.3 (95%CI 16.9; 31.9); congenital, AAPC = 13.7 (95%CI 11.9; 19.3)]. CONCLUSION: Maternal and child syphilis detection rates increased in the state, regardless of maternal age and health macro-region. MAIN RESULTS: Increasing trends were found for the detection rates of gestational and congenital syphilis in Paraná state and its health macro-regions, including in the analysis stratified by maternal age group; however, there was a decline during the COVID-19 period. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: There is a need for strategic and immediate action by the state health services, focusing on expanding access and linkage to care, in order to ensure maternal and child well-being and reverse the rising trends observed. PERSPECTIVES: Prevention and control actions towards the elimination of syphilis are needed to overcome these obstacles, directing efforts towards strengthening health education, early detection and appropriate treatment for pregnant women and their partners.

A critical analysis of the decreasing trends in tuberculosis cure indicators in Brazil, 2001-2022.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of tuberculosis cure indicators in Brazil. METHODS: An ecological time-series study using administrative data of reported cases of the disease nationwide between 2001 and 2022. We estimated cure indicators for each federative unit (FU) considering individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculosis-HIV coinfection, and those in tuberculosis retreatment. We used regression models using joinpoint regression for trend analysis, reporting the annual percentage change and the average annual percentage change. RESULTS: For the three groups analyzed, we observed heterogeneity in the annual percentage change in the Brazilian FUs, with a predominance of significantly decreasing trends in the cure indicator in most FUs, especially at the end of the time series. When considering national indicators, an average annual percentage change of -0.97% (95% CI: -1.23 to -0.74) was identified for the cure of people with pulmonary tuberculosis, of -1.11% (95% CI: -1.42 to -0.85) for the cure of people with tuberculosis-HIV coinfection, and of -1.44% (95% CI: -1.62 to -1.31) for the cure of people in tuberculosis retreatment. CONCLUSIONS: The decreasing trends of cure indicators in Brazil are concerning and underscore a warning to public authorities, as it points to the possible occurrence of other treatment outcomes, such as treatment discontinuity and death. This finding contradicts current public health care policies and requires urgent strategies aiming to promote follow-up of patients during tuberculosis treatment in Brazil.

Time until tuberculosis recurrence and associated factors in Brazil: a populationbased retrospective cohort study using a linked database.

OBJECTIVE: To calculate the rate of tuberculosis recurrence, estimate its average time until recurrence, and identify factors associated with recurrence in Brazil. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with a linked database from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. The study included individuals diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2015, focusing on those who experienced their first recurrence within 6.5 years. We estimated the relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI), as well as the population attributable fraction (PAF) or the population preventable fraction (PPF) of associated factors. RESULTS: Within a 6.5-year period, 3,253 individuals (6.5%) experienced tuberculosis recurrence, with a median time of 2.2 years. Positively associated factors included: male sex (RR: 1.4; 95%CI 1.3-1.5; PAF: 22.9%), age 30 to 59 years (RR: 3.0; 95%CI 1.6-5.7; PAF: 36.0%), black race (RR: 1.3; 95%CI 1.2-1.5; PAF: 3.5%), mixed race (RR: 1.3; 95%CI 1.2-1.4; PAF: 10.6%), deprivation of liberty (RR: 1.9; 95%CI 1.7-2.1; PAF: 9.1%), pulmonary/mixed clinical form (RR: 1.7; 95%CI 1.4-1.9; PAF: 37.1%), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diagnosis (RR: 1.8; 95%CI 1.5-1.9; PAF: 4.3%), and alcohol use (RR: 1.2; 95%CI 1.1-1.3; PAF: 2.9%). Negatively associated factors were: 12 or more years of schooling (RR: 0.5; 95%CI 0.4-0.6; PPF: 3.3%) and supervised treatment (RR: 0.9; 95%CI 0.8-0.9; PPF: 4.4%). CONCLUSION: This study revealed high tuberculosis recurrence rates in Brazil, influenced by sociodemographic, compartmental, and social factors, both positively and negatively impacting disease recurrence.

Clusters of heterogeneity of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in Brazil: a geospatial study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the geospatialization of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in Brazil, from 2010 to 2021, and the correlation with socioeconomic, housing, and health indicators. METHODS: An ecological study of Brazilian municipalities and states, with data from HIV and tuberculosis information systems, previously reported by the Ministry of Health. The crude and smoothed coefficients were calculated by the local empirical Bayesian method of incidence of coinfection per 100,000 inhabitants in the population aged between 18 and 59 years. Univariate (identification of clusters) and bivariate (correlation with 20 indicators) Moran's indices were used. RESULTS: A total of 122,223 cases of coinfection were registered in Brazil from 2010 to 2021, with a mean coefficient of 8.30/100,000. The South (11.44/100,000) and North (9.93/100,000) regions concentrated the highest burden of infections. The coefficients dropped in Brazil, in all regions, in the years of covid-19 (2020 and 2021). The highest coefficients were observed in the municipalities of the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Amazonas, with high-high clusters in the capitals, border regions, coast of the country. The municipalities belonging to the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Paraná, and Piauí showed low-low clusters. There was a direct correlation with human development indices and aids rates, as well as an indirect correlation with the proportion of poor or of those vulnerable to poverty and the Gini index. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection showed heterogeneity in the Brazilian territory and constant behavior throughout the period, revealing clusters with high-burden municipalities, especially in large urban centers and in states with a high occurrence of HIV and/or tuberculosis. These findings, in addition to alerting to the effects of the covid-19 pandemic, can incorporate strategic planning for the control of coinfection, aiming to eliminate these infections as public health problems by 2030.

Temporal trend in the incidence of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in Brazil, by macro-region, Federative Unit, sex and age group, 2010-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend in the incidence of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in Brazil, by macro-region, Federative Unit, sex and age group, from 2010 to 2021. METHODS: This was a time series study using surveillance data to estimate average annual percentage changes (AAPC), and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) via joinpoint regression. RESULTS: 122,211 cases of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection were analyzed; a falling trend was identified for Brazil as a whole (AAPC = -4.3; 95%CI -5.1;-3.7), and in the country's Southern (AAPC = -6.2; 95%CI -6.9;-5.5) and Southeast (AAPC = -4.6; 95%CI -5.6;-3.8) regions, even more so during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021); the greatest falling trend was seen in Santa Catarina (AAPC = -9.3; 95%CI -10.1;-8.5), while the greatest rising trend was found in Tocantins (AAPC = 4.1; 95%CI 0.1;8.6); there was a rising trend among males, especially in Sergipe (AAPC = 3.9; 95%CI 0.4;7.9), and those aged 18 to 34 years, especially in Amapá (AAPC = 7.9; 95%CI 5.1;11.5). CONCLUSION: The burden and trends of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection were geographically and demographically disparate.

Detection of gestational and congenital syphilis in Paraná state, Brazil, 2007-2021: a time series analysis / Detección de sífilis gestacional y congénita en Paraná, Brasil, 2007-2021: análisis de series temporales / Detecção de sífilis gestacional e congênita no Paraná, 2007-2021: análise de séries temporais

Abstract Objective: To describe temporal trends in the detection rates of gestational and congenital syphilis, by maternal age and health macro-region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, 2007-2021. Methods: This was a time-series study using surveillance data; the trend analysis was performed by means of joinpoint regression, and average annual percent change (AAPC) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. Results: An increase in statewide detection of gestational syphilis (AAPC = 21.7; 95%CI 17.7; 32.8) and congenital syphilis (AAPC = 14.8; 95%CI 13.0; 19.7) was found; an increase was also found in the health macro-regions, with the Northwest (gestational, AAPC = 26.1; 95%CI 23.4; 31.6) and North (congenital, AAPC = 23.8; 95%CI 18.8; 48.9) macro-regions standing out; statewide rising trends were observed for young women [gestational, AAPC = 26.2 (95%CI 22.4; 40.6); congenital, AAPC = 19.4 (95%CI 17.6; 21.8)] and adult women [gestational, AAPC = 21.3 (95%CI 16.9; 31.9); congenital, AAPC = 13.7 (95%CI 11.9; 19.3)]. Conclusion: Maternal and child syphilis detection rates increased in the state, regardless of maternal age and health macro-region.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las tendencias temporales en las tasas de detección de sífilis gestacional y congénita, por grupo de edad materna y macrorregión de salud de Paraná, 2007-2021. Métodos: Estudio de series temporales utilizando datos de vigilancia; se realizó análisis de tendencia mediante regresión segmentada, estimando cambios porcentuales anuales promedio (CPAP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Se identificaron aumentos en la detección estatal de sífilis gestacional (CPAP = 21,7; IC95% 17,7;32,8) y congénita (CPAP = 14,8; IC95% 13,0;19,7); las macrorregiones mostraron incrementos, destacándose la Noroeste (gestacional, CPAP = 26,1; IC95% 23,4;31,6) y la Norte (congénita, CPAP = 23,8; IC95% 18,8;48,9); las tendencias estatales fueron crecientes para mujeres jóvenes [gestacional, CPAP = 26,2 (IC95% 22,4;40,6); congénita, CPAP = 19,4 (IC95% 17,6;21,8)] y adultas [gestacional, CPAP = 21,3 (IC95% 16,9;31,9); congénita, CPAP = 13,7 (IC95% 11,9;19,3)]. Conclusión: Las tasas de detección de sífilis materno-infantil estuvieron en aumento en el estado, independientemente de la edad materna y la macrorregión de salud.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as tendências temporais nas taxas de detecção de sífilis gestacional e congênita, por faixa etária materna e macrorregião de saúde do Paraná, Brasil, 2007-2021. Métodos: Estudo de séries temporais, utilizando-se dados de vigilância; realizou-se análise de tendência por regressão segmentada, sendo estimadas variações percentuais anuais médias (VPAM) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Foram identificados acréscimos na detecção estadual de sífilis gestacional (VPAM = 21,7; IC95% 17,7;32,8) e congênita (VPAM = 14,8; IC95% 13,0;19,7); as macrorregiões de saúde registraram incrementos, destacando-se as macrorregiões Noroeste (gestacional, VPAM = 26,1; IC95% 23,4;31,6) e Norte (congênita, VPAM = 23,8; IC95% 18,8;48,9); as tendências estaduais foram crescentes para mulheres jovens [gestacional, VPAM = 26,2 (IC95% 22,4;40,6); congênita, VPAM = 19,4 (IC95% 17,6;21,8)] e mulheres adultas [gestacional, VPAM = 21,3 (IC95% 16,9;31,9); congênita, VPAM = 13,7 (IC95% 11,9;19,3)]. Conclusão: As taxas de detecção de sífilis materno-infantil foram ascendentes no estado, independentemente da idade materna e da macrorregião de saúde.

A critical analysis of the decreasing trends in tuberculosis cure indicators in Brazil, 2001-2022

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of tuberculosis cure indicators in Brazil. Methods: An ecological time-series study using administrative data of reported cases of the disease nationwide between 2001 and 2022. We estimated cure indicators for each federative unit (FU) considering individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculosis-HIV coinfection, and those in tuberculosis retreatment. We used regression models using joinpoint regression for trend analysis, reporting the annual percentage change and the average annual percentage change. Results: For the three groups analyzed, we observed heterogeneity in the annual percentage change in the Brazilian FUs, with a predominance of significantly decreasing trends in the cure indicator in most FUs, especially at the end of the time series. When considering national indicators, an average annual percentage change of −0.97% (95% CI: −1.23 to −0.74) was identified for the cure of people with pulmonary tuberculosis, of −1.11% (95% CI: −1.42 to −0.85) for the cure of people with tuberculosis-HIV coinfection, and of −1.44% (95% CI: −1.62 to −1.31) for the cure of people in tuberculosis retreatment. Conclusions: The decreasing trends of cure indicators in Brazil are concerning and underscore a warning to public authorities, as it points to the possible occurrence of other treatment outcomes, such as treatment discontinuity and death. This finding contradicts current public health care policies and requires urgent strategies aiming to promote follow-up of patients during tuberculosis treatment in Brazil.

Time until tuberculosis recurrence and associated factors in Brazil: a population-based retrospective cohort study using a linked database / Tempo até a recorrência da tuberculose e fatores associados no Brasil: um estudo de coorte retrospectiva de base populacional usando dados de linkage

ABSTRACT Objective: To calculate the rate of tuberculosis recurrence, estimate its average time until recurrence, and identify factors associated with recurrence in Brazil. Methods: Retrospective cohort study with a linked database from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. The study included individuals diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2015, focusing on those who experienced their first recurrence within 6.5 years. We estimated the relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI), as well as the population attributable fraction (PAF) or the population preventable fraction (PPF) of associated factors. Results: Within a 6.5-year period, 3,253 individuals (6.5%) experienced tuberculosis recurrence, with a median time of 2.2 years. Positively associated factors included: male sex (RR: 1.4; 95%CI 1.3-1.5; PAF: 22.9%), age 30 to 59 years (RR: 3.0; 95%CI 1.6-5.7; PAF: 36.0%), black race (RR: 1.3; 95%CI 1.2-1.5; PAF: 3.5%), mixed race (RR: 1.3; 95%CI 1.2-1.4; PAF: 10.6%), deprivation of liberty (RR: 1.9; 95%CI 1.7-2.1; PAF: 9.1%), pulmonary/mixed clinical form (RR: 1.7; 95%CI 1.4-1.9; PAF: 37.1%), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diagnosis (RR: 1.8; 95%CI 1.5-1.9; PAF: 4.3%), and alcohol use (RR: 1.2; 95%CI 1.1-1.3; PAF: 2.9%). Negatively associated factors were: 12 or more years of schooling (RR: 0.5; 95%CI 0.4-0.6; PPF: 3.3%) and supervised treatment (RR: 0.9; 95%CI 0.8-0.9; PPF: 4.4%). Conclusion: This study revealed high tuberculosis recurrence rates in Brazil, influenced by sociodemographic, compartmental, and social factors, both positively and negatively impacting disease recurrence.

RESUMO Objetivo: Calcular a taxa de recorrência de tuberculose, estimar seu tempo médio e identificar seus fatores associados no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva com dados de linkage do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Incluímos pessoas diagnosticadas com tuberculose em 2015, com foco naquelas que tiveram sua primeira recorrência em 6,5 anos. Estimamos o risco relativo (RR) e seus intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), assim como a fração atribuível populacional (FAP) ou a fração prevenível populacional (FPP) dos fatores associados. Resultados: No período de 6,5 anos, 3.253 indivíduos (6,5%) tiveram recorrência de tuberculose, com tempo médio de 2,2 anos. Fatores positivamente associados incluíram: sexo masculino (RR: 1,4; IC95% 1,3-1,5; FAP: 22,9%), idade de 30 a 59 anos (RR: 3,0; IC95% 1,6-5,7; FAP: 36,0%), raça/cor preta (RR: 1,3; IC95% 1,2-1,5; FAP: 3,5%) ou raça/cor parda (RR: 1,3; IC95% 1,2-1,4; FAP: 10,6%), privação de liberdade (RR: 1,9; IC95% 1,7-2,1; FAP: 9,1%), forma clínica pulmonar/mista (RR: 1,7; IC95% 1,4-1,9; FAP: 37,1%), diagnóstico de síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (RR: 1,8; IC95% 1,5-1,9; FAP: 4,3%) e uso de álcool (RR: 1,2; IC95% 1,1-1,3; FAP: 2,9%). Fatores negativamente associados foram: 12 ou mais anos de estudo (RR: 0,5; IC95% 0,4-0,6; FPP: 3,3%) e tratamento supervisionado (RR: 0,9; IC95% 0,8-0,9; FPP: 4,4%). Conclusão: Revelamos taxas elevadas de recorrência de tuberculose no Brasil, com fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e sociais influenciando na recorrência da doença.

Temporal trend in the incidence of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in Brazil, by macro-region, Federative Unit, sex and age group, 2010-2021 / Tendencia temporal de la incidencia de coinfección tuberculosis-VIH en Brasil, por macrorregión, Unidad Federativa, sexo y grupo de edad, 2010-2021 / Tendência temporal da incidência de coinfecção tuberculose-HIV no Brasil, por macrorregião, Unidade da Federação, sexo e faixa etária, 2010-2021

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the temporal trend in the incidence of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in Brazil, by macro-region, Federative Unit, sex and age group, from 2010 to 2021. Methods: This was a time series study using surveillance data to estimate average annual percentage changes (AAPC), and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) via joinpoint regression. Results: 122,211 cases of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection were analyzed; a falling trend was identified for Brazil as a whole (AAPC = -4.3; 95%CI -5.1;-3.7), and in the country's Southern (AAPC = -6.2; 95%CI -6.9;-5.5) and Southeast (AAPC = -4.6; 95%CI -5.6;-3.8) regions, even more so during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021); the greatest falling trend was seen in Santa Catarina (AAPC = -9.3; 95%CI -10.1;-8.5), while the greatest rising trend was found in Tocantins (AAPC = 4.1; 95%CI 0.1;8.6); there was a rising trend among males, especially in Sergipe (AAPC = 3.9; 95%CI 0.4;7.9), and those aged 18 to 34 years, especially in Amapá (AAPC = 7.9; 95%CI 5.1;11.5). Conclusion The burden and trends of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection were geographically and demographically disparate.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la tendencia temporal de la incidencia de la coinfección tuberculosis-VIH en Brasil, por Macrorregión, Unidad Federativa, sexo y grupo de edad, 2010-2021. Métodos Estudio de series de tiempo, con datos de vigilancia para la estimación de cambios porcentuales anuales promedio (CPAP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) vía joinpoint regression. Resultados Se analizaron 122.211 casos de coinfección tuberculosis-VIH; se identificó tendencia decreciente en Brasil (CPAP = -4,3; IC95% -5,1;-3,7) y en las regiones Sur (CPAP = -6,2; IC95% -6,9;-5,5) y Sudeste (CPAP = -4,6; IC95% -5,6;-3,8), aumentando durante la pandemia de covid-19; mayor tendencia decreciente ocurrió en Santa Catarina (CPAP = -9,3; IC95% -10,1;-8,5) y creciente en Tocantins (CPAP = 4,1; IC95% 0,1;8,6); hubo tendencia al aumento en el sexo masculino, especialmente Sergipe (CPAP = 3,9; IC95% 0,4;7,9), y en los de 18 a 34 años, especialmente Amapá (CPAP = 7,9; IC95% 5,1;11,5). Conclusión Había disparidades territoriales y demográficas en la carga y las tendencias de la coinfección tuberculosis-VIH.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a tendência temporal da incidência da coinfecção tuberculose-HIV no Brasil, por macrorregião, Unidade da Federação, sexo e faixa etária, 2010-2021. Métodos Estudo de séries temporais, com dados de vigilância, para a estimativa de variações percentuais anuais médias (VPAM) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), por joinpoint regression. Resultados Foram analisados 122.211 casos de coinfecção tuberculose-HIV; identificou-se tendência decrescente no país (VPAM = -4,3; IC95% 5,1;-3,7) e em suas regiões Sul (VPAM = -6,2; IC95% -6,9;-5,5) e Sudeste (VPAM = -4,6; IC95% -5,6;-3,8), acentuada durante a pandemia de covid-19 (2020-2021); observou-se maior tendência decrescente em Santa Catarina (VPAM = -9,3; IC95% -10,1;-8,5) e maior tendência crescente no Tocantins (VPAM = 4,1; IC95% 0,1;8,6); houve tendência de incremento no sexo masculino, destacando-se Sergipe (VPAM = 3,9; IC95% 0,4;7,9), e na faixa etária de 18-34 anos, sobressaindo-se o Amapá (VPAM = 7,9; IC95% 5,1;11,5). Conclusão Verificaram-se disparidades territoriais e demográficas na carga e nas tendências da coinfecção tuberculose-HIV.

Clusters of heterogeneity of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in Brazil: a geospatial study / Clusters da heterogeneidade da coinfecção tuberculose-HIV no Brasil: um estudo geoespacial

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the geospatialization of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in Brazil, from 2010 to 2021, and the correlation with socioeconomic, housing, and health indicators. METHODS An ecological study of Brazilian municipalities and states, with data from HIV and tuberculosis information systems, previously reported by the Ministry of Health. The crude and smoothed coefficients were calculated by the local empirical Bayesian method of incidence of coinfection per 100,000 inhabitants in the population aged between 18 and 59 years. Univariate (identification of clusters) and bivariate (correlation with 20 indicators) Moran's indices were used. RESULTS A total of 122,223 cases of coinfection were registered in Brazil from 2010 to 2021, with a mean coefficient of 8.30/100,000. The South (11.44/100,000) and North (9.93/100,000) regions concentrated the highest burden of infections. The coefficients dropped in Brazil, in all regions, in the years of covid-19 (2020 and 2021). The highest coefficients were observed in the municipalities of the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Amazonas, with high-high clusters in the capitals, border regions, coast of the country. The municipalities belonging to the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Paraná, and Piauí showed low-low clusters. There was a direct correlation with human development indices and aids rates, as well as an indirect correlation with the proportion of poor or of those vulnerable to poverty and the Gini index. CONCLUSIONS The spatial analysis of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection showed heterogeneity in the Brazilian territory and constant behavior throughout the period, revealing clusters with high-burden municipalities, especially in large urban centers and in states with a high occurrence of HIV and/or tuberculosis. These findings, in addition to alerting to the effects of the covid-19 pandemic, can incorporate strategic planning for the control of coinfection, aiming to eliminate these infections as public health problems by 2030.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a geoespacialização da coinfecção tuberculose-HIV no Brasil, de 2010 a 2021, e a correlação com indicadores socioeconômicos, habitacionais e sanitários. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico dos municípios e estados brasileiros, com dados dos sistemas de informação do HIV e da tuberculose, previamente relacionados pelo Ministério da Saúde. Foram calculados os coeficientes brutos e suavizados pelo método bayesiano empírico local de incidência da coinfecção, por 100 mil habitantes, na população entre 18 e 59 anos. Empregaram-se os índices de Moran univariado (identificação de clusters) e bivariado (correlação com 20 indicadores). RESULTADOS Foram registrados 122.223 casos de coinfecção no Brasil, de 2010 a 2021, com coeficiente médio de 8,30/100 mil. As regiões Sul (11,44/100 mil) e Norte (9,93/100 mil) concentraram a maior carga das infecções. Houve queda dos coeficientes no Brasil, em todas as regiões, nos anos de covid-19 (2020 e 2021). Os maiores coeficientes foram visualizados nos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, do Mato Grosso do Sul e do Amazonas, com aglomerados alto-alto nas capitais, em regiões de fronteira e no litoral do país. Os municípios pertencentes aos estados de Minas Gerais, da Bahia, do Paraná e do Piauí apresentaram clusters baixo-baixo. Houve correlação direta com os índices de desenvolvimento humano e as taxas de aids, bem como indireta com a proporção de pobres ou vulneráveis à pobreza e o índice de Gini. CONCLUSÕES A análise espacial da coinfecção tuberculose-HIV demonstrou heterogeneidade no território brasileiro e comportamento constante ao longo do período, revelando clusters com municípios de alta carga, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos e nos estados com ocorrência elevada do HIV e/ou da tuberculose. Esses achados, além de trazerem um alerta para os efeitos da pandemia da covid-19, podem incorporar o planejamento estratégico para o controle da coinfecção, visando à eliminação dessas infecções como problemas de saúde pública até 2030.

Factors associated with loss to follow-up in tuberculosis treatment in Brazil: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with loss to follow-up in tuberculosis cases among adults in Brazil in 2020 and 2021. METHOD: Retrospective cohort with secondary data from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System. A total of 24,344 people diagnosed with tuberculosis whose information was complete in the database were included. Adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals were estimated by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Higher odds of loss to follow-up were observed for males, non-white ethnicity/color, with lower education level, homeless or deprived of liberty, who used drugs, alcohol and/or tobacco, with admission due to recurrence or re-entry after abandonment, and with unknown or positive serology for HIV. On the other hand, older age, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, deprivation of libertyand supervised treatment were associated with lower odds of loss to follow-up. CONCLUSION: Demographic, socioeconomic and clinical-epidemiological factors were associated with the loss to follow-up in tuberculosis cases, which reiterates the various vulnerabilities intertwined with the illness and treatment of this disease. Therefore, there is a need to promote strategies aimed at adherence and linkage to the care for groups most vulnerable to loss to follow-up in tuberculosis treatment in Brazil.

Geoprogrammatic disparities in the performance of tuberculosis indicators in the homeless population in Brazil: an ecological approach. / Disparidades geoprogramáticas do desempenho de indicadores da tuberculose na população em situação de rua no Brasil: uma abordagem ecológica.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the performance and spatial distribution of tuberculosis control indicators in the homeless population in Brazil. METHODS: Ecological study, which had the regions and federal units of Brazil as the unit of analysis. The indicators considered, referring to the period from 2015 to 2021, were: proportion of HIV testing, proportion of tuberculosis-HIV co-infection, proportion of directly observed treatment, and proportion of outcomes (cure, treatment abandonment and death). The calculation was performed on each ecological unit, as recommended by the Ministry of Health. For the production of geographic figures, the technique of natural breaks was used. RESULTS: It was identified that people living on the streets had: low HIV testing, especially in Pará (71.7%); high proportion of tuberculosis-HIV coinfection, especially in Rio Grande do Sul (39.9%); and unsatisfactory implementation of directly observed treatment, mainly in Paraíba (7.7%). With regard to outcomes, there was a high rate of treatment abandonment, with a higher proportion in Roraima (52.9%), and a high number of deaths, with an emphasis on Mato Grosso do Sul (23.1%), which also recorded the worst cure rate (28.7%). CONCLUSION: There was evidence of poor performance of tuberculosis control indicators in homeless people, with heterogeneous distribution between states and regions of the country, and it is clear that most of them had insufficient results. These data raise the persistence of difficulties and challenges inherent to the implementation of tuberculosis control strategies for this population in the national territory.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o desempenho e a distribuição espacial de indicadores de controle da tuberculose na população em situação de rua no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico, que teve como unidade de análise as regiões e as unidades federadas do Brasil. Os indicadores considerados, referentes ao período de 2015 a 2021, foram: proporção de testagem para HIV, proporção de coinfecção tuberculose-HIV, proporção de realização do tratamento diretamente observado e proporção dos desfechos (cura, abandono do tratamento e óbito). O cálculo foi efetuado sobre cada unidade ecológica, conforme recomendações do Ministério da Saúde. Para a produção das figuras geográficas, utilizou-se a técnica de quebras naturais. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se que as pessoas em situação de rua apresentaram: baixa testagem para HIV, com destaque para o Pará (71,7%); alta proporção de coinfecção tuberculose-HIV, especialmente no Rio Grande do Sul (39,9%); e implementação insatisfatória do tratamento diretamente observado, principalmente na Paraíba (7,7%). No que se refere aos desfechos, verificou-se elevado abandono do tratamento, com maior proporção em Roraima (52,9%), e alto número de óbitos, com ênfase para o Mato Grosso do Sul (23,1%), que também registrou a pior proporção de cura (28,7%). CONCLUSÃO: Evidenciou-se baixo desempenho dos indicadores de controle da tuberculose nas pessoas em situação de rua, com distribuição heterogênea entre os estados e as regiões do país, sendo notório que a maioria deles teve resultados insuficientes. Esses dados suscitam a persistência de dificuldades e desafios inerentes à implementação das estratégias de controle da tuberculose para essa população no território nacional.

Vaccination coverage of triple viral and poliomyelitis in Brazil, 2011-2021: temporal trend and spatial dependency.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the coverage of MMR and polio vaccines, the temporal trend and spatial dependence, in children up to one year of age in Brazil, between 2011 and 2021. METHODS: Ecological study with secondary data on vaccination coverage rates, made available by the National Immunization Program Information System. Trend analysis was carried out using the joinpoint method, according to geographic regions, estimating the annual percentage change (APC) and its respective confidence interval (95%CI). Choropleth maps of distribution by health region were constructed and, subsequently, the spatial dependence was verified using Moran's statistics. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2021, vaccination coverage declined in Brazil, both for MMR (APC: -6.4%; 95%CI -9.0; -3.8) and for poliomyelitis (APC: -4. 5%; 95%CI -5.5; -3.6). There was a decline in coverage of both vaccines in all geographic regions over the years of the study, except in the South and Midwest for the MMR vaccine. Since 2015, few health regions in the country have achieved adequate vaccination coverage (≥95.0% to <120.0%). The North and Northeast health regions showed low-low clusters in the univariate analysis for both immunobiological. CONCLUSIONS: It is urgent to consider studies like this one for the planning of more effective strategies for immunizing children, especially in areas with higher falls. In this way, barriers to access to immunization can be broken, given Brazil's heterogeneity, and access to reliable information that increases confidence in vaccine efficacy can be expanded.

Distribution and spatial autocorrelation of viral hepatitis B and C in Paraná, Brazil: an ecological study, 2011-2019.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the distribution and spatial autocorrelation of hepatitis B and C detection rates in the state of Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: this was an ecological study of hepatitis B and C notifications held on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System, between 2011 and 2019. Percentage change in detection rates between the first and last three-year periods was estimated. Spatial autocorrelation was analyzed using Moran's index. RESULTS: there were 16,699 notifications of hepatitis B, with a greater reduction in detection in the North (-30.0%) and Northwest (-25.9%) macro-regions. There were clusters of high occurrence in the Foz do Iguaçu, Francisco Beltrão and Cascavel regions between 2011 and 2019. There were 10,920 notifications of hepatitis C, with a greater reduction in detection in the Northwest macro-region (-18.9%) and an increase in the West (51.1%). The Paranaguá region recorded a high detection cluster between 2011 and 2016. CONCLUSION: hepatitis B and C showed heterogeneous distribution between health regions.

O diagnóstico do HIV na atenção primária à saúde: uma revisão realista / HIV diagnosis in primary health care: a realistic review / El diagnóstico de VIH en atención primaria de salud: una revisión realista

É fundamental a identificação e a compreensão das estratégias empregadas na atenção primária à saúde para a oferta do diagnóstico do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), de modo a possibilitar o planejamento de políticas que promovam o início oportuno da terapia antirretroviral para garantir uma melhor qualidade de vida às pessoas que vivem com HIV. Desse modo, o estudo objetivou elaborar preceitos teóricos a partir das evidências científicas acerca das estratégias para a oferta do diagnóstico do HIV na atenção primária. Trata-se de uma revisão realista, realizada a partir de levantamento conduzido em seis bases de dados no ano de 2022, que teve como questão norteadora: quais são as estratégias para a oferta do diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV na atenção primária à saúde? Foram incluídos oito estudos. No que se refere a estratégias empregadas e público-alvo, observou-se o predomínio de testes de rotina (n = 5) nas unidades básicas de saúde para a população adscrita, sem especificação de idade e/ou grupo (n = 4). A partir disso emergiu o seguinte preceito teórico: estratégias para a oferta de testes de HIV na atenção primária à saúde, com abordagens holísticas, pautadas na relação profissional-usuário e em condições rotineiras apresentam melhor receptividade pela população adscrita e contribuem para a redução do estigma associado. Sugere-se, assim, que as ações de testagem de HIV valorizem práticas integrais ao usuário em suas consultas de rotina e sejam livres de discriminação e julgamento, a fim de que o estigma associado à infecção deixe de ser um fator limitador para a testagem.

It is essential to identify and understand the strategies employed in primary health care to offer diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), to enable the planning of policies that promote the timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy to guarantee a better quality of life for people who live with HIV. Thus, the study aimed to develop theoretical precepts based on scientific evidence about strategies for offering HIV diagnosis in Primary Care. This is a realistic review, carried out from a screening in six databases in the year 2022, which had as its guiding question: what are the strategies for offering the diagnosis of HIV infection in primary health care?. A total of eight studies were included. Regarding the strategies employed and the target audience, there was a predominance of routine tests (n = 5) in basic health units for the enrolled population, without specifying age and/or group (n = 4). From this, the following theoretical precept emerged: strategies for offering HIV tests in primary health care, with holistic approaches, based on the professional-user relationship and under routine conditions show more receptivity of the enrolled population and contribute to reduce the associated stigma. It is suggested, therefore, that HIV testing actions should value integral practices for the user in their routine consultations and be free of discrimination and judgments, so that the stigma associated with the infection ceases to be a limiting factor for testing.

Es fundamental identificar y comprender las estrategias empleadas en la atención primaria de salud para ofrecer el diagnóstico del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), con el fin de posibilitar la planificación de políticas que promuevan el inicio oportuno de la terapia antirretroviral y, así, garantizar una mejor calidad de vida a las personas que viven con el VIH. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar preceptos teóricos basados en evidencia científica sobre estrategias para ofrecer el diagnóstico de VIH en la atención primaria. Se trata de una revisión realista, realizada en seis bases de datos en el año 2022, que se basó en la siguiente pregunta orientadora: ¿Cuáles son las estrategias para ofrecer el diagnóstico de infección por VIH en la atención primaria de salud? Se incluyeron ocho estudios. En cuanto a las estrategias empleadas y el público objetivo, hubo predominio de las pruebas de rutina (n = 5) en las unidades básicas de salud para la población en estudio, sin precisar edad y/o grupo (n = 4). De allí surgió el siguiente precepto teórico: las estrategias de oferta de pruebas de VIH en la atención primaria de salud, con enfoques holísticos, basadas en la relación profesional-usuario y en condiciones de rutina son más receptivas a la población inscrita y contribuyen a la reducción del estigma asociado. Se recomienda, por tanto, que las acciones de prueba del VIH deben valorar prácticas integrales para el usuario en sus consultas de rutina y estar libres de discriminación y juicios, para que el estigma asociado a la infección deje de ser un factor limitante para la prueba.

Caracterização e geoespacialização da sífilis gestacional e congênita no Paraná, Brasil, 2012-2020 / Characterization and geospacialization of gestational and congenital syphilis in Paraná, Brazil, 2012-2020 / Caracterización y geoespacialización de sífilis gestacional y congénita en Paraná, Brasil, 2012-2020

A sífilis persiste como um problema de saúde pública, sobretudo pelos entraves existentes no enfrentamento da sífilis gestacional e congênita. Considerando que a ocorrência dessas infecções se relaciona a fatores maternos e programáticos, este estudo buscou analisar as características epidemiológicas do binômio mãe-filho exposto à sífilis e sua distribuição espacial no Paraná entre 2012 e 2020. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e ecológico, com dados dos sistemas nacionais de informação do Brasil. Foram considerados os casos de gestantes e de crianças registrados entre 2012 e 2020 no estado do Paraná. Foram apresentadas as frequências absolutas e relativas para a caracterização, calculando-se a variação percentual entre o primeiro e o último triênio. Ainda, foi empregado o índice de Moran para a geoespacialização segundo regiões de saúde. Houve predomínio em mulheres de 20 a 39 anos (71,24%), brancas (67,22%) e com até oito anos de estudo (80,76%), com diagnóstico nas fases primária e latente (76,42%). Os casos concentraram-se em crianças do sexo masculino (48,72%), diagnosticadas na fase recente (96,42%), e naquelas cujas mães aderiram ao pré-natal (88,88%), mas os parceiros, por sua vez, não foram tratados (69,46%). Houve aumento do diagnóstico materno durante o pré-natal (16,61%) e redução dos óbitos infantis por sífilis (31,25%). Observou-se concentração das notificações nas regiões Metropolitana e de Pato Branco. Em suma, as gestantes apresentaram idade reprodutiva e baixa escolaridade e foram tratadas durante o pré-natal, contudo, sem a inclusão dos parceiros. Ademais, evidenciou-se comportamento espacial aleatório nas regiões de saúde, com disparidade entre a sífilis gestacional e a congênita.

Syphilis remains as serious public health issue due to existing obstacles in combating gestational and congenital syphilis. Since the onset of these infections is related to maternal and programmatic factors, this study analyzed the epidemiological profile of the mother-child binomial exposed to syphilis and its spatial distribution in Paraná from 2012 to 2020. This is a descriptive, ecological study with data from Brazilian national information systems. Cases of pregnant women and children recorded between 2012 and 2020 in the state of Paraná were considered. Absolute and relative frequencies were estimated for characterization, calculating the percentage variation between the first and last three years. The Moran index was also used for geospacialization according to health regions. Most women were aged 20 to 39 years (71.24%), white (67.22%), and had up to 8 years of schooling (80.76%), with diagnosis in the primary and latent stages (76.42%). Most cases concerned male children (48.72%), diagnosed in the recent phase (96.42%), and from mothers who adhered to prenatal care (88.88%), but the partners were untreated (69.46%). Maternal diagnosis increased during prenatal care (16.61%) and infant deaths by syphilis decreased (31.25%). Most cases were notified in the Metropolitan and Pato Branco regions. In short, the pregnant women were of reproductive age, had low education, and were treated during prenatal care, but their partners were not included. The health regions showed random spatial behavior, with disparity between gestational and congenital syphilis.

La sífilis persiste como un problema de salud pública, principalmente por los obstáculos en hacer frente la sífilis gestacional y congénita. Teniendo en cuenta que la ocurrencia de estas infecciones está relacionada con los factores maternos y programáticos, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las características epidemiológicas del binomio madre-hijo expuestos a la sífilis y la distribución espacial en Paraná (Brasil) entre 2012 y 2020. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y ecológico, con datos de los sistemas de información nacionales de Brasil. Se consideraron los casos de mujeres embarazadas y niños registrados entre 2012 y 2020 en Paraná. Se presentaron las frecuencias absolutas y relativas, calculando la variación porcentual entre el primer y el último trienio. Asimismo, se utilizó el índice de Moran, según regiones de salud. Predominaron las mujeres de entre 20 y 39 años de edad (71,24%), blancas (67,22%), con hasta ocho años de estudio (80,76%), con diagnóstico en estadio primario y latente (76,42%). Los casos se concentraron en hijos varones (48,72%), diagnosticados en fase reciente (96,42%), y en aquellos cuyas madres tuvieron acceso a los cuidados prenatales (88,88%), pero su pareja no recibió el tratamiento (69,46%). Hubo un aumento en el diagnóstico materno durante la atención prenatal (16,61%) y una reducción en las muertes de niños por sífilis (31,25%). Se observó una concentración de casos en las regiones Metropolitana y de Pato Branco. En resumen, las mujeres embarazadas se encontraban en edad reproductiva, tenían bajo nivel de estudios y eran atendidas durante el prenatal, sin incluir su pareja. Además, se evidenció un comportamiento espacial aleatorio en las regiones de salud, con disparidad entre sífilis gestacional y congénita.

Distribuição e dependência espacial da dengue nos municípios paranaenses em períodos epidêmicos / Distribuición u dependencia espacial del dengue en los municipios de Paraná en períodos epidémicos / Distribution and spatial dependence of dengue in Paraná municipalities in epidemic periods

Objetivo:analisar a distribuição e autocorrelação dos casos de dengue notificados no Paraná, nos períodos epidêmicos de 2015-2016 e 2019-2020.Método: estudo ecológico, tendo como unidade de análise as regiões de saúde e os municípios do Paraná. Utilizou-se dados de 2015-2016/2019-2020 do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Para análise, procedeu-se ao cálculo dos coeficientes de incidência e variação percentual por municípios. Ainda, empregou-se a estatística de Moran global e local.Resultados:maiores coeficientes de incidência foram nas macrorregiões Noroeste, Norte e Oeste, onde também foram identificadas variações percentuais positivas, indicando aumento na incidência entre epidemias. Por outro lado, a macrorregião Leste apresentou queda. Áreas de alto risco foram evidenciadas em maior número na macrorregião Noroeste, ao passo que a Leste apresentou maior área de baixo risco. Conclusões:existem áreas de alto risco para dengue no Paraná, demandando o direcionamento de ações no controle e manejo do agravo.

Objective:to analyze the distribution and autocorrelation of reported dengue cases in the Paraná, in the epidemic periods of 2015-2016 and 2019-2020. Method:ecological study, with the health regions and municipalities of Paraná as the unit of analysis. Data from 2015-2016/2019-2020 from the Notifiable Diseases Information System were used. For analysis, the incidence coefficients and percentage variation by municipalities were calculated. Also, global and local Moran statistics were used. Results:higher incidence coefficients were found in the Northwest, North and West macro-regions, where positive percentage variations were also identified, indicating an increase in incidence between epidemics. On the other hand, the East macro-region showed a decline. High-risk areas were evidenced in greater numbers in the Northwest macro-region, while the East had a larger low-risk area. Conclusions:there are areas of high risk for dengue in Paraná, demanding the direction of actions in the control and management of the disease.

Objetivo:analizar distribución y autocorrelación de casos de dengue notificados en el Paraná, en 2015-2016 y 2019-2020. Método:estudio ecológico, con las regiones de salud y los municipios de Paraná como unidad de análisis. Se utilizaron datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria. Para el análisis se calcularon los coeficientes de incidencia y variación porcentual por municipios. Además, se utilizaron estadísticas globales y locales de Moran. Resultados:se encontraron mayores coeficientes de incidencia en las macrorregiones Noroeste, Norte y Oeste, donde también se identificaron variaciones porcentuales positivas, indicando un aumento de la incidencia entre epidemias. La macrorregión Oriente mostró un descenso. Las áreas de alto riesgo se evidenciaron en Noroeste, mientras que el Este tuvo una mayor área de bajo riesgo.Conclusiones:existen áreas de alto riesgo para el dengue en Paraná, exigiendo la dirección de acciones en el control y manejo de la enfermedad.

Distribution of tuberculosis cases in the state of Paraná: an ecological study, Brazil, 2018-2021.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the distribution of tuberculosis cases in the state of Paraná, Brazil, between 2018 and 2021. METHODS: this was an ecological study using secondary data obtained from compulsory notifications; detection rates per 100,000 inhabitants were described according to health regions in the state; percentage changes between 2018-2019 and 2020-2021 were calculated. RESULTS: a total of 7,099 cases were registered. The highest rates were observed in the health regions of Paranaguá (52.4/100,000 in 2018-2019; 38.2/100,000 in 2020-2021) and Foz do Iguaçu (34.4/100,000 in 2018-2019; 20.5/100,000 in 2020-2021), and the lowest rates in Irati (6.3/100,000 in 2018-2019; 8.8/100,000 in 2020-2021) and Francisco Beltrão (8.5/100,000 in 2018-2019; 7.6/100,000 in 2020-2021); in 2020-2021, it could be seen a decrease in percentage changes in 18 health regions, while there was an increase in four of them, especially Foz do Iguaçu (-40.5%) and Cianorte (+53.6%). CONCLUSION: high rates were found in the coastal and triple border regions; and there was a decline in detection rates in the pandemic period.

Diálogo sobre doação de órgãos e tecidos: gamification na educação permanente em saúde / A dialog on organ and tissue donation: gamification in permanent education in health / Diálogo sobre donación de órganos y tejidos: la gamificación en educación permanente para la salud

RESUMO Objetivo: sistematizar a experiência da parceria ensino-serviço na elaboração e aplicação de um jogo virtual sobre doação de órgãos e tecidos enquanto proposta de educação permanente em saúde. Método: sistematização de experiência, conduzida por análise documental, envolvendo o processo de elaboração e aplicação de uma prática educativa de gamification por estudantes, professores e profissionais da enfermagem, que desenvolveram a estratégia e aplicaram em um hospital universitário no Sul do Brasil em setembro de 2020. Resultados: ante o contexto sanitário imposto pela covid-19, o jogo virtual composto por 20 questões em torno do processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes, enquanto estratégia de educação permanente em saúde, inspirou engajamento e motivação dos profissionais, que mostraram escasso conhecimento acerca da temática e avaliaram a estratégia como positiva. Conclusão: evidenciou-se um caminho potencial a ser replicado em diferentes contextos e temáticas, estimulando e encorajando o processo de cuidado e de educação.

ABSTRACT Objective: to systematize the teaching-service partnership experience in the creation and application of a virtual game on organ and tissue donation as a proposal for permanent education in health. Method: systematization of an experience, conducted through documentary analysis, involving the process to create and apply an educational gamification practice by Nursing students, professors and professionals who developed the strategy and applied it at a university hospital in southern Brazil in September 2020. Results: given the health context imposed by COVID-19, the virtual game consisting of 20 questions about the organ and tissue donation process for transplants, as a strategy for ongoing health education, inspired engagement and motivation among the professionals, who showed limited knowledge about the theme and evaluated the strategy as positive. Conclusion: a potential path to be replicated in different contexts and scenarios was made evident, stimulating and encouraging the care and education processes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: sistematizar la experiencia de la asociación entre enseñanza y servicio en la creación y aplicación de un juego virtual sobre donación de órganos y tejidos en términos de una propuesta de educación permanente para la salud. Método: sistematización de la experiencia, dirigida por análisis documental y abarcando el proceso de elaboración y aplicación de una práctica educativa de gamificación por parte de estudiantes, profesores y profesionales de Enfermería, que desarrollaron la estrategia y la aplicaron en un hospital universitario del sur de Brasil en septiembre de 2020. Resultados: frente al contexto sanitario impuesto por la COVID-19, en términos de estrategia de educación permanente para la salud, el juego virtual compuesto por 20 preguntas sobre el proceso de donación de órganos y tejidos para trasplantes inspiró compromiso y motivación en los profesionales, quienes demostraron escasos conocimientos acerca de la temática y evaluaron la estrategia como positiva. Conclusión: se evidenció un potencial camino a ser replicado en diferentes contextos y temáticas, estimulando y alentando el proceso de la atención y educación en salud.