Clinical Saccadometry: Establishing Evaluative Standards Using a Simplified Video Oculography Protocol in the Adult Population.

BACKGROUND: Saccadometry is an advanced ocular motor test battery that allows for the functional evaluation of the varied brain regions and circuits involved in the generation of fast, purposeful, and accurate saccadic eye movements. The test battery is composed of prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) tests that progressively increase cognitive demand. Existing saccadometry protocols qualitatively describe trends across the lifespan, but have not been widely adopted by clinicians. PURPOSE: The aims of this study are to design an efficient and simplified clinical saccadometry protocol using video oculography (VOG) equipment and establish associated evaluative standards across the lifespan. STUDY SAMPLE: Data were reported on 273 adults ages 18 to 69 years. RESULTS: Evaluative data on four measures: directional error rate (DE), latency (Lat), peak velocity (Vel), and accuracy (Acc) during PS and AS measurements were provided. Age-group differences were found in Lat (p < 0.01) and Vel (p = 0.04) during PS and age-group differences were found in DE (p = 0.04), Lat (p < 0.01) and Vel (p < 0.01) during AS. Gender differences were found in DE (p = 0.01) and Lat (p < 0.01) during AS. CONCLUSIONS: This study established a standardized and time-efficient protocol with evaluative standards for individuals ages 18 to 69 years old to enable the use of saccadometry as an objective measure in the clinic. Saccadometry allows clinicians to look beyond the traditional saccade test and evaluate complex oculomotor and cognitive functions that will better help clinicians differentiate between peripheral and central diagnoses.

Enhancing Dental Cement Bond Strength with Autofocus-Laser-Cutter-Generated Grooves on Polyetheretherketone Surfaces.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is widely used in dentistry owing to its exceptional properties, including its natural appearance; however, existing surface treatment methods for bonding PEEK have limitations. Autofocus laser cutters, known for their precise engraving and cutting capabilities, offer potential for surface treatment of PEEK; thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the creation of laser groove structures on PEEK to enhance its bonding capability with dental resin cement. A dental computer-aided design and manufacturing system was used to fabricate PEEK samples, and three groove patterns (circle, line, and grid) were generated on PEEK surfaces, with air-abrasion used as the control group. The surface characteristics, cell viability, and bond strength were evaluated, and the data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). Laser-treated PEEK exhibited a uniform texture with a groove depth of approximately 39.4 µm, hydrophobic properties with a contact angle exceeding 90°, a surface roughness of 7.3-12.4 µm, consistent topography, and comparable cell viability compared with untreated PEEK. Despite a decrease in bond strength after thermal cycling, no significant intergroup differences were observed, except for the line-shaped laser pattern. These findings indicate that the autofocus laser cutter effectively enhances the surface characteristics of PEEK by creating a uniform texture and grooves, showing promise in improving bonding properties, even considering the impact of thermal cycling effects.

Head Trauma Associated with Supra- and Infratentorial Epidural Hematoma: Diagnostic and Surgical Considerations.

BACKGROUND: Supra- and infratentorial epidural hematoma (SIEDH) is a rare type of intracranial epidural hematoma. Due to the potential of vigorous hemorrhage from the injured transverse sinus (TS), it poses a challenge for neurosurgeons to evacuate the SIEDH. METHODS: The medical records and radiographic studies were retrospectively reviewed to investigate the clinical and radiographic characteristics, clinical course, surgical findings and outcome in 34 patients with head trauma associated with SIEDH. RESULTS: Patients treated surgically had a lower Glasgow Coma Scale score than those treated conservatively (P = 0.005). The surgical group had statistically larger thickness and volume of the SIEDH than those in the conservative group (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Six patients experienced significant intraoperative blood loss, and copious bleeding from the injured TS was noted in 5 (83.3%) of these patients. Five (50%) of 10 patients undergoing simple craniotomy experienced significant blood loss. However, only 1 patient (11.1%) undergoing strip craniotomy experienced significant blood loss, but no intraoperative shock. All patients experiencing massive blood loss and intraoperative shock underwent simple craniotomy. There was no statistical difference in the outcome between the conservative and surgical groups. CONCLUSIONS: When operating on SIEDH, the possibility of vigorous bleeding from the injured TS and intraoperative massive bleeding should be kept in mind. Strip craniotomy that allows hitching the stripped dura to the bone strip overlying the TS may be a better method for the evacuation of SIEDH.

g-C3N4 Nanosheet Supported CuO Nanocomposites for the Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction.

We have prepared CuO-derived electrocatalysts on a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheet support for the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Highly monodisperse CuO nanocrystals made by a modified colloidal synthesis method serve as the precatalysts. We use a two-stage thermal treatment to address the active site blockage issues caused by the residual C18 capping agents. The results show that the thermal treatment effectively removed the capping agents and increased the electrochemical surface area. During the process, the residual oleylamine molecules incompletely reduced CuO to a Cu2O/Cu mixed phase in the first stage of thermal treatment, and the following treatment in forming gas at 200 °C completed the reduction to metallic Cu. The CuO-derived electrocatalysts show different selectivities over CH4 and C2H4, and this might be due to the synergistic effects of Cu-g-C3N4 catalyst-support interaction, varied particle sizes, dominant surface facets, and catalyst ensemble. The two-stage thermal treatment enables sufficient capping agent removal, catalyst phase control, and CO2RR product selection, and with precise controls of the experimental parameters, we believe that this will help to design and fabricate g-C3N4-supported catalyst systems with narrower product distribution.

Vertex epidural hematoma: Diagnosis, therapeutic consideration and outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Vertex epidural hematoma (VEDH) is a relatively uncommon type of intracranial hematoma. Because of its unique location and the potential of massive intraoperative bleeding, diagnosis and surgical intervention of VEDH may be challenging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 32 patients with VEDH was undertaken to investigate the prognostic factor and therapeutic strategy of VEDH. Special attention was paid to the relationship between fracture pattern, surgical method, intraoperative blood loss and outcome. RESULTS: Patients treated surgically had a higher percentage of consciousness disturbance and a significantly larger size of VEDH compared with patients treated conservatively (p = 0.029 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Bleeding from the injured superior sagittal sinus (SSS) was noted in six of nine patients (67%) with a linear fracture parallel to the SSS. Only one patient (20%) with a linear fracture crossing the SSS had bleeding from the injured SSS. Five of eight patients (63%) with sagittal suture diastasis experienced bleeding from the SSS. All patients with massive blood loss and six of seven patients developing intraoperative shock had copious bleeding from the injured SSS. All patients with intraoperative massive bleeding and shock underwent traditional "simple craniotomy". No patients undergoing "strip craniotomy" experienced massive bleeding. Thrombocytopenia (p = 0.008), headache (p = 0.015), consciousness disturbance (p = 0.043), pupil reactivity (p = 0.010), GCS score (p < 0.0001) and the relationship between skull fracture and the SSS (p = 0.037) were significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated GCS score may be a significant prognostic factor in patients with VEDH. Bleeding from the injured SSS occurred frequently in VEDH patients with a linear skull fracture parallel to the SSS or sagittal suture diastasis and could cause devastating hemorrhage. When operating on such patients, the surgical team should prepare for the possibility of massive blood loss and intraoperative shock. Bilateral parasagittal craniotomies with preservation of a central bone strip containing the sagittal suture (strip craniotomy) to allow application of tack-up sutures from the dura to the bone strip may be more suitable for VEDH evacuation.

Modification of Electrospun CeO2 Nanofibers with CuCrO2 Particles Applied to Hydrogen Harvest from Steam Reforming of Methanol.

Hydrogen is the alternative renewable energy source for addressing the energy crisis, global warming, and climate change. Hydrogen is mostly obtained in the industrial process by steam reforming of natural gas. In the present work, CuCrO2 particles were attached to the surfaces of electrospun CeO2 nanofibers to form CeO2-CuCrO2 nanofibers. However, the CuCrO2 particles did not readily adhere to the surfaces of the CeO2 nanofibers, so a trace amount of SiO2 was added to the surfaces to make them hydrophilic. After the SiO2 modification, the CeO2 nanofibers were immersed in Cu-Cr-O precursor and annealed in a vacuum atmosphere to form CeO2-CuCrO2 nanofibers. The CuCrO2, CeO2, and CeO2-CuCrO2 nanofibers were examined by X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller studies (BET). The BET surface area of the CeO2-CuCrO2 nanofibers was 15.06 m2/g. The CeO2-CuCrO2 nanofibers exhibited hydrogen generation rates of up to 1335.16 mL min-1 g-cat-1 at 773 K. Furthermore, the CeO2-CuCrO2 nanofibers produced more hydrogen at lower temperatures. The hydrogen generation performance of these CeO2-CuCrO2 nanofibers could be of great importance in industry and have an economic impact.

Concussion Recovery in Children and Adolescents: A Retrospective Study.

Background: Concussion is a common injury among children and adolescents, with a growing body of literature supporting a variety of diagnostic and treatment modalities. Recovery is variable and depends on multiple factors that can be evaluated through a clinic visit: a thorough history, physical examination, and use of the Post-concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS). Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with overall recovery from concussion in children and adolescents in the clinical setting. It was hypothesized that the presence of 1 of a number of pre- or postinjury characteristics will be associated with poor concussion recovery. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of adolescents and children aged 6 to 17 years with a diagnosis of concussion who were evaluated at a single sports medicine center between January 2015 and December 2019. Cases were categorized into recovered (PCSS <7) and poorly recovered (PCSS ≥7) cohorts based on the last PCSS scores during clinical follow-ups for concussion management. Results: Of the 162 charts reviewed, 110 cases met inclusion criteria. Significant statistical differences were found between the recovered and poorly recovered cohorts regarding mean days from injury to last clinic visit, previous migraine diagnosis, and emergency room (ER) visit before the first clinic visit (P < .01 for all). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the most predictive factors associated with poorer recovery were having an ER visit before the first clinic evaluation (P = .01) and previous migraine diagnosis (P = .04). Conclusion: While many factors may contribute to overall recovery from concussion in pediatric populations, our study suggested that a history of migraine and an ER visit before clinic evaluation may be associated with poor recovery of concussive symptoms.

Interprofessional Collaborative Care Skills and Behaviors: Perception Differences Between Allied Health Students and an Independent Observer.

Interprofessional practice and education (IPE) is incorporated into pre-licensure healthcare programs to prepare students for collaboration in clinical practice and to improve patient outcomes. The use of interprofessional simulation as a teaching strategy is increasing, but most literature involves medical and nursing students, and outcomes measure students' knowledge, perceptions, or attitudes. The purpose of this study was to compare allied health students' self-assessment of their team's interprofessional collaborative care (IPCC) skills and behaviors with an independent observer's perception during an interprofessional simulation discharge planning event with standardized patients. Students (n = 177) were recruited from the Departments of Occupational Therapy (OT), Physical Therapy (PT), and Physician Assistant Studies (PA). Students reflected on their team's performance, and an independent observer assessed each team's IPCC skills and behaviors with a valid and reliable tool developed from the IPEC Core Competencies. The results showed that students' assessments of their teams' IPCC were significantly greater than the independent observer's ratings. Additionally, the observer found that the students demonstrated higher levels of interprofessional collaboration during a team huddle without a standardized patient present. This study suggests that IPE program evaluation should include observations of interprofessional skills and behaviors and that students involved in interprofessional simulation may benefit from a team huddle prior to team interactions with a standardized patient.

The Predictive Validity and Clinical Application of Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries (STEADI) for Fall Risk Screening.

Fall prevention is critical for older adults. Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries (STEADI) is a fall prevention initiative, promoted by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). The purpose of this review aims to discuss the predictive validity, improve the predictive validity of STEADI, and apply STEADI in clinical settings.

ZnO-ZnCr2O4 composite prepared by a glycine nitrate process method and applied for hydrogen production by steam reforming of methanol.

To address climate change, the energy crisis, and global warming, hydrogen (H2) can be used as a potential energy carrier because it is clean, non-toxic and efficient. Today, the mainstream industrial method of H2 generation is steam reforming of methanol (SRM). In this process, a zinc-based commercial catalyst is usually used. In this work, a ZnO-ZnCr2O4 catalyst was successfully synthesised by the glycine nitrate process (GNP) and developed for use in H2 production by SRM. The specific surface area, porous structure and reaction sites of the zinc-based catalyst were effectively increased by the preparation method. The as-combusted ZnO-ZnCr2O4 composite catalyst had a highly porous structure due to the gas released during the GNP reaction process. Moreover, according to the ZnO distribution and different G/N ratios, the specific surface area (S BET) of the as-combusted ZnO-ZnCr2O4 catalyst varied from 29 m2 g-1 to 46 m2 g-1. The ZnO-ZnCr2O4 composite catalyst (G/N 1.7) exhibited the highest hydrogen production, 4814 ml STP min-1 g-cat-1, at a reaction temperature of 450 °C without activation treatment. After activation, the ZnO-ZnCr2O4 composite catalyst achieved hydrogen production of 6299 ml STP min-1 g-cat-1 at a reaction temperature of 500 °C. The hydrogen production performance of the ZnO-ZnCr2O4 composite powder was improved by the uniform addition of ZnO to ZnCr2O4. Based on the performance, this ZnO-ZnCr2O4 composite catalyst has great potential to have industrial and economic impact due to its high efficiency in hydrogen production.

Age differences in brain activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor areas during three different walking speed tasks.

BACKGROUND: Functional Near-Infrared Spectrometry (fNIRS) is a novel neuroimaging method that can detect brain activity during functional activities. The prefrontal cortex and supplemental motor area (SMA) are active during normal and fast speed walking. However, it is unclear how age difference affects brain activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and SMA when walking at different speeds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the age differences in DLPFC and SMA activation during different walking speeds. METHOD: 10 younger (5F; 25 ± 8 y.o.) and 10 older adults (5F; 73 ± 6 y.o.) completed three visits in this study. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy was used to detect hemodynamic changes on right and left hemispheres over the DLPFC and SMA during self-selected slow, preferred, and fast walking speeds. RESULTS: The results showed significantly increased DLPFC and SMA activity in older adults compared to younger adults when walking at preferred normal, fast, and slow speeds. Older adults also had a higher left DLPFC activation during preferred fast walking speed than younger adults. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there are age differences in the DLPFC and SMA activation, with older adults demonstrating increased DLPFC and SMA activity across all walk conditions compared to younger adults. This may indicate older adults require higher cognitive demand and need to recruit indirect motor pathways when changing gait speed by increasing SMA activation.

The Feasibility of Using the Virtual Time-to-Contact Measure of Postural Stability to Examine Postural Recovery in People With Diabetes Mellitus.

This study aimed to examine the feasibility of using time-to-contact measures during the perturbation protocol in people with diabetes mellitus. Three-dimension motion capture and force data were collected during 0.5-s perturbations in four directions (forward, backward, right, and left) and at two accelerations (20 and 40 cm/s2) to compute the time-to-contact. Time-to-contact analysis was divided into three phases: perturbation, initial recovery, and final recovery. The statistical analysis showed the main effects of Direction and Phase (p < .01) as well as a Direction by Phase interaction (p < .01). Backward perturbation with lower acceleration and backward/forward perturbation with higher acceleration had deleterious effects on postural stability in people with diabetes mellitus.

Investigating the Use of Virtual Reality Headsets for Postural Control Assessment: Instrument Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: Accurately measuring postural sway is an important part of balance assessment and rehabilitation. Although force plates give accurate measurements, their costs and space requirements make their use impractical in many situations. OBJECTIVE: The work presented in this paper aimed to address this issue by validating a virtual reality (VR) headset as a relatively low-cost alternative to force plates for postural sway measurement. The HTC Vive (HTC Corporation) VR headset has built-in sensors that allow for position and orientation tracking, making it a potentially effective tool for balance assessments. METHODS: Participants in this study were asked to stand upright on a force plate (NeuroCom; Natus Medical Incorporated) while wearing the HTC Vive. Position data were collected from the headset and force plate simultaneously as participants experienced a custom-built VR environment that covered their entire field of view. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine the test-retest reliability of the postural control variables, which included the normalized path length, root mean square (RMS), and peak-to-peak (P2P) value. These were computed from the VR position output data and the center of pressure (COP) data from the force plate. Linear regression was used to investigate the correlations between the VR and force plate measurements. RESULTS: Our results showed that the test-retest reliability of the RMS and P2P value of VR headset outputs (ICC: range 0.285-0.636) was similar to that of the RMS and P2P value of COP outputs (ICC: range 0.228-0.759). The linear regression between VR and COP measures showed significant correlations in RMSs and P2P values. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, the VR headset has the potential to be used for postural control measurements. However, the further development of software and testing protocols for balance assessments is needed.

Comparison of Dental Surface Image Registration and Fiducial Marker Registration: An In Vivo Accuracy Study of Static Computer-Assisted Implant Surgery.

This study compared the accuracy of static computer-assisted implant surgery (sCAIS) planned through dental surface image registration and fiducial marker registration. Stone models of 30 patients were converted into digital dental casts by using a desktop scanner. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed and superimposed to the digital dental casts with two methods: matching the dental surface images or matching the fiducial markers on a stereolithographic radiographic template. Following the implant planning, stereolithographic surgical guides were fabricated, and 56 fully guided implants were inserted by the same doctor. Deviations between planned and inserted implants were measured and compared using postoperative CBCT images. After adjustment for other potential influencing factors, compared with the fiducial marker registration group, significantly larger mean lateral deviations were noted in the dental surface registration group at both the implant platform and apex (p = 0.0188 and 0.0371, respectively). However, the mean lateral deviations for the dental surface registration (0.83 ± 0.51 mm at implant platform and 1.24 ± 0.68 mm at implant apex) were comparable to the literature. In conclusion, our findings indicate that although sCAIS planned using dental surface image registration was not statistically as accurate as that using fiducial marker registration, its accuracy was satisfactory for clinical use.

A CoV2O4 precatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction: highlighting the importance of postmortem electrocatalyst characterization.

Vanadium-doped cobalt oxide materials have emerged as a promising class of catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Previous studies suggest vanadium doping in crystalline Co spinel materials tunes the electronic structure and stabilizes surface intermediates. We report a CoV2O4 material that shows good activity for the oxygen evolution reaction. However, postmortem characterization of the catalyst material shows dissolution of vanadium resulting in an amorphous CoOx material, suggesting that this vanadium-free material, and not CoV2O4, is the active catalyst. This study highlights the importance of postmortem characterization prior to mechanistic and computational analysis for this class of materials.

Fully Digital Workflow for Planning Static Guided Implant Surgery: A Prospective Accuracy Study.

The accuracy of static guided implant surgery (sGIS) using conventional planning workflow has been extensively examined; however, more information is required to justify the application of fully digital planning protocol. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical accuracy of sGIS with a fully digital planning workflow. Twenty-one partially edentulous patients were enrolled in this prospective study. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and intraoral scans were taken and superimposed by matching the dental surface images directly (surface registration protocol) or by matching fiducial markers on a stereolithographic (SLA) radiographic template fabricated from the digital data of the intraoral scan (fiducial marker registration protocol). Virtual implant treatment plans were then determined, and tooth-supported SLA surgical guides were fabricated according to the plans. Twenty-six implant surgeries were performed via the surgical guide by one surgeon. Pre- and post-operative CBCT images were superimposed, and the positional and angular deviations between placed and planned implants were measured with metrology software. A total of 43 fully guided implants were placed, in which 25 implants were planned with the surface registration protocol. Implants planned based on the surface registration protocol had a larger mean angular deviation than the fiducial marker registration protocol. No significant differences were found for any deviations of the examined variables. Within the limits of this study, we concluded that the clinical accuracy of the sGIS planned with a fully digital workflow was consistent with the conventional workflow for partially edentulous patients.

Stereolithographic Surgical Guide with a Combination of Tooth and Bone Support: Accuracy of Guided Implant Surgery in Distal Extension Situation.

A distal free-end situation could result in insufficient stability of the surgical guide, and could reduce accuracy of the static guided implant surgery (sGIS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of sGIS using a combination tooth-and-bone supported stereolithographic (SLA) surgical guide in distal extension situation. Thirty dentists, each placed three implants at the Federal Dentaire Internationale (FDI) teeth positions #46, #47 (a distal extension situation), and #36 (a single tooth gap) via the surgical guide on a model fixed to a manikin. Pre- and post-operative computed tomography (CT) images of the models were superimposed, and the positional and angular deviations of the implants were measured with metrology software. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to evaluate the intergroup differences. No significant differences were found for all the positional and angular deviations among the three implant sites, except the bucco-lingual deviation at the implant platform in the #47 position (0.43 ± 0.19 mm) that was significantly larger than the #46 (0.21 ± 0.14 mm) and #36 (0.24 ± 0.25 mm) positions (p < 0.0001). Within the limits of this study, we conclude that, in distal extension situation of missing mandibular molars, adding a bone-supported strut in the distal part of the surgical guide can be beneficial to the accuracy of the sGIS.

Clinical Outcome of Residual Liver Volume and Hepatic Steatosis After Right-Lobe Living-Donor Hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND We examine how residual liver volume (RLV) and hepatic steatosis (HS) of living liver donors affect the regeneration process and clinical outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS We longitudinally studied 58 donors who underwent right-lobe hepatectomy during the period February 2014 to February 2015 at a single medical institution. The patients were classified based on RLV (30-35%, 35-40%, 40-50%) subgroups and HS (<10%, 10-30%, 30-50%) subgroups. Clinical parameters such as clinical outcome, liver volumetric recovery (LVR,%) rate and remnant left-liver (RLL,%) growth rate were collected for analysis. RESULTS The clinical features of postoperative peak total bilirubin (p=.024) were significant in the 3 RLV subgroups. Body mass index (p=.017), preoperative alanine transaminase (p<.001), and pleural effusion (p=.038) were significant in the 3 HS subgroups. The LVR rate and RLL growth rate equations showed significant variation in regeneration among the 3 RLV subgroups. The LVR rate and RLL growth rate equations did not show significant variation in regeneration among the 3 HS subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Hyperbilirubinemia was a risk factor in the small-RLV group, and a large amount of pleural effusion was a risk factor in the steatosis 30-50% group. Hepatic steatosis subgroups did not show significantly different degrees of regeneration. The safety of living donors was a major concern while we compiled the extended living-donor criteria presented in this paper.

Aging Affects the Ability to Process the Optic Flow Stimulations: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectrometry Study.

Optic flow (OF) has been utilized to investigate the sensory integration of visual stimuli during postural control. It is little known how the OF speed affects the aging brain during the sensory integration process of postural control. This study was to examine the effect of OF speeds on the brain activation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and postural sway between younger and older adults. Eleven healthy younger adults (5M/6F, age 22 ± 1-year-old) and ten healthy older adults (4M/6F, age 71 ± 5-year-old) participated in this study. A virtual reality headset was used to provide the OF stimulus at different speeds. A forceplate was used to record the center-of-pressure to compute the amplitude of postural sway (peak-to-peak). Compared with younger adults, older adults showed significantly increased activation in the OF speed of 10 m/s and decreased activation in the OF speed of 20 m/s in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Older adults also showed decreased activation in the left temporoparietal region (VEST) in the OF speed of 20 m/s. A significant difference in peak-to-peak was found between groups. Our results indicated that age might be associated with the ability to process fast OF stimulation.

Resveratrol antagonizes thyroid hormone-induced expression of checkpoint and proliferative genes in oral cancer cells.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoint control may lead to the independence of growth regulating signals. Checkpoint protein such as the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint involving tumor cells and host immune defense lymphocytes is a well-studied therapeutic target in oncology. Acting at a cell surface receptor on plasma membrane integrin αvß3, thyroxine stimulates intracellular accumulation of PD-L1 in cancer cells. Although resveratrol also binds to integrin αvß3, it reduces PD-L1 expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In current studies, we investigated the roles of resveratrol and thyroxine in regulating expression of proliferation-related genes and checkpoint genes, PD-L1, BTLA in two oral cancer cell lines. RESULTS: Thyroxine suppressed the expression of pro-apoptotic BAD but induced proliferative CCND1 expression in SSC-25 cells and OEC-M1 cells. It activated expression of PD-L1 and BTLA in both cell lines. On the other hand, resveratrol suppressed the expression of all. Alternatively, it activated BAD expression. Thus thyroxine induces checkpoint gene expression which may promote proliferation in cancer cells. Alternatively, resveratrol reverses the stimulatory effects of thyroid hormone to induce anti-proliferation. CONCLUSION: These findings provide new insights into the antagonizing effect of resveratrol on the thyroxine-induced expression of checkpoint genes and proliferative genes in oral cancers.