Cultural adaptation of the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th edition (EOWPVT-4), for Brazilian Portuguese speakers. / Adaptação cultural do Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th edition (EOWPVT-4), para falantes do Português Brasileiro.

PURPOSE: To present a brief report of the first steps that involved the process of the cultural translation and adaptation of the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, fourth edition to Brazilian Portuguese (BP). METHODS: The process of translation and adaptation of this instrument was performed in the following steps: (1) translation of the original text (English) to Brazilian Portuguese (target culture) by two different sworn translators oriented towards our research goal; (2) parity analysis between both translations and design, by a group of experts, of a synthesis version; (3) back translation of the synthesis version by two other sworn translators who did not participate in step 1; and (4) Comparison between back-translation and the original version made by a group of specialists, thus shaping the pre-final adapted version of the EOWPVT-4. RESULTS: In the Brazilian version, the number of items from the original version was maintained and the cultural adaptation of the EOWPVT-4 to BP followed the steps recommended in the literature besides considering the differences in the socio-cultural context, showing no significant discrepancies regarding semantic equivalence. Relevant adaptations (e.g., items not representative within the Brazilian culture) were required during this process so that the instrument could be used with the same methodological rigor as the original instrument. CONCLUSION: The process of cultural adaptation of this instrument indicated that there was theoretical, semantic, idiomatic and cultural equivalence with the original version in English.

OBJETIVO: Apresentar um breve relato sobre as primeiras etapas que envolveram o processo de tradução e adaptação cultural do teste Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, fourth edition para o Português Brasileiro (PB). MÉTODO: O processo de tradução e adaptação desse instrumento foi realizado nas seguintes etapas: (1) tradução do texto original (inglês) para o PB (cultura alvo) por dois tradutores juramentados distintos e orientados quanto ao objetivo da pesquisa; (2) análise de paridade entre as traduções realizadas e concepção, por um grupo de especialistas, de uma versão síntese; (3) retrotradução da versão síntese por outros dois tradutores juramentados que não participaram da etapa 1; e (4) comparação entre a retrotradução e a versão original feita por um grupo de especialistas, moldando, assim, a versão adaptada pré-final do EOWPVT-4. RESULTADOS: Na versão brasileira, foi mantida a quantidade de itens da versão original e a adaptação cultural do EOWPVT-4 para o PB seguiu as etapas recomendadas pela literatura, além de considerar as diferenças do contexto sociocultural, não apresentando discrepâncias significativas no que se refere à equivalência semântica. Foram necessárias adaptações consideradas relevantes (e.g., itens não representativos da cultura brasileira) durante esse processo para que o instrumento pudesse ser utilizado com o mesmo rigor metodológico do instrumento original. CONCLUSÃO: O processo de adaptação cultural desse instrumento indicou que houve equivalência teórica, semântica, idiomática e cultural com a versão original em inglês.

Semantic processing in children 0 to 6 years of age: an N400 analysis / Processamento semântico em crianças de zero a seis anos de idade: uma análise com o N400

ABSTRACT This study consists of a literature review about the semantic processing in children 0 to 6 years of age and an N400 data analysis. Twenty-four studies that met the eligibility criteria were found. Most studies aimed to investigate and characterize the electrophysiological patterns of younger children as compared to those found in older children and adults. A large variability of employed experimental tasks was found, showing that there are various investigation alternatives in this perspective. In general, the joint analysis of the results pointed out that despite the different objectives, types of experimental tasks and degrees of language skills (i.e., typical development or different conditions), age was a relevant factor in establishing the presence or not of the N400 effect and its lateralization. When present, the N400 effect showed that the latency and amplitude of the wave decline according to age. However, the variability of procedures can affect the degree of control and the data reliability. For further studies, the development of a standard protocol to investigate the semantic processing by means of the N400 effect data in different populations is an important step and a strong recommendation for the area.

RESUMO Este estudo consiste em uma revisão da literatura sobre o processamento semântico em crianças de zero a seis anos de idade, analisando dados do N400. Foram encontrados 24 estudos que atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. A maior parte dos estudos teve por objetivo investigar e caracterizar o padrão eletrofisiológico de crianças mais novas em relação ao padrão encontrado em crianças mais velhas e adultos. Foi encontrada grande variabilidade de tarefas experimentais empregadas, mostrando diversas alternativas de investigação nesta perspectiva. De forma geral, a análise conjunta dos resultados indicou que, apesar dos diferentes objetivos, tipos de provas experimentais e diferentes graus de habilidade de linguagem (i.e., desenvolvimento típico ou diferentes condições), a idade foi um fator relevante na definição da presença ou não e lateralização do efeito N400. Quando ocorreu, o efeito N400 mostrou que a latência e a amplitude da onda declinam com a idade. No entanto, a variabilidade de procedimentos pode afetar o grau de controle e a confiabilidade dos dados. Para estudos futuros, o desenvolvimento de um protocolo padrão para a investigação do processamento semântico, por meio de dados do efeito N400, em diferentes populações é um passo importante e uma forte recomendação para a área.

Instrumentos de avaliação da linguagem falada de pré-escolares nascidos prematuros: uma revisão de literatura / Preschool preterm infants’ oral language assessment instruments: a literature review

RESUMO A prematuridade é considerada um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento global de crianças, sobretudo da linguagem falada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre instrumentos de avaliação da linguagem falada de pré-escolares nascidos prematuros, utilizados em investigações científicas em âmbito nacional, e destacar os resultados dessas avaliações. Onze artigos foram selecionados, os quais utilizaram 8 instrumentos para a avaliação de habilidades relacionadas à linguagem falada de pré-escolares nascidos prematuros. Destes 8 instrumentos, 6 são internacionais adaptados para a cultura brasileira e 2 construídos por pesquisadores brasileiros. Dentre os instrumentos utilizados no Brasil têm-se: duas escalas e um instrumento de triagem; um protocolo de observação; dois instrumentos para avaliação de habilidades específicas; e dois para avaliação dos níveis receptivo e expressivo. Em relação aos resultados das avaliações observou-se que pré-escolares nascidos prematuros podem apresentar alterações na linguagem falada. Destaca-se que, apesar das investigações já realizadas, a dimensão dos problemas linguísticos a respeito do desenvolvimento de crianças nascidas prematuras ainda deve ser objeto de estudo, considerando a heterogeneidade desta população.

ABSTRACT Prematurity is considered a risk factor for the overall development of children, especially of the spoken language. The current study had as purpose to introduce a bibliographic review about assessment instruments of spoken language in preschoolers born premature, used in scientific research nationally, and to contrast the results of this assessment. We selected eleven articles and eight assessment instruments related to the spoken language skills of preschoolers born premature. Out of these eight instruments, six of them are international adapted for the Brazilian culture, and two of them were built by Brazilians researchers. Among the instruments used in Brazil, there are: two scales and one screening instrument; one observation protocol; two assessment instruments of specific skills (i.e., vocabulary, fluency); and two for assessment of the receptive and expressive skills. The results of the evaluations revealed that preschool children born preterm might show changes in the spoken language. It is emphasized that, despite previous researches, the dimension of the linguistic problems of the development of children born premature still must be studied, considering the heterogeneity of this population.

Preschoolers' Performance on the Brazilian Adaptation of the Preschool Language Assessment Instrument - Second Edition.

PURPOSE: The objective was to test whether the Brazilian version of the Preschool Language Assessment Instrument - Second Edition (PLAI-2) has the potential to assess and identify differences in typical language development of Portuguese-speaking preschoolers. METHODS: The study included 354 children of both genders with typical language development who were between the ages of 3 years and 5 years 11 months. The version of the PLAI-2 previously translated into Brazilian Portuguese was used to assess the communication skills of these preschool-age children. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the age groups, and the raw score tended to increase as a function of age. With nonstandardized assessments, the performances of the younger groups revealed behavioral profiles (e.g., nonresponsive, impulsive behavior) that directly influenced the evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show that the PLAI-2 is effective in identifying differences in language development among Brazilian children of preschool age. Future research should include studies validating and standardizing these findings.

Comportamento, competência social e qualidade de vida na Doença de Huntington / Behavior, social competence and quality of life in Huntington's Disease

RESUMO: Objetivo: investigar o comportamento, a competência social e a qualidade de vida de indivíduos com a Doença de Huntington (DH), segundo opinião de seus cuidadores. Métodos: constituíram a casuística 30 participantes, com faixa etária de 33 a 79 anos, subdivididos em dois grupos: 15 do grupo amostral (GA) diagnosticados previamente com Doença de Huntington e 15 participantes do grupo controle (GC), pareados quanto à faixa etária, gênero e classificação socioeconômica. Para avaliação destes sujeitos foram aplicados, em seus cuidadores, o Inventário Comportamental Adult Behavior Checklist e o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida WHOQOL-100. Resultados: na avaliação do comportamento e da competência social, os sujeitos do GA apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao GC, segundo opinião dos seus cuidadores, com escores elevados para fatores internalizantes (ansiedade, depressão, isolamento, queixas somáticas), totais de problemas e outros, como problemas do pensamento, atenção e hiperatividade. No questionário de qualidade de vida, para sujeitos com a DH também se evidenciou diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao grupo controle, em todos os domínios (físico, psicológico, nível de independência, relações sociais, ambiente e aspectos religiosos) e na maioria dos subitens avaliados. O GA apresentou média baixa de qualidade de vida, enquanto o GC apresentou média alta. Conclusão: sujeitos com DH possuem um perfil comportamental, de competência social e qualidade de vida diferenciado e com mais alterações, em relação ao GC, segundo os cuidadores . A Doença de Huntington parece ser responsável pelo conjunto de alterações comportamentais, de competência social e de qualidade de vida, relatado pelos cuidadores.

ABSTRACT: Purpose: investigating the behavior, the social competence and the quality of life of individuals who carry Huntington Disease. Methods: the sample was constituted for 30 participants, from 33 to 79 years old, divided in two groups: 15 participants in the experimental group, who were previously diagnosed with Huntington Disease and 15 participants in the comparative group, equally paired according to age and education. To assess this individuals were applied, on their caregivers, the Behavioral Inventory, constituted by the Adult Behavior Checklist and the Quality of Life Questionnaire WHOQOL - 100 were used to asses these individuals. Results: the individuals in the experimental group have presented statistically significant differences when compared to the control group, according to their caregivers' opinion, with high scores for internalizing factors (anxiety, depression, isolation, somatic complaints), total problems and other problems like: thinking, attention and hyperactivity problems, from the behavioral inventory. In the Quality of Life Questionnaire the experimental group has also presented statistically significant differences when compared to the control group, in all domains (physical, psychological, level of independence, social relationships, environment and religious aspects) and in most of the assessed aspects they presenting a low average of quality of life, while the control group has presented a high average. Conclusion: individuals with HD present behavioral, social competence and quality of life profile differentiated and with alterations, according to their caregivers, when it was related to the comparative group. Huntington's disease is limiting, progressive and also appears to be responsible for the set of behavioral change, social competence and quality of life reported by their caregivers.

Instrumentos sistemáticos e formais de avaliação da linguagem de pré-escolares no brasil: uma revisão de literatura / Systematic and formal instruments for language assessment of preschoolers in brazil: a literature review

Instrumentos sistemáticos e formais de avaliação da linguagem em crianças com idade entre dois e cinco anos são de suma importância, tanto para a investigação de possíveis alterações quanto para propor intervenção fonoaudiológica. No entanto, atualmente, são poucos os instrumentos disponíveis no Português brasileiro para investigações e uso clínico. O objetivo do presente estudo, portanto, foi apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre instrumentos sistemáticos e formais de avaliação da linguagem falada em pré-escolares, utilizados em investigações científicas no Brasil, construídos em âmbito nacional ou em processo de adaptação e validação. Foram descritos sete diferentes instrumentos em 22 artigos científicos, número este baixo em comparação a outros países e, sobretudo, em comparação a publicações não científicas, que não necessariamente validam a eficiência do instrumento. Sugere-se maior investimento, tanto na construção de instrumentos quanto na adaptação e validação de instrumentos já utilizados em outras línguas.

Systematic and formal instruments of language in children aged between two and five years are of predominant importance both for the investigation of possible alterations and to propose language intervention. However, currently there are few instruments available in Brazilian Portuguese for research and clinical use. The aim of this study therefore was to present a review on systematic and formal assessment instruments spoken language in preschool, used in scientific research in Brazil, built nationally or in the adaptation and validation process. Seven different instruments have been described in 22 scientific papers, which is a low number compared to other countries, and especially in comparison to non-scientific publications, not necessarily validate the efficiency of the instrument. It is suggested increased investment both in the construction of instruments as in the adaptation and validation of instruments already used in other languages.

Cross-cultural adaptation of Preschool Language Assessment Instrument: Second Edition / Adaptação transcultural do Preschool Language Assessment Instrument: Segunda Edição

PURPOSE: In Brazil, formal tools for the evaluation of spoken language are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and adapt to Brazilian Portuguese the Preschool Language Assessment Instrument: Second Edition (PLAI-2). METHODS: The process of translation and adaptation of this instrument was conducted in two stages - Stage 1: (1a) translation of the original version to Brazilian Portuguese, (1b) comparison of the translated versions and synthesis into a single Portuguese version, (1c) back-translation, (1d) revision of the translated version; and Step 2: (2a) application of the Portuguese version in a pilot project with 30 subjects, and (2b) statistical comparison of three age groups. RESULTS: In the Brazilian version, all items of the original version were kept. However, it was necessary to modify the application order of one item, and the change of one picture was suggested in another. The results obtained after application indicated that the Brazilian version of the PLAI-2 allows us to distinguish the performance of participants belonging to different age groups, and that the raw score tends to increase with age. CONCLUSION: Semantic and syntactic adjustments were required and made to ensure that PLAI-2 would be used with the same methodological rigor of the original instrument. The adaptation process observed the theoretical, semantic, and cultural equivalences. .

OBJETIVO: No Brasil, instrumentos formais para avaliação da linguagem falada são escassos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a tradução e a adaptação para o Português Brasileiro do instrumento Preschool Language Assessment Instrument (PLAI-2). MÉTODOS: O processo de tradução e adaptação desse instrumento foi realizado em duas etapas - Etapa 1: (1a) tradução da versão original para o Português Brasileiro, (1b) comparação das versões traduzidas e síntese para uma única versão em Português, (1c) retrotradução, (1d) revisão da versão traduzida; e Etapa 2: (2a) aplicação da versão em Português em um projeto piloto de 30 sujeitos e (2b) comparação estatística dos três grupos etários. RESULTADOS: Na versão brasileira, foram mantidos todos os itens da versão original, porém foi necessária a modificação da ordem de aplicação de um item e sugerida mudança de gravura em outro. Os resultados obtidos na aplicação indicaram que a versão brasileira do PLAI-2 permitiu discriminar o desempenho dos participantes de diferentes grupos etários e que o escore bruto tende a ser crescente em função do aumento da idade. CONCLUSÃO: Foram necessários e realizados ajustes de ordem semântica e sintática, para que o PLAI-2 fosse utilizado com o mesmo rigor metodológico do instrumento original. O processo de adaptação atendeu às equivalências teórica, semântica e cultural. .

Preschool language assessment instrument, second edition, in Brazilian Portuguese-speaking children.

PURPOSE: To present a brief report on the initial results of the application of Preschool Language Assessment Instrument, second edition, in Brazilian Portuguese-speaking children. METHODS: The study included 300 children with typical language development, from both genders, aged from 3 to 5 years and 11 months, as proposed by the original test version. After translation, back-translation, and adaptation of the second edition of the Preschool Language Assessment Instrument, the instrument was administered to investigate the receptive and expressive language skills. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the average gross scores of the three groups for both "receptive" and "expressive" language skills, and a growing tendency of scores according to age. CONCLUSION: After analysis, we found that versions translated and adapted for Brazilian Portuguese speakers allow one to evaluate and discriminate the performance of children in receptive and expressive language skills, according to age group, as well as the original version.

Anatomical Changes and Audiological Profile in Branchio-oto-renal Syndrome: A Literature Review

Introduction: Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome is an autosomal-dominant genetic condition with high penetrance and variable expressivity, with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 40,000. Approximately 40% of the patients with the syndrome have mutations in the gene EYA1, located at chromosomal region 8q13.3, and 5% have mutations in the gene SIX5 in chromosome region 19q13. The phenotype of this syndrome is characterized by preauricular fistulas; structural malformations of the external, middle, and inner ears; branchial fistulas; renal disorders; cleft palate; and variable type and degree of hearing loss. Aim: Hearing loss is part of BOR syndrome phenotype. The aim of this study was to present a literature review on the anatomical aspects and audiological profile of BOR syndrome. Data Synthesis Thirty-four studies were selected for analysis. Some aspects when specifying the phenotype of BOR syndrome are controversial, especially those issues related to the audiological profile in which there was variability on auditory standard, hearing loss progression, and type and degree of the hearing loss. Mixed loss was the most common type of hearing loss among the studies; however, there was no consensus among studies regarding the degree of the hearing loss...

Cross-cultural adaptation of Preschool Language Assessment Instrument: Second Edition.

PURPOSE: In Brazil, formal tools for the evaluation of spoken language are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and adapt to Brazilian Portuguese the Preschool Language Assessment Instrument: Second Edition (PLAI-2). METHODS: The process of translation and adaptation of this instrument was conducted in two stages - Stage 1: (1a) translation of the original version to Brazilian Portuguese, (1b) comparison of the translated versions and synthesis into a single Portuguese version, (1c) back-translation, (1d) revision of the translated version; and Step 2: (2a) application of the Portuguese version in a pilot project with 30 subjects, and (2b) statistical comparison of three age groups. RESULTS: In the Brazilian version, all items of the original version were kept. However, it was necessary to modify the application order of one item, and the change of one picture was suggested in another. The results obtained after application indicated that the Brazilian version of the PLAI-2 allows us to distinguish the performance of participants belonging to different age groups, and that the raw score tends to increase with age. CONCLUSION: Semantic and syntactic adjustments were required and made to ensure that PLAI-2 would be used with the same methodological rigor of the original instrument. The adaptation process observed the theoretical, semantic, and cultural equivalences.

Anatomical Changes and Audiological Profile in Branchio-oto-renal Syndrome: A Literature Review.

Introduction Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome is an autosomal-dominant genetic condition with high penetrance and variable expressivity, with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 40,000. Approximately 40% of the patients with the syndrome have mutations in the gene EYA1, located at chromosomal region 8q13.3, and 5% have mutations in the gene SIX5 in chromosome region 19q13. The phenotype of this syndrome is characterized by preauricular fistulas; structural malformations of the external, middle, and inner ears; branchial fistulas; renal disorders; cleft palate; and variable type and degree of hearing loss. Aim Hearing loss is part of BOR syndrome phenotype. The aim of this study was to present a literature review on the anatomical aspects and audiological profile of BOR syndrome. Data Synthesis Thirty-four studies were selected for analysis. Some aspects when specifying the phenotype of BOR syndrome are controversial, especially those issues related to the audiological profile in which there was variability on auditory standard, hearing loss progression, and type and degree of the hearing loss. Mixed loss was the most common type of hearing loss among the studies; however, there was no consensus among studies regarding the degree of the hearing loss.